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2024年3月25日发(作者：)

托福考试

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托福阅读TPO11(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Begging by Nestlings

托福阅读原文

Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs

that are overly damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling

songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps

and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk

or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact,

when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow

nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or

destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37

trials.

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of

differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the

ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of

ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies

than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do

not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing

them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.

David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on

the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either

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