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剑桥4 TEXT 1 /2 近义词总结
PASSAGE 1
1. confront 勇敢正视、面对
n. confrontation
be confronted with
eg: Adults are frequently confronted with statements about the loss of tropical rainforests.
→ encounter
eg: Whether we should offer assistance to those people when they encounter life-threatening
situations.
→ face
→ meet
2. illustration
eg: One graphic illustration is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at an alarming
rate.
→ example
→ drawing
(易混)
→ illusion n . 错觉, 幻象
3. estimate
eg: The police estimated the number of demonstrators at about 5,000.
→ assess n . assessment adj. assessable
eg: assess one’s performance assess the loss
→ evaluate n . evaluation
eg: Students’ evaluation of teachers’ performance helps improve teaching quality.
→ calculate n . calculation
eg: Scientists have calculated that the world’s population will double by the end of the
century.
4. equivalent
eg: The rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields
every forty minutes.
→ n . equality adj. equal
eg: Even employed women did not achieve full equality with men.
→ (反) n . inequal different
5. endanger
eg: The children will have formed ideas about rainforests --- what endangers them
→ imperil
eg: The dumping of industrial and life rubbish into the sea has already greatly imperiled many
species.
→ hazard
→ jeopardize jeopardize bilateral relationship
→ at risk at stake
6. harbor 持有,怀有
eg: Children harbor misconception about “ pure”.
→ hold
7. incorporate n . incorporation
eg: These misconceptions become incorporated into a mutilfacet framework.
→ combine
→ consolidate
→ merge
→ unify
8. accessible
accessible evidence 现有证据 accessible to reason通情达理
eg: The component ideas are more accessible to modification.
→ approachable
eg: It is undeniable that the Internet has made learning opportunities more approachable to
adults around the globe.
9. modification
eg: The scheme was approved, with some minor modifications.
→ alter adj . alterable n. alteration
alter an attitude alter one’s mind
eg: The stock price alters sharply.
→ convert
→ vary
→ change
10. absorb n. absorption absorbing 吸引人的,有趣的
absorb all of one’s time be absorbed in study
absorption of nourishment
eg: These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media.
→ assimilate
eg: Food is first absorbed, then digested and finally assimilated by our bodies.
→ suck up
eg: Plants suck up moisture from the soil.
→ take in
11. refine
eg: Children have their ideas tested and refined by teachers and peers.
→ polish
→ rectify
12. displace
eg: The aim of the present study is to displace the misconceptions and to plan programmes in
environmental studies.
→ replace
eg: Cars have replaced horses as the normal means of transport.
→ substitute
eg: We substituted red balls for blue to see if the baby would notice.
13. response v. respond
eg: The commonest responses were continents or countries.
→react n. reaction
eg: Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water.
→ reply
eg: He replied to the protest.
→ feedback
14. consistent be consistent with inconsistent 不一致的
eg: These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupil’s views.
→ corresponding
→ accordant
→ compatible 协调的,一致的,亲和的 incompatible 不和谐的,不一致的的
eg: Health and hard work can be compatible.
→ harmonic
15. intrinsic adj. 内在的,本质的,本身的
Intrinsic value
eg: The intrinsic value of a coin is the value of the metal it is made of.
16. destruction v. destruct
→ damage
→ ruin
→ devastation
eg: The acid rain is responsible for the rainforest destruction.
17. embrace 持有,包括
→ harbor
→ hold
→ contain
→ hug
→ include
→ involve
eg: In some cases, this response also embraced the misconception that rainforests to survive.
PASSAGE 2
18. evolve n. evolution
highly evolved mammal 高级进化的哺乳动物
反义: degenerate v. 退化 adj. rudimentary
→ develop
→ grow
→ advance
19. ritual 行为习惯,例行公事
eg: Stroking and touching are a part of the courtship ritual in most species.
→ routine
20. object 反对
eg: The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often
object strongly to being touched there.
→ disagree
→ protest
eg: A large crowd protested the terrorization
21. restrict
eg: The position of eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they do not have
stereoscopic vision.
restriction n.
