古代文学翻译

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2024年1月6日发(作者：)

今夫弈之为数，小数也，不专心致志，则不得也。Now chess playing is but a small art, but

without his whole mind being given, and his will bent to it, a man cannot succeed at it.

鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌也。生，我所欲也，义，亦我所欲也，二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。I like fish and I also like bear’s paws. If I

cannot have the two together, I will let the fish go, and take the bear’s paws. So, I like life, I

also like righteousness. If I cannot keep the two together, I will let life go and choose

righteousness.

心之官则思，思则得之；不思，则不得也。To the mind belongs the office of thinking. By

thinking, it gets the right view of thing; by neglecting to think, it fails to do this.

故天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。Thus, when heaven is about to confer a great office on any

man, it first exercises his mind with suffering, and his sinews and bone with toil. It exposes

his body to hunger, and subjects him to extreme poverty. It confounds his undertakings.

By all these methods it stimulates his mind, hardens his nature, and supplies his

incompetencies.

入，则无法家拂士；出，则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。然后知生于忧患而死于安乐也。If a prince

has not about his court families attached to the laws and worthy counselors, and if abroad

there are not hostile states or other external calamities, his kingdom will generally come to

ruin. From these things we see how life springs from sorrow and calamity, and death from

ease and pleasure.

子路，人告之以有过，则喜；禹闻善言，则拜。When anyone told Tszd--loo that he had a fault,

he rejoiced. When Yu heard good words, he bowed to the speaker.

天时不如地利，地利不如人和。Opportunities of time vouchsafed by Heaven are not equal

to advantages of situations afforded by the Earth, and advantages of situations afforded

by the Earth are not equal to the union arising from the accord of Men.

得道者多助，失道者寡助。He who finds the proper course has many to assist him. He who

loses the proper course has few to assist him.

人之患，在好为人师。The evil of men is that they like to be teachers of others.

爱人者，人恒爱之；敬人者，人恒敬之。He who loves others is constantly loved by them.

He who respects others is constantly respected by them.

在上位，不凌下；在下位，不援上。正己而不求于人，则无怨。上不怨天，下不尤人。In a

high position, he dose not treat with contempt his inferiors. In a low situation, he does not

court the favour of his superior. He rectifies himself, and seek for nothing from others, so

that he has no dissatisfactions. He does not murmur against heaven, nor grumble against

men.

君子之道，辟如行远必自迩；辟如登高必自卑。The way of the superior men may be

compared to what takes place in traveling, when to go to a distance, we must first traverse

the space that is near, and in ascending a height, we must begin from the lower ground.

老吾老，以及人之老；幼吾幼，以及人之幼。Treat with the reverence due to age the elders

in your own family, so that the elders in the families of others shall be similarly treated;

treat with kindness due to youth the young in your own family, so that the young in the

families of others shall be similarly treated.

以力服人者，非心服也，力不瞻也；以德服人者，中心悦而诚服也。When one by force

subdues men, they do not submit to him in heart. They submit, because their strength is

not adequate to resist. When one subdues men by virtue, in their heart’s core they are

pleased, and sincerely submit.

尊贤使能，俊杰在位，则天下之士，皆悦而愿立于其朝矣。If a ruler gives honor to men of

talents and virtue and employs the able, so that offices shall all be filled by individuals of

distinction and mark----then the all scholars of the empire will be pleased, and wish to

stand in his court.

过而不改，是谓过矣。To have faults and not to reform them----this, indeed, should be

pronounced having faults.

有教无类。In teaching there should be no distinction of classes.

饱食终日，无所用心，难以哉！Hard is it to deal with him, who will stuff himself with food the

whole day, without applying his mind to anything good.

心不在焉，视而不见，听而不闻，食而不知其味。When the mind is not present, we look and

do not see; we hear and do not understand; we eat and do not know the taste of what we

eat.

道得众，则得国；失众，则失国。是故君子，先慎乎德，有德，此有人，有人此有土，有土此有财，有财此有用，德者，本也，财者，末也。This shows that, by gaining people, the

kingdom is gained, and, by losing people, the kingdom is lost. On this account, the ruler

will take the first take pains about his virtue. Possessing virtue will give him the people.

Possessing the people will give him the territory. Possessing the territory will give him its

wealth. Possessing the wealth, he will have resources for expenditure. Virtue is the root;

wealth is the result.

志士仁人，无求生以害仁，有杀身以成仁。The determined scholar and the man of virtue will

not seek to live at the expense of injuring their virtue. They will even sacrifice their lives to

preserve their virtue complete.

工欲善其事，必先利其器。The mechanic, who wishes to do his work well, must first

sharpen his tools.

人无远虑，必有近忧。If a man takes no thought about what is distant, he will find sorrow

near at hand.

君子不以言举人，不以人废言。The superior man does not promote a man simply on

account of his words, nor does he put aside good words because of the man.

己所不欲，勿施于人。What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.

三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。The commander of the forces of a large state may be

carried off, but the will of even a common man cannot be taken from him.

岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。When the year becomes cold, then we know how the pine and

the cypress are the last to lose their leaves.

其身正，不令而行。其身不正，虽令不从。When a price's personal conduct is correct, his

government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not correct,

he may issue orders, but they will not be followed.

无欲速，无见小利。欲速则不达，见小利则大事不成。Do not be desirous to have things done

quickly; do not look at small advantages. Desire to have things done quickly prevents their

being done thoroughly. Looking at small advantages prevents great affairs from being

accomplished.

言必信，行必果。They are determined to be sincere in what they say, and to carry out what

they do.

