英语语法——简单句

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简单句

一.简单句的核心

（一）简单句的核心构成

核心构成：主语+谓语

谓语的分类：

• 有实义
  • 不及物动词（动作无承受对象）
    • 主谓
  • 及物动词（动作有承受对象）
    • 主谓宾
    • 主谓双宾
    • 主谓宾宾补
• 无实义（连词，系动词）
  • 主系表

系动词：

• be动词
• 表变化
  • get, become, turn, go, grow
• 表感官
  • look, sound, smell, taste, feel
• 等等
  • seem, appear/keep, remain/prove

五种简单句：

(1)主谓

• Everybody else loses.
• Smaller species survived.

(2)主谓宾

• Everybody loves a fat pay rise.
• Yet science has a cultural history,too…

(3)主谓双宾

• They give justices permanent positions…
• …railroads charged all customers the same average rate…

(4)主谓宾宾补

• You always keep your eyes open…
• The spooks call it “open source intelligence,”…

(5)主系表

• This is a dangerous game…
• …their behavior became markedly different.
• The prospect seems remote.

系动词：

• be动词
• 表变化
  • get,become,turn,go,grow
• 表感官
  • look,sound,smell,taste,feel
• 等等
  • seem,appear/keep,remain/prove

区分主谓双宾和主谓宾宾补：宾语和宾补之间加上“是”，依然能翻译通顺，双宾则不行

（二）简单句的核心变化

A.谓语的变化

四种变化“三态一否”——“时态、情态、语态、否定”

1.时态

时态	谓语	说明
一般过去时	did	表示过去这样，现在已经不这样
一般现在时	do	经常做的事，真理
一般将来时	will do, am/is/are going to do	表示现在的将来可能发生的事（不一定发生）
一般过去将来时	would do, was/were going to do	表示过去的将来可能发生的事（不一定发生）

• India released its AI strategy this spring.
• …this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world.
• The goal is new-search,not re-search.
• But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.
• We will have a less civil society.
• Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill?
• …the problems will be different.
• They give justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power.
• …it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.

时态	谓语	说明
过去进行时	was/were doing
现在进行时	am/is/are doing
将来进行时	will be doing	表示将来一定会发生

• He was searching for tiny engraved seals…
• Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group…
• Home prices are holding steady in most regions.
• The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Manna Kea.
• Now,rivals will be charging sales tax…

时态	谓语	说明
过去完成时	had done	过去的之前发生的事
现在完成时	have/has done	现在的之前发生的事

2.情态

情态动词 + 动词原形

现在时	过去时
must	无
can	could
will	would
may	might
shall	should

• 情态动词表”情态“

  • must “必须”

    • Human driver sometimes must make split-second decisions.

  • can/could “能够/可以”

    • …and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions.

  • will/would “将要/愿意”

    • The first draft will appear on the page…

  • may/might “可以/可能”

    • …expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.

  • should “应该”

• 情态动词表”推测“

  • 情态动词+do 推测现在
    • He must wait for you.
  • 情态动词+be doing 推测现在正在进行
  • 情态动词+have done 推测过去
    • 推测过去为什么不是情态动词+did？情态动词后加动词原形

3.语态

被动语态：be + done

分析：

• be
  • 表示被动的时态
  • 主语的单复数
• done
  • 被动的动作

	被动语态的时态是be动词体现的
这些评论家过去被遗忘了	These critics were forgotten.
这些评论家现在被遗忘	These critics are forgotten.
这些评论家将会被遗忘	These critics will be forgotten.
这些评论家过去将会被遗忘	These critics would be forgotten.
这些评论家过去正在被遗忘	These critics was being forgotten.
这些评论家现在正在被遗忘	These critics is being forgotten.
这些评论家过去已经被遗忘	These critics had been forgotten.
这些评论家现在已经被遗忘了	These critics have been forgotten.

被动语态与时态结合

• For example,lighting was always changed on a Sunday.
• The truth will not be known for years.
• But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.
• Attempts have been made to control this inflation…

被动语态与情态结合

• In the Internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.
• Those first few days should be spent looking for work…

4.否定

1).实义动词变否定： do/does/did + not + 动词原形

2).助动词和情态动词变否定：助动词和情态动词 + not

​

补充：谓语的强调

do/does/did + 动词原形

B.主宾表的变化

• 名词
• doing
• to do
• 并列多个

1. doing 作主/宾/表

(1) doing 作主语

• …suffering is inevitable…

• Making friends is extremely important to teenagers…

• On the other hand, putting your faith in the wrong place often carries a high price.

(2) doing作宾语

• Americans stopped talking prosperity for granted.
• Thinking is essentially a process of making connections in the brain.

2. to do 作主/宾/表

(1) to do 作主语

• … to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

• To see is to believe.