→ confine be confined to
eg: The first edition is confined to 1,000 copies.
→ limit
eg: Membership is not limited by sex.
→ bound 常用被动
eg: The US is bounded on the north b Canada and on the south by Mexico.
22. preliminary 初步的
preliminary remarks 开场白,序言 a preliminary estimate初步估计
eg: Preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in air vision is poor.
→ initial
→ preceding
→ prior
23. variation
various adj. 多种多样的
eg: Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habits in which individual
species have developed.
→ variety n. 多样化,种类
eg: The present society provides a variety of job opportunities, freeing people from the
situation that they have to stay in one company for a lifetime.
→ diversion
24. inhabit
inhabitant n.居民
eg: Vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those
living in turbid rivers and floods.
→ live
→ reside resident n. 居民
eg: The president resides in the White House.
→ dwell dwell in spl.
→ occupy
ocupy an important position be occupied in doing sth.
eg: Traditional paintings occupy most of the wall-space in the gallery.
25. deteriorate
eg: The senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated.
→ degenerate
eg: Young people of today are not degenerating.
→ worsen
26. compensate compensation compensable
compensate for 补偿
eg: Weakness are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense.
→ make up for
→ balance
eg: Many career women find it really hard to balance work and family life.
27. utterance
→ declaration
eg: Notable exceptions are the haunting utterances of the humpback whales.
28. haunt
→ hang around
Passage 3
29. appreciate appreciation n. 欣赏， 感激，感谢
appreciate diverse cultures 欣赏不同的文化
eg: Blind people can appreciate the use of outlines to describe objects.
→ enjoy
→ admire
30. perspective n. 观点 perspective adj. 透视的
in the right perspective
eg: Before presenting the view, scientists intend to discuss this hot issue from diverse
perspectives.
→ angle
These novels mirror life in today's Japan from various angles.
→ attitude
→ view
31. arrangement arrange v. 安排
eg: The government should make arrangements for special programmes to save endangered
languages.
→ organization
→ order
32. surface
eg: Blind people can describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space.
→ face
→ outside
→ exterior
eg: It is difficult to judge a person by his exterior.
33. representation represent v.
eg: But pictures are more than literal representations.
→ exposition
eg: This is a clear exposition of the theory of evolution.
→ drawing
34. initiative
eg: A blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a
wheel as it was spinning.
→ first step
→ beginning
→ commencement
35. spin
eg: That dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.
→ rotate
→ twirl
eg: The man was dancing by himself, twirling round and round.
36. motion
eg: To show this motion , she traced a curve inside the circle.
→ movement
eg: There is a movement towards simple designs in clothing.
→ activity
37. take aback = surprised , shocked
38. rendition
eg: One particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly.
→ version
eg: There are conflicting versions of the girl's death.
→ translation
39. suggest suggestion n.
eg: They describe them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion.
→ indicate indication n. indicator n.
eg: The light above the elevator indicated that the elevator was then at the fifteenth floor
→ show
→ imply implication n.
eg: Her silence implied consent
→ hint
eg: The speaker dropped a hint of a possible modification of the proposals.
40. apt
eg: Various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement.
→ suitable
→ appropriate
→ proper
41. idiosyncratic
eg: They were merely idiosyncratic marks of movement.
→ distinctive
eg: Soldiers often have distinctive insignias on their lapels.
→ characteristic
eg: Urban inhabitants have to live with the characteristic noises of cities.
→ distinguishing
42. interpret interpretation n.
eg: There were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion.
→ explain explanation n.
eg: The phenomenon has not yet been satisfactorily explained.
→ illustrate illustration n.
eg: The scientist illustrated his point by relating his own experiences.
→ account
eg: There is no accounting for tastes.
→ translate
eg: People translate his silence as a refusal.
43. depict
eg: I created drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved
→ represent
eg: This picture represents a scene at King Arthur's court
→ portray
eg: Dickens portrayed his characters to the life
→ describe
44. assign assignment n.
eg: The blind students were asked to assign one of the following motions to each wheel.
