直线加速器发展综述英文

admin管理员组

文章数量:1530517

2024年4月27日发(作者：)

I

NSTITUTEOF

P

HYSICS

P

UBLISHING

.51(2006)R343–R362

P

HYSICSIN

M

EDICINEAND

B

IOLOGY

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R20

REVIEW

Backtothefuture:thehistoryanddevelopmentofthe

clinicallinearaccelerator

DavidIThwaitesandJohnBTuohy

RadiotherapyPhysics,MedicalPhysicsandEngineering,CookridgeHospitalandUniversityof

Leeds,LeedsLS166QB,UK

Received22May2006

Published20June2006

/PMB/51/R343

Abstract

Thelinearaccelerator(linac)istheacceptedworkhorseinradiotherapyin

firstmedicallinactreateditsfirstpatient,inLondon,in1953,so

theuseofthesemachinesinclinicalpracticehasbeenalmostco-existentwith

viewisapersonal

selectionofthingstheauthorsfeelareinterestinginthehistory,particularlythe

earlyhistory,lookintothefuture

nificantthemethroughoutisthecontinuityofideas,

thereviewmightre-connectyounger

radiotherapyphysicistsinparticularwithsomeofthehistoryandemphasize

thecontinualneed,inanyhumanactivity,toremainawareofthepast,inorder

tomakebestuseofpastexperiencewhentakingdecisionsinthepresent.

Historyisapicturegalleryinwhichthereareafeworiginalsandmanycopies:

AlexisdeTocqueville,L’AncienR´egime(1856).

(Somefiguresinthisarticleareincolouronlyintheelectronicversion)

uction:aims,scopeandlimitationsofthisreview

InstallationofthefirstclinicallinearacceleratorbeganinJune1952intheMedicalResearch

Council(MRC)RadiotherapeuticResearchUnitattheHammersmithHospital,

washandedoverforphysicsandothertestinginFebruary1953andbegantotreatpatientson

elinac’sprogresstobecomingthedominantmachineinmodern

radiotherapyhasbeenalmostsimultaneouswiththedevelopmentofPhysicsinMedicineand

Biology(PMB).InlinewiththeremitgivenforcontributionstothisanniversaryissueofPMB,

thisreviewisintendedastheauthors’personalperspectiveondevelopmentsinthefieldover

thejournal’slifetime,manyoftheother

reviewsinthisissue,andalsounliketheirdistinguishedauthors,wewerenotinvolvedinthe

earlydevelopmentofoursubject,asthetimescaleislongenoughnottohaveallowedthat!

Howeverwehavehadcontactwithmanyoftheearlycontributorsandwehavebothworkeda

0031-9155/06/130343+20$30.00©2006IOPPublishingLtdPrintedintheUKR343

R344Review

lotwithclinicallinacs!Oneofus(JBT)enteredRTphysicsintheGlasgowdepartmentinthe

1960s,mo

thiscareer,heworkedwithmachinesfromAEI(Metropolitan-Vickers),MullardEquipment

Ltd(MEL),RadiationDynamicsLimited(RDL),Philips,ElektaandVarianaswellaswitha

er(DIT),havingworkedwithaverytemperamentalvandeGraaff

ionacceleratorduringhisPhD,joinedtheEdinburghradiotherapycentreintheearly1980s

andwhilsttherehasworkedonlinacsfromRDL,BrownBoveriCorporation(BBC,laterAsea

BrownBoveri,ABB),andthenVarianandsince2005mainlywithElektalinacsintheYorkshire

thorshavebeeninvolvedinBritishStandardsInstitute(BSI)

committeesonradiotherapyequipmentandhavecontributedtoInternationalElectrotechnical

Commission(IEC)recommendationsonlinacsafetyandperformancestandards.

Astherearearangeoftextbooksandreviewpapersalreadyavailablewhichinclude

thoroughdescriptionsanddiscussionsoflinacdesign,theory,history,developmentsand

currenttechnology,orewehave

r,wedorefer

thtion,the

reviewwasrequestedjustasoneofusretiredandtheotherhadnotlongbeforemovedfrom

onecentretoanother,soitseemedanappropriatetimetolookbackandreflect,totakethe

editor’sinjunc

thereviewisapersonalselectionofthingswefeelareinterestinginthehistory,particularly

theearlyhistory,itmightre-connectyounger

ittomentionsome

publicationsorgivethemlessemphasisthanothersmight,weaskthatthisisviewedinthis

context.

ofPMB’sroleandsomeothersources

Giventhenatureofthisanniversaryissue,wehaveconsideredPMB’sroleinreportingrelevant

orewerecognizethatwemightbegivingaratherUK-centredview.

HowevertheearlydevelopmentoflinacsandtheirfirstclinicalimplementationintheUKwere

alsocloselyparalleledintheUS,withmanyothercountriessoonfollowingsuitasregards

espreadclinical

useoflinacshasensuredthatdevelopmentalideashavecomefrommanysourcesanditmay

benotedthatthepapersinPMBconcerninglinacsclearlyreflectthat,bearingoutthejournal’s

robustlyinternationalnature.

Itisimpossibletodivorcedevelopmentsandpublicationsrelatingtolinacsfromother

nclude,amongothers,

closelyinter-relatedadvancesin:imaging;dosimetry;treatmentplanningmethods,systems

andalgorithms;planevaluationandoptimization;beamandhighdosevolumeshaping;

informationsystemsandflows;connectivity;immobilizationandpositioning;verification;

processsafety;theybeseparatedfromclinicaldevelopments,particularlyof

treatmenttechniques,asthesearespurredbyincreasedcababilityandfunctionalityoflinacs,

whilstinturnlinacimprovementsaredrivenbythedemandsofclinicalandassociatedsystem

developments(aswellascommercialimperativeandcompetition,ofcourse!).Therefore

theselectionofwhichpapersarerelevantissubjectiveandmayreflecthowwidelyornotthe

ereisclearoverlapwithotherreviewsinthe

areaofradiotherapyinthisissueofPMB,particularlywiththoseonIMRT(Bortfeld2006,

Webb2006),electronbeamtherapyphysics(HogstromandAlmond2006)andtomotherapy

(Mackie2006).

本文标签： 综述直线发展加速器