初中英语语法大全——形容词和副词

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2024年1月7日发(作者：)

初中英语语法大全

——形容词和副词

形容词是描述人或事物的性质，特征或状态的一种开放性词类，主要用来修饰名词或部分代词。副词是指句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，常用来修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或句子等。表示时间地点、方式、程度等。

一. 形容词和副词的构成特征

英语中有些单词本身即为形容词，多数形容词常以以下后缀结尾:

-ble，-ible comfortable

-al，-ical national

-ant important

terrible horrible

natural political

pleasant assistant

necessary secondary -ary ordinary

-ful beautiful

-less hopeless

wonderful careful

careless helpless

friendly weekly

dangerous serious

-ly lovely

-ous，-ious famous

-some handsome

-y angry

tiresome troublesome

snowy sunny

He bought a very beautiful cell phone is today.

You were very silly to trust him.

He was careless to leave his watch in the hotel.

2. 副词的构成和特征

大多数副词都用来说明事件发生的时间、地点、行为的方式、程度，在形式上常以-ly结尾。其结构形式如下:

第 1 页 共 1 页

构成规则

形容词+ly

例词

careful→ carefully quick→quickly

slow→ slowly safe→safely

以“辅音字母+y”结尾的把y变成i，再加-ly

easy→easily happy→happily

heavy→heavily lucky→luckily

以-le结尾的，把-le改为-ly

gentle→gently possible→possibly

noble→nobly idle→idly

以-ll结尾的形容词，直接加-y

以-ue结尾的，去掉e加-ly

full→fully dull→dully

true→truly due→duly

The detective carefully observed everything in the room.

He will completely finish his work by the end of this month.

Such things will easily happen.

二. 形容词和副词的种类

1. 形容词的种类

(1) 根据其结构形式分类，形容词可以分为简单形容词和合成形容词两类。

分类

简单形容词

合成形容词

定义

由一个形容词构成

组成形式

例词

nice green tired bright

数词+名词（+形a two-month visit to Japan

容词）

a ten-metre-wide river

形容词或副词+名a one-eyed camel

a middle-aged man

a good-looking man

an easy-going woman

名词+ v.-ed

a man-made lake

a snow-covered mountain

副词+ v. -ed

a well-known writer

由几个词共同组成并起形容词的作词+ -ed

用

形容词+

第 2 页 共 2 页

a newly-built bridge

I am not clear about what you expect me to do.

has an eight-year- old son.

China has sent up many man-made satellites.

(2) 根据名词的关系分类，形容词可分为限制性形容词和描绘性形容词。

分类

限制性形容词

定义 例词

描绘事物本质的形容词。与名词an English dish

紧紧相连，去掉会影响表达的本意。

a French table

描绘性形容词 臵于名词之前，常是对名词进行a delicious English dish

描绘。省略之后不影响表达的本意。

a smooth French table

There are two round plastic plates on the table.

The nice girl over there is my sister.

2. 副词的种类

副词根据其意义和句法功能，可以分为以下几种:

分类

时间副词

定义

表示时间的副词

例词

now then right now today

tomorrow ago soon since lately

地点副词 表示地点的副词

here there home in out inside

outside down up upstairs back

over

方式副词 描绘动词发生的方式的副词

closely fast politely carefully

slowly suddenly simply kindly

程度副词 用来描绘行为、动作或状态的程度的副词

much little very enough hardly

a bit too rather nearly almost

第 3 页 共 3 页

频度副词 描绘一定时间内动作发生的次数的副词

usually often sometimes never

always hardly ever rarely

seldom

疑问副词 主要是用来构成特殊疑问句

where when why how how long

how often how far how old

how much

关系副词 主要用来引导定语从句

why when where

--- Is air the lightest thing in the world?

--- Not now. Scientists from Zhejiang University have just developed the world's lightest material.

Though they are far away from school, the children who live in mountains,always go to school on foot.

The dictionary definitely is the best for the students.

We can hardly understand our foreign teacher's classes.

Why will go to Germany? --- To see her daughter there.

三. 形容词和副词的句法功能

1. 作定语

形容词一般位于被修饰词的前面，起描述、修饰或者限制被修饰词含义的作用;副词作定语多表示时间或地点，常位于被修饰词的后面。

We had a good time yesterday.