→ dispense
eg: The government dispensed emergency food to the flood victims
→ allot
eg: The factory allotted a parking space to each employee.
→ distribute
eg: The product of labor should be fairly distributed.
45. signify
eg: Spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on.
→ indicate
eg: The dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.
→ imply
→ mean
→ show
46. instance
eg: The favored description for the sighted was the favored description for the blind in every
instance.
→ example
→ case
47. consensus
eg: The consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind.
→ agreement
eg: The three sides reached an agreement to stop the war
→ concord
eg: These neighboring states had lived in concord for centuries.
→ unanimity
48. solve
eg: The task involved some problem solving.
→ resolve resolution
→ handle
→ tackle
→ deal with / cope with
49. figure out 理解, 想出
→ unravel
50. come up with 提出 propose
51. deem
eg: All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard
→ think
→ believe
→ consider / regard
52. ascribe ascribe sth. to sth.
eg: A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad.
→ attribute
eg: Do you think it proper to attribute weakness to women?
→ assign
eg: We cannot assign a cause to these events.
53. reveal
eg: But other pairs revealed less agreement.
→ expose
→ disclose
eg: The lifting of the curtain disclosed a pretty house standing by the riverside.
54. resemble
eg: Their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects.
→ be similar to
→ be like
TEST 2
PASSAGE 1
55. sprawl
eg: The native American Navajo nation sprawls across four states.
→ spread
eg: She was told not to spread this secret around.
→ extend
→ stretch out 伸展,延长
56. vanish
eg: Half of the world’s languages are likely to vanish within two generations.
→ extinct
eg: It is a mass extinction, undoubtedly.
→ disappear
→ fade
57. shrink shrunk
eg: Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace.
→ wither
eg: Links with the outside community withered.
→ wane
eg:
The empire begin to wane.
58. dominate dominated adj. 受控的 domination n. dominator n. 统治
dominate over the newspaper 在报纸上占显著地位
eg: We are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world.
→ command
eg: He was told to command his temper.
→ control
59. rebound
eg: Whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.
→ recover
eg: It's hard to recover lost time.
60. breed
eg: Isolation breeds linguistic diversity.
→ cultivate
→ cause
→ lead to
→ trigger
→ produce
61. pepper be peppered with 充满
eg: The world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people.
→ be full of
62. endangered
endangered species endangered culture
eg: Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.
→ jeopardized
→ perilous
63. reject
eg: People reject the language of their parents.
→ decline
→ turn down
→ refuse
→ exclude
eg: The club excluded women from membership.
64. crisis crises pl.
eg: It begins with a crisis of confidence.
→ emergency
65. induce
eg: They might not want to be induced into the old traditions.
→ influence
eg: I don't want to influence you. You must decide for yourself.
→ elicit
eg: After much questioning, he elicited the truth from the boy.
66. ban
eg: Governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public.
→ bar
eg: He has been barred from practising medicine.
→ forbid
→ discourage discourage its use in school
→ prohibit
eg: The high cost of the machine prohibits its widespread use.
67. reservation
reserve v. reserved adj.
eg: The former U.S policy of running Indian reservation schools in English.
→ conservation
eg: Conservation of creatures and plants equals maintenance of our ecosystem.
→ preservation
eg: The breakthrough of cloning technology could mean the preservation.
→ protection
68. adapt adapt to
eg: They have to adapted to socio-economic globalisation
→ adjust adjustment
→ alter
69. intimate
intimate interactions
eg: Language is also intimately bound with culture.
→ close
→ familiar
70. bound up with
→ restrict
71. shift
eg: If a person shifts from Navajo to English , they lose something.
→ alter
eg: The stock price alters sharply.
→ change
→ modify modification n.
→ transfer
eg: Within a few years they had transferred barren wastes into fertile fields.
72. diversity
diversity of opinions 看法上的差异
→ variety
73. deprive deprivation n. deprivable adj.
deprive sb. of the chance
eg: The loss off diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world.
→ take away from
→ rob
74. mount
mounting = increasing
eg: There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in
the brain.
→ ascend
eg: Victoria ascended the throne in 1839.