• Seeing is believing.

  • to do 作主语时，一般表语也是to do，doing亦然

• To do so is important.

• It is important to do so.

  • 主语过长时，放到句末，用it当形式主语。

• …it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft…

  • it takes sb. some time to do sth.

• So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.

(2) to do 作宾语

• They may then decide to go elsewhere.
• The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.

3. 并列多个主/宾/表

• Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity
• Second,they are mostly bright and well-educated.
• Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology.
• That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled.

二. 简单句的扩展

（一）词性角度的扩展

1.限定词

作用：限定名词

• 冠词：a/an/the
• 名词所有格
• 名词
• 数词

2.形容词、副词

(1) 形容词、副词的修饰成分：

• 形容词修饰名词
• 副词(-ly)修饰其他（动词、句子、其他的形容词或副词
• The angry boy shouted angrily.

(2) 形容词修饰名词

• The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.
• Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality.

(3) 副词修饰动词、句子、其他的形容词或副词

• …and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions.
• Similarly, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
• The tourist streams are not entirely separate.
• …because they are so closely tied.

(4)形容词、副词的三种比较级

• 原级比较
  • as + adj./adv.原形（比较的内容）+ as + 比较的对象 ，表示：“和…相比一样的…”
  • The goals of the prize-givens seem as scattered as the criticism.
• 比较级
  • adj./adv.的比较级 + (than + 比较的对象) ，表示：“（和…相比）更…”
  • 通常用于两者比较
  • …younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
  • Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were ,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.
• 最高级
  • adj./adv.的最高级 + （介词短语表示比较的范围）
  • 通常用于三者或以上的比较
  • Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine…
  • The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.

3.介词短语

（1）表示时间的介词

介词	含义
at/on/in	在…时间点/时间上/时间内
before/after	在…时间之前/之后
from, since	自从…
by, until	直到…
for	持续…
during	在…期间

• In March 1997, he lost $72,186.
• Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific.
• By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s remaining colonies.
• For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule…
• During his lifetime, …he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics…

（2）表示地点或范围的介词

介词	含义
at/in	在…地点/在…里面
on, above, over/under, below	在…上面/下面
in front of/behind	在…前面/后面
near, by, beside	在…旁边
between,among	在…之间
around	在…周围
into/out of	进入…/从…出去
onto/off	到…上面/脱离…
across, through/past	穿过…/经过…
along	沿着
from/to	从…来/到…去

• Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.
• The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic.
• Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes.
• …lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBulider, a job database on the Internet.
• Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.

（3）其他用法的介词

介词	含义
of	…的… "A of B"翻译为B的A
about	关于…
with/without	伴随着…/没有…
for	为了…(目的)/因为…(原因)/对于…(对象)
by	通过…方式/被…做（被动语态+by+动作发出者）/相差了…(表示变化的差额)
as	作为…/像…一样
like	像…一样
despite	尽管…

• …most people stick with default settings.
• The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process…
• In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate…has increased by more than 50 percent…
• The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation.
• Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied.
• Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.

（二）成分角度的扩展

1.非谓语动词作定语、状语

1.1非谓语动词的形式

• doing（表示主动）
• done（表示被动）
• to do（表示目的）

1.2非谓语动词的用途

• 相当于名词，作主/宾/表语
• 修饰名词/句子，作定语/状语

非谓语动词作定语（定语是用来修饰、限定名词或代词或说明它们品质与特征的成分）

• The networked computer is an amazing device…
• A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the result of their research to a journal.
• America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work…

非谓语动词作状语（状语是说明谓语动作发生的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等的成分）

• In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,to transform basic family economics.
• Promoting this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.

2.同位语、插入语

• 同位语：解释说明名词

  • 常见于专有名词搭配普通名词作同位语解释说明
  • 标志：在句子中间出现，搭配两个逗号，在句末出现，搭配一个冒号或一个破折号
  • It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
  • Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
  • It usually leads to no good — drinking, drugs and casual sex.
  • Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.

• 插入语：插在句子中间的额外补充说明

  • 标志：插入语前后一般有成对的逗号，破折号或括号，且去除逗号之间的内容，句子仍然连贯
  • 1.主谓结构做插入语
    • You can, Mr.Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.
    • This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression.
  • 2.副词作插入语
    • These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated.
      • but在两句话之间作连词
      • however在一个句子里面作插入语
    • A deal is a deal —— except, apparently, when Entergy is involved.
  • 3.介词短语作插入语

• 同位语和插入语

  • Tony, my teacher, is coming here.
  • Tony, with his students, is coming here.

简单句考场攻略

拿到一个句子，去扩展，去修饰

• A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces.
• Sharping judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.

本文标签： 英语语法简单