Professor White gave us an interesting lecture.

People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.

Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.

2. 作状语

形容词作状语通常说明主语的情况，主要表示原因、结果或方式，可位于句首、句中和句末;副词作状况，修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或句子。

Hungry and tired, I had to stop to have a rest.

We arrived home very late, safe and sound.

They were warmly welcomed by the students.

This is exactly what he said.

Fortunately, I was in time for the interview.

第 4 页 共 4 页

3. 作表语

形容词作表语通常位于系动词be，feel，get，turn，become，prove，seem等之后;副词表示主语的方位、方向、动作或状态等，如in，out，on，back ，down，up，off，away，upstairs等。

While I was in New York, I felt homesick.

Mother got annoyed at the news.

Is the radio on or off?

I've been away from my hometown for nearly twenty years.

在句中常用作表语的形容词

alone asleep afraid awake worth aware ashamed content

知识归纳

alive sure ill sorry fond glad pleased

4. 作补足

形容词和副词都可以作主语补足语和宾语补足语，说明主语和宾语所处的位臵，状态，性质等。一般来说，能用作表语的形容词都可以用作宾语补足语。

We must try our best to keep our environment clean.

The rainy days make me sad.

Put your dirty socks away, Jim！They are giving off bad smell.

We found Li Ming out when we arrived.

5. 形容词的名词用法

形容词可与定冠词连用，相当于一个名词，泛指一类人或事物。

The beautiful is not always the same as the good.

The young of today live life""on the go".

四. 形容词和副词的位置

出题点: (1) 表语形容词的位臵 (2) 多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序 (3) 形容词修饰不定

代词时的位臵 (4) 副词的位臵

第 5 页 共 5 页

1. 形容词的位臵

(1) 形容词作定语一般臵于名词前。

is a successful businessman.

I was chatting with some old friends.

(2) 表语形容词如asleep，afraid ，awake ，alive ，alone ，worth等作定语时，常放在被修饰的名词之后。

He is the only person alive after that traffic accident.

He was the only boy awake at the time.

(3) 形容词修饰somebody ，something，anything，nobody，nothing等复合不定代词，臵于其后。

Something serious has happened to him.

There's nothing important in today's newspaper.

(4) 当形容词后接“介词+名词”或其他短语作定语，形容词臵于名词后。

I have a dictionary useful for children.

She wants to find a job suitable for her.

(5) 形容词tall，long，wide，high，deep，thick，old等与数词短语连用时，臵于名词后。

My sister is a girl 1.9 meters tall. It's very difficulty to find clothes big enough for her.

The man needed to dig a hole six feet deep.

(6) 两个意思相反的形容用and，or，but连接时，该短语后臵。

All the people on this island, young or old，are all fond of music.

A man who, poor but contented, is to be envied.

(7) 多个形容词的排列顺序

1. 一般与被修饰关系最密切的形容词最靠近被修饰词。

2. 如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后。

3. 通常情况下，他们的顺序大致遵循以下原则:

0 1 2 3

基数词

4

性质

5

大小

6

年龄

7

色彩

8

国籍

9

材料 指示形限定形序数词

第 6 页 共 6 页

容词

all

both

such

容词

a the

my

these

that

this

first

second

last

......

one

two

several

......

状态

heavy

nice

valuable

large

small

新旧

new

old

white

yellow

black

......

Americametal

n

Swiss

woolen

wooden

the pretty little old Chinese wooden bridge

the third round brown wooden table

both the tall old Russian men

2. 副词的位臵

(1) 修饰形容词或副词时。副词一般位于被修饰词的前面

Your voice sounds rather strange today.

Computers work much faster than before.

(2) 时间副词的位臵

时间副词可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾，有时还可以放在动词前面。

Tomorrow many people will be on the beach.

I often do exercises in the morning.

(3) 地点副词的位臵

地点副词一般臵于句尾，往往紧跟在动词后。偶尔也可以放在句首，尤其是there和here。

I hear her singing an English song outside.

Here you can find whatever kinds of books you want.

(4) 方式副词的位臵

方式副词大多位于句尾，但当宾语过长时，副词可以提前以使句子平衡。

Emily coached miserably. She had been ill for a long time.

We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.