→ rise
→ climb
75. affect
eg: This could affect our thoughts and perceptions
→ have an influence on
76. perception
eg: His perception of the change came in a flash.
→ comprehension
→ awareness
→ understanding
77. foster
eg: The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue.
→ nourish
→ cultivate
→ rear
→ support
78. erosion erosive adj. 侵蚀的
79. indigenous
eg: Apprentice programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages.
→ native
→ original
80. transmit
eg; After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the
language to the next generation.
→ transfer
→ dispatch
→ pass along
81. revive
eg: There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been
revived by later generations.
→ regenerate
→ refresh
→ renew
PASSAGE 2
82. therapy
eg: Their course covered, among other therapies.
→ healing
eg: The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient
healing art.
→ treatment
→ cure
83. reflect
eg: This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle .
→ mirror
84. establishment establish v.
eg: It has come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment.
→ formation
→ foundation
→ set up v.
85. conservative conservation n.
eg: Australia has a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies.
→ old -fashioned
→ backward-looking
86. loath
eg: They are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.
→ reluctant
→ unwilling
87. orthodox
eg: Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies
in Australia.
→ traditional
→ customary
→ usual
→ conventional
eg: Conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.
88. consequence
eg: The high standing of professionals has been eroded as a consequence.
→ effect
→ result
→ outcome
89. resisit resistance n. resistant adj.
eg: Rather than resisting or criticizing this trend, increasing number of Australian doctors,
particularly younger ones, are forming groups.
→ oppose
→ withstand
→ counteract
90. incentive
eg: Part of the incentive was finacial.
→ motive
→ stimulus
→ inducement
→ encouragement
91. publish
eg: His colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative
therapies’ practices.
→ reveal
92. relief
eg: Orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.
→ release
→ ease
93. comment
eg: They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists.
→ remark
→ note
→ mention
94. exodus
eg: An increasing exodus from their clinics carried out in Australia.
→ leaving
→ departure
95. inadequacy
eg: All pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacy, have lead mainstream doctors themselves
to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style.
→ scarcity
→ insuffiency
96. emotional
eg: Many people suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1%more than those suffering
from emotional problems.
→ emotive
→ affective
97. complementary
eg: The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than
alternative medicine.
→ complemental
PASSAGE 3
98. engross
eg: Children engrossed in a make-believe world are not just having fun .
→ engage
→ occupy
99. exuberant
eg: Play may look like an exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work.
→ vivacious
100. intelligent
eg: Playing makes you intelligent.
→ sensible
→ bright
101. wag
eg: Animals at play often use unique signs --- tail wagging in dogs.
→ flap
→ wave
→ wobble
102. superficially
eg: They indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behavior is not really in earnest.
→ apparently
103. endurance
eg: It allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory
endurance.
→ stamina
→ fortitude
104. peak
eg: Play tends to peak about halfway.
→ top n.
→ summit n.
→ crest v.
105. hypothesis
eg: There is the skills-training hypothesis.
→ theory
→ suppose
106. significant
eg: The way cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.
→ important
→ vital
→ eventful
107. activate
eg: The amount of the brain activated by play.
→ refresh
→ animate
108. variable
eg: That kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable.
→ floating
→ adjustable
Test 3
1. expose n. exposure
e.g.: However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to
exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.
2. established 近: mature, successful
e.g.. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at
least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.
3. tremendous 同：enormous
e.g. There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program.
4. in association with v. associate
e.g. We believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help
participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.
5. machinery 机器，结构 n. mechanism 机构
e.g. Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery.
6. eruption v. erupt 同: burst out
e.g. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometers off a mountain, scatter fine ash…..
7. fragment
e.g. Hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.
相关：crumbling 粉碎
e.g. The stonework of the tower was crumbling, and the great clock had fallen into disrepair.
Fracture
e.g. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earth quakes happen .
8. topography
地志,地形学,地势 topology 地质学
9. crust地壳 mantle地幔 lava熔岩
Continental crust, semi-molten mantle, the lava dyke
10. brittle 同：fragile
11. collision
collision: collision n. 碰撞, 冲突习惯用语come into collision with 和... 相撞［冲突， 抵触］
in collision with 和... 相撞［冲突］...
e.g. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earth quakes happen .