我非生而知之者。I am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge.

三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。When I walk along with two others,

they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their

bad qualities and avoid them.

君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚。The superior man is satisfied and composed; the mean man is

always full of distress.

不在其位，不谋其政。He who is not in any particular office has nothing to do with plants for

the administration of its duties.

子在川上曰：“逝者如斯夫！不舍昼夜。”The Master standing by a stream, said, "It passes

on just like this, not ceasing day or night!"

温故而知新，可以为师矣。If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually

to be acquiring the new, he may be a teacher of others.

学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。攻乎异端，斯害也已。由，诲女知之乎？知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous.

The study of strange doctrines is injurious indeed! Yo, shall I teach you what knowledge is?

When you know a thing, to hold that you know it; and when you do not know a thing, to

allow that you do not know it; —This is knowledge.

哀公问曰：“何为则民服？”孔子对曰：“聚直错诸枉，则民服；举枉错诸直，则民不服。”The

Duke Ai asked, saying, "What should be done in order to secure the submission of the

people?" Confucius replied, "Advanced the upright and set aside the crooked, then the

people will submit. Advance the crooked and set aside the upright, then the people will not

submit."

成事不说，遂事不谏，既往不咎。Things that are done, it is needless to speak about; things

that have had their course, it is needless to remonstrate about; things that are past, it is

needless to blame.

富与贵，是人之所欲也。不以其道得之，不处也。Riches and honours are what men desire.

If it cannot be obtained in the proper way, they should not be held.

学而时习之，不亦说乎。有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎。

为人谋，而不忠乎？与朋友交，而不信乎？穿不习乎？

不患人之不己知，患不知人也。

诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰"思无邪"。

吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。

Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? Is it not delightful

to have friends coming from distant quarters? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who

feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?

I daily examine myself of 3 points: —whether, in transacting business for others, I may

have been not faithful; —whether, in intercourse with friends, I may have been not sincere;

—whether, I may have not mastered and practiced the instructions of my teacher.

I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me, I will be afflicted that I do not know men.

In the Book of Poetry are three hundred pieces, but the design of them all may be

embraced in 'Having no depraved thoughts.'

At fifteen, I had my mind bent on learning. At thirty, I stood firm. At firty, I had no doubts. At

fifty, I know the decrees of Heaven. At sixty, my ear was an obedient organ for the

reception of truth. At seventy, I could follow what my heart desired, without transgressing

what was right.

敏而好学，不耻下问，是以谓之文也。

He was of an active nature and yet fond of learning, and he was not ashamed to ask and

learn of his inferiors!—On these grounds he has been styled Wan.

季文子三思而后行

Chi Wan thought thrice, and then acted.

默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦。

The silent treasuring up of knowledge; Learning without satiety; and instructing others

without being wearied.

不义而富且贵，于我如浮云。Riches and honors acquired by unrighteousness are to me as

a floating cloud.

孔子登东山而小鲁，登泰山而小天下。Confucius ascended the eastern hill, and Loo

appeared to him small. He ascended the T’ ae Mountain, and all beneath the heavens

appeared to him small.

杨子取为我，拔一毛而利天下不为也。The principle of the philosopher Yang was ‘Each one

for himself.’ Though he might have benefited the whole empire by plucking out a single

hair, he would not have done it.

饥者甘食，渴者甘饮。The hungry think any food sweet, and the thirsty think the same of

any drink.

有为者，辟若掘井，掘井九轫，而不及泉，犹为弃井也。A man with definite aims to be

accomplished may be compared to one digging a well. To dig the well to a depth of

seventy-two cubits, and stop without reaching the spring, is after all throwing away the

well

民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。The people are the most important element in a nation; the

spirits of the land and grain are the next; the sovereign is the lightness.

贤者，以其昭昭，使人昭昭；今以其昏昏，使人昭昭。Anciently, men of virtue and talents by

means of their own enlightenment made others enlightened. Nowadays, it is tried, while

they are themselves in darkness, and by means of that darkness, to make others

enlightened.

山径之蹊间，介然用之而成路，为间不用，则茅塞之矣。There are the footpaths along the

hills, if suddenly they be used, they become roads; and if as suddenly they are not used,

the wild grass fills them up.

诸侯之三宝：土地，人民，政事。宝珠玉者殃必及身。The precious things of a prince are three:

the territory, the people, the government and its business. If one values as most precious

peals and stones, calamity is sure to befall him.

人能充无欲害人之心，而仁不可胜用也。If a man can give full development to the feeling

which makes him shrink from injuring others, his benevolence will be more than can be

called into practice.

养心，莫善于寡欲 To nourish the heart there is nothing better than to make the desire few

And, But, However, Otherwise, so, and then,

After that, Shortly/soon after that, Therefore, Finally, At last, In the end, For that reason,

Obviously,

(Un)fortunately, (Un)luckily, (Un)happily

Besides, Apart from…,

In addition, What’s more, Furthermore,

Moreover, To make things worse, What’s worse, Even worse, Generally speaking, Frankly

speaking,

Personally, In my opinion, Of course, By the way, For instance, For example, such as, and so on,

such things like that, To one’s surprise (astonishment, delight, disappointment, regret, joy,

comfort),

On the other hand, On the contrary, As far as I am concerned （就我而言） As a result, In a

word, In short,

In conclusion, In other words, To tell you the truth, Meanwhile,

To be honest, As everyone knows, As we all know, As far as I know, It is known that… ,

As a rule, First of all, Above all, On the whole, Judging from…, According to…

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