(5) 程度副词的位臵

程度副词修饰形容词或副词时，应放在形容词和副词之前; 修饰动词时长放在第一个助动词之后，实义动词之前。

第 7 页 共 7 页

I study English very hard.

You're such a likable person, I greatly enjoyed working with you.

(6) 频度副词和否定副词的位臵

频度副词和否定副词通常臵于系动词，情态动词，助动词之后，实义动词之前。

Mary is always late for school.

I've never been to America.

(7) 多个副词的排列顺序

多个副词修饰动词作状语时，其副词排列顺序一般为程度和状态副词+地点+方式+频度+时间。

I will travel to Japan by air next week.

Can you see well in the forest at night?

She sang the song beautifully at the concert last Saturday.

五. 形容词和副词的比较等级

(4) 比较级形式表示最高级含义的用法

出题点：(1) 比较等级的基本形式 (2) 原级比较的否定形式 (3) 比较级的特指用法

1. 形容词和副词的构成

(1) 规则变化

构成

一般单音节词和部分双音节词在词尾加-er或-est。

以不发音的e结尾的单音节词和少数以le结尾的双音节词，只在词尾加-r或-st。

原级

high

great

slow

near

nice

large

able

late

比较级

higher

greater

slower

nearly

nicer

larger

abler

later

最高级

highest

greatest

slowest

nearest

nicest

largest

ablest

latest

第 8 页 共 8 页

以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节单词，将词尾的y改为i，再加-er或-est。

重读闭音节词，只有一个辅音字母结尾时，要双写该辅音字母，再加-er或-est。

部分双音节词和多音节词，在该词前面加more和 the most构成比较级和最高级。

easy

busy

early

happy

easier

busier

earlier

happier

easiest

busiest

earliest

happiest

big

hot

thin

wet

bigger

hotter

thinner

wetter

biggest

hottest

thinnest

wettest

interesting more interesting

beautiful

stupid

common

more beautiful

more stupid

more common

the most interesting

the most beautiful

the most stupid

the most common

He made fewer mistakes than you did.

Tom is out of shape, I can run faster and farther than he.

I think that we should always help those who are less fortunate than us.

（2）不规则变化

原级

good/well

bad/ badly/ ill

old

much/ many

little

far

比较级

better

worse

older/ elder

more

less

farther/ further

最高级

best

worst

oldest/ eldest

most

least

farther/ further

He was advised to smoke fewer cigarettes and drink less beer.

Of all the subjects, I like art best.

2. 形容词和副词的比较等级。

形容词和副词比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级三种形式。他们分别以下列形式出现在句子中。

第 9 页 共 9 页

等级

原级

比较级

比较目的 形式 比较对象

两个

两个

意思

和......一样......

比起......更......

比较相同水平的两个对象 as+形容词/副词+as

区分两个对象的优劣 形容词/副词-er+than

more +形容词/副词+ than

最高级 区分三个以上对象中的最be+形容词/副词-est

好、最差

the most +形容词/副词

三个以上 最......

(1) 原级的用法

A. as+形容词/副词原级+as 表示双方在程度、特征等方面相等。

He's as excited as his younger sister.

This kind of language appeared as earlier as the Stone Age.

Jack works as hard as his brother.

B. not + as/so +形容词/副词原级+as 表示“......不如.......”。

This room is not as / so big as that one.

Mary doesn't dress as/so strangely as the other girls.

C. 如果第一个so/as后的形容词和副词作定语修饰名词，应该将名词及相关修饰词都放在第一个as/so之后。

We have produced as many cars as we did last year.

I don't make as/so much money as you do.

(2) 比较级的用法

A. 形容词/副词比较级+than 表示一方超过或低于另一方的情况，意为“......高于或低于......”。

Li Ming jumped farther than Wang Lin.

The car is running less smoothly than it used to.

B. 形容词/副词比较级+ and+形容词/副词比较级，表示事物本身程度的逐渐变化，意为“越来越......”。

The day is getting longer and longer.

The fire spread further and further with the wind blowing more and more strongly.

C. the+形容词/副词比较级，the+形容词/副词比较级 常表示一方的程度，非之令一方的程度平行增

第 10 页 共 10 页

长，意为“越......，就越.......”。

The quicker you work, the more you learn.

The more we know each other, the better we understand each other.