12. extrusion v. extrude 挤压
e.g. Granite extrusions on skye
同义词：squeeze
13. predictable v. predict n. prediction 注意，跟predication(断言的意思)的区别
e.g. But volcanoes are not very predictable.
He will not predict by how much.
同：anticipate n. anticipation
e.g. Though ethical objections must be anticipated.
14. procedure
同：process
e.g. Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a language.
15. investigation
e.g. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a
casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.
v. investigate n. investigator a. investigative(investigative techniques)
16. ambiguity a. ambiguous
e.g. Judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their won
intuitions.
a. ambiguous
e.g. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous.
同：indistinct
延：distinction
e.g. Without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.
17. linguist a. linguistic语言的，语言学的
e.g. Or disagree with the judgments of other linguists
延：bilingual 双语的
e.g. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation
techniques.
18. observe n. observer
注意含义：观察,遵守,注意到
e.g. How to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed. (观察)
Conversely, Chinese medicine plays a major role in the maintenance and restoration of health
and is observed by ethnic Vietnamese and by Vietnamese-Chinese.(遵守)
19. paradox 似非而是，自相矛盾 a. paradoxical
20. questionnaire 调查卷
21. elicit
e.g. For example, a particular feature of pronunciation can be elicited by asking the informant to
say a restricted set of words.
22. sample
e.g. A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis.
23. analyze 分析
n. analysis
24. hypothesis假设
e.g. A linguistic hypothesis
25. genetics
e.g. But the most important factor has been genetics.
延：gene
e.g. It is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic
performance can be identified early.
26. determine n. determination
e.g. Genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do.
27. duplicate(v/n) a. duplicatable n. duplication
e.g. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running
events as well as plyometrics.
同：replicate
e.g. The chameleon's skin replicates the pattern of its surroundings.
变色龙的皮肤可随环境改变颜色.
28. nutrition
e.g. Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements.
a. nutritious
29. contradiction v. contradict
e.g. Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the
gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping
wisdom.
30. archaeology 异：archeology
e.g. Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the
scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.
延：anthropology 人类学 anthropologist 人类学家
31. essential n. essence
e.g. However far from reality such portrayals are, the capture the essential truth that archaeology
is an exciting quest.
32. discipline
e.g. But how does archaeology relate to disciplines such as anthropology and history?
Broad discipline
33. branch 延: headquarter
34. evidence
e.g. Use ethnographic evidence to derive general principles about human society.
Adv. Evidently-slightly formal）used to say that something is true because you can see that it is
true.
延: Obviously——used to mean that a fact can easily be noticed or understood.-最正式的显然
Apparently——①used to say that you have heard that something is true, although you are not
completely sure about it ② according to the way someone looks or a situation appears, although
you cannot be sure.- 看似，据说
However, this apparently does not just depend on the temperature. 应该理解为“不过看来这不仅
仅取决于气温”
35. contemporary(a/n) 延：temporary 暂时的
e.g. Contemporary communities
36. diminish 同：decrease, fall, lesson
e.g. Cultural heritage is a diminishing resource.
37. significant n. significance
e.g. Archaeology is the only significant source of information.
38. hypothesis v. hypothesize
e.g. Formulate a hypothesis
39. coherent n. coherence
e.g. A coherent view of the natural world
同：consistent/logical
e.g. testimony consistent with the known facts
40. allocate n. allocation
同：distribute n. distribution
e.g. The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are
distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one.
41. emerge
e.g. In the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for
the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the
environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite.
同：come forth, come out, issue
42. fossil 延：mining
43. sustain
同：maintain, retain, keep
44. contrary(n/a)
e.g. an awareness of a contrary kind
延：contradiction, contrast, compare, comparison
45. poverty a. poor
同：impoverishment
延：famine, plague, unemployment, epidemic
46. demographic n. demography
e.g. by large-scale demographic
延：census, human ecology
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