D. the+形容词比较级+ of the two( +名词 )表示“某物或某人是两者中比较......的”。

Look at the two girls. My sister is the taller of the two.

Of the two shirts. I chose the cheaper one.

E. Which is +形容词/副词比较级，A or B？表示“(比较A和B)哪个更......？”

Which is bigger, the earth or the moon?

Who draws better, Jenny or Danny?

F. 使用比较急应注意的问题。

a. more不可修饰比较级，但much可以用来修饰比较级，起加强语气的作用，意为“......得多，更......”。

It was more cheaper than I had expected. (X)

It was much cheaper than I had expected. (√)

b. 比较对象或范围出现错误。

The price of cars is higher than motorcycles. (X)

The price of cars is higher than the price of the motorcycles. (√)

The price of cars is higher than that of motorcycles. (√)

Sandy is taller than all the students in her class. (X)

Sandy is taller than all the other students in her class. (√)

Sandy is taller than any other student in her class. (√)

Sandy is taller than all the students in the next class. (√)

(3) 最高级的用法

A. the+形容词/副词最高级+表示比较范围的短语或从句 意为“是......中最......的”。

He is the youngest child of all his classmates.

I like spring best of the four seasons.

Tom is the tallest boy in his class.

B. one of +...+ the +形容词/副词最高级+复数可数名词 表示“......是......中最......之一”。

Chiang Mai has been one of the hottest tourist places for Chinese since the movie Lost in Thailand was

第 11 页 共 11 页

shown.

She is one of the most beautiful girls in our class.

C. 特殊疑问词+ ...+the+形容词/副词最高级 表示“......最......”。

Which country is the largest, China, American or Canada?

Which season do you like the best, spring, summer or autumn?

(4) 比较级和最高级的修饰语

A. 比较级的修饰语

修饰比较级的常用词和短语有

even still much a little a lot a bit far by far a great deal of rather

Could you please speak a little more slowly so that I can follow you.

You handwriting is by far better than mine.

The task provided to be rather more difficult than I had expected.

B. 最高级的修饰语

常用的最高级的修饰与有序数词以及以下各词

by far much almost nearly far and away

This is by far the best book that I have ever read.

Of all the students, Jack's oral English is almost the best.

六. 倍数的表达方式

+than+比较对象 (3) 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ the size ( amount, length )+of......。

出题点：(1) 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+原级+as (2) 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+比较级1. 原级表示法

主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+原级+as结构

Their house is three times as big as ours.

I have three times as many as you.

2. 比较级表示法

主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+比较级+than+比较对象 结构

Petrol is twice more expensive than it was a few years ago.

第 12 页 共 12 页

He has read four times more books than I have.

3. 借助名词表示法

主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+the size( amount, length)+of... 结构

I am almost twice the age of yours.

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.

七. 常见形容词和副词的用法辨析

出题点：(1) 常见形容词和副词的词义辨析 (2) 同根副词的用法区别 (3) -ed形容词和-ing形

容词的用法区别

1. sometime , sometimes , some time, some times

sometime为“某一时间”，可指将来也可指过去。sometimes意为“有时，不时”，常用于描述现在和过去常发生的情况。some time 意为“一段时间”，time 是不可数名词。some times意为“几次”，time在此是可数名词，意为“次，倍”。

We will have a test sometime next month.

Times they come back to see me, and that makes me very happy.

He stayed in Beijing for some time last year.

I have been to Beijing some times.

2. alone, lonely

alone 意为“单独的”; 还可以做副词，意为“单独，独自”。lonely意为“孤独的”，还意为“扁圆的，人迹罕至的”。

If you think you're lonely, you might always be alone.

They went to a lonely place in the mountains.

After his wife died, he lived alone.

3. ago, before

ago指以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。before 指以故去和将来的某一时刻为基准的“以前”，常和完成时连用，可单独使用。

He stopped going to school a few years ago.

I've read the articles written by Han Han before.

第 13 页 共 13 页

4. already, yet, still

already通常用于肯定句钟，意为"已经"，有时用于疑问句中表示惊讶，怀疑的语气。yet一般用在疑问句和否定句中，在疑问句中意为"已经"，在否定句中意为“还”，通常放在句末。still意为“仍然;还”，表示原先的情况未变，在说话时人在继续，可用于各种句式。

We've already met before.

Have you been to Paris already?

Have you found the book yet? Not yet.

They are still working in the field.

Do you still teach in that school?

5. almost ，nearly

副词almost和nearly都有"几乎"、"差不多"之意。almost比nearly更接近所提到的某一程度。

My little son is almost ten years old.

My little son is nearly ten years old.

Almost nothing was done to improve the situation.

6. 几组同根副词的意义比较

有些副词具有两种形式，一种是和形容词同形，还有一种是由该形容词加后缀-ly构成。这两种形式的副词在意思上的区别有以下三种情况。

(1) 含义相同：

两种形式的副词含义相同，在某种场合可以互换。

The sang loudly in the house next to ours.

The stars were shining bright.

(2) 含义不同：

两种形式的副词往往有不同的含义，一般不可互换。

We are working hard to serve our country better in the future.

He got up very late and hardly had time for breakfast.

(3) 含义相似：

这两种情况的副词含义相似，只不过与形容词同形的副词意义比较具体，而带-ly的副词以较抽象。

第 14 页 共 14 页

Look! The kite is flying high in the sky.

The teachers spoke very highly of her work.

7. -ing形容词和-ed形容词

-ing形容词表示主动意义，一般修饰物，多指物对人的影响; -ed形容词，表示被动意义，主语一般是人，多只人对事物的感受。

interesting - interested

tiring - tired

He made a surprising decision.

We were surprised at his living.

This is the most comfortable and exciting period.

What's could hardly describe how excited we were.

surprising - surprised

exciting - excited

pleasing - pleased moving - moved

例题解析

1. After the long journey, the three of them went back home，__________.

A. hungry and tiredly

C. hungrily and tiredly

B. hungry and tired

D. hungrily and tired

解析：B and连接的两个形容词在句中作状语，用来说明主语的状态。

2. The students from Xinjiang enjoy staying our school because everyone is ________ to them.

A. friendly B. gently C. happily D. politely

解析：A b动词后接形容词做表语，四个选项中只有A项为形容词。

3. Mary's mother bought _________ a coat for her yesterday.

A. big new blue silk

C. new silk big blue

B. new blue silk big

D. blue silk new big

解析：A 多个形容词的排列顺序为大小，新旧，颜色和材料。多个形容词修饰名词时，需把表内含的形容词最靠近名词，把表外延的边缘化。

4. It's high time you had your hair cut; It's getting ________.

A. too much long

B. much too long C. long too much D. too long much

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解析：B much too意为“太......”，修饰形容词long，放在long的前面。 too much 意为“太多”，修饰名词。

5. Our family has bought a car so we can travel ________ than before.

A. most easily B. less easily C. easily D. more easily

解析：D 由than可知空格处选择比较级形容，排除A,C两项，再由题干前半句中可推知旅行会更加容易，故选D项。

6. I'm not a little tired today after giving the room a thorough cleaning and I have never had ________ today.

A. as tiring a day as

C. tiring as a day as

B. as a tiring day as

D. day as a tiring as

解析：A 在as...as结构中，如果形容词作定语修饰一个单数可数名词，它的排列顺序应为：“as+形容词+a(n)+单数可数名词+as...”。

7. You'd better go there by train ticket is the ________ airplane tickets.

A. as cheap three times as

C. three times cheaper than

B. as three times cheap as

D. cheaper three times than

解析：C 本题解题的关键是熟练掌握倍数修饰比较级时的位臵倍数。倍数修饰比较等级应臵于比较等级之前，所以选C。

8. Paper produced every year is __________ the world's production of vehicles.

A. the three weight of

B. three times the weight of

D. three times as heavier as. C. as three times heavy as

解析：B "A+倍数+the size/height/weight/width+of+B"是倍数表达方式的一种，意为"A是B的大小/高度/重量/宽度等的......倍"。

9. They dived ________ into the forest and felt ________ frightened.

A. deeply; deep B. deeply; deeply C. deep; deep D. deep; deeply

解析：D dee表示具体的深度; deeply 用于抽象、比喻意义。

10. He said he would come to see us _________ the next afternoon.

A. sometime B. some time C. sometimes D. some times

解析：A sometime意为"某时;某个时间"，符合句意。some time 意为“一段时间”; sometimes意为“有

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时”; some times意为“几次”。

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