管理类专业学位联考英语阅读理解历年真题试卷汇编2_真题-无答案

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2024年4月3日发(作者：)

管理类专业学位联考英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编2

(总分50,考试时间90分钟)

2. Reading Comprehension

Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at

the heart of Joseph Nye"s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of

Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America"s National Intelligence Council, is

best known for promoting the idea of "soft power", based on persuasion and influences, as a

counterpoint to "hard power", based on coercion(强迫)and force. Having analyzed the use of

soft and hard power in policies and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his

attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business

spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is

difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard power

is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories **e to the opposite conclusion.

The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is

becoming outdated. In **panies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional

hierarchies(等级制)are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does

not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he

advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the

theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls "smart power", is

the best approach. The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is,

apparently, the "transformational leadership pattern". Anyone allergic(反感)to management term

will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up

and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim

volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the

wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes

and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate. Ales, leadership is a

slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jerry to the

wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership - in particular,

the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie - and he provides a

helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change,

different sorts of leaders are required, a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in

another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy

answers.

1. From the first two paragraph we may learn that Mr. Machiavelli"s idea of hard power is______.

A. well accepted by Joseph Nye

B. very influential till nowadays

C. based on sound theories

D. contrary to that of modern leadership theories

2. Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr. Nye?

A. Coercion is widespread.

B. Morality is devalued.

C. Power is no longer concentrated.

D. Traditional hierarchies are strengthened.

3. In his book The Powers to Lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership

EXCEPT______.

A. authority B. context

C. approaches D. morality

4. Mr. Nye"s book is particularly valuable in that it______.

A. makes little use of management terms

B. summarizes various studies concisely

C. serves as an exit for leadership researches

D. sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders

5. According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nye"s book lies in his______.

A. view of changeable leadership

B. definition of good leadership

C. summary of leadership history

D. discussion of moral leadership

Americans don"t like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is.

There are shooting wars—the kind that test patriotism and courage—and those are the kind at

which the U.S. excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great

Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of

flag—when the job is done, they earned it. Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming.

The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first

order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. Indeed, if America is fighting at all, it"s fighting on

the wrong side. The U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world"s greenhouse gases each year and

has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn"t intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations

approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away

from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with

hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking

a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It"s hard to imagine a bigger fight than

one for the survival of a country"s coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its

economy. The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a

global emergency, there"s far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its plans, which too

often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists

that could weaken American"s growth. But let"s assume that those interested parties and others

will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs

be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like — one that would

leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound ? Halting climate change

will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a

reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a

consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can,

without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the

survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what"s

needed most is will. "I"m not saying the challenge isn"t almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp.

"But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."

6. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Human wars.

B. Economic crisis.

C. America"s environmental policies.

D. Global environment in general.

7. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country"s coasts and

farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is______.

A. of utmost importance

B. a fight no one can win

C. beyond people"s imagination

D. a less significant issue

8. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means______.

A. friction B. contradiction

C. conflict D. problem

9. What is the author"s attitude toward America"s policies on global warming?

A. Critical. B. Indifferent.

C. Supportive. D. Compromising.

10. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with______.

A. the new book written by Fred Krupp

B. how America can fight against global warming

C. the harmful effects of global warming

D. how America can tide over economic crisis

Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new

home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for

increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having

announced his aim(the house)in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see

the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. "My whole motto(座右铭)was "Start

small, think big, and have fun"," says MacDonald, 26, " I really kept my effort on the creative side

rather than the business side." Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big

business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10

billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites **panies

to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In

Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid

exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries.

The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than 4, 600 services, from math lessons to

is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major

barrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls "the double coincidence of wants." That

is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both

desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency. Barter also helps firms make use of

idle capacity. For example, advertising is "hugely bartered" because many media, particularly on

the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don"t register in

industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.

Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to "grade" trading partners for honesty quality and so

on. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to

enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two(QL2)plans to open in

Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38, 000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will

deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be "liberated from

corrupt middlemen." For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a recapitalize past.

11. The word "techies"(Line 4, Para. 1)probably refers to those who are______.

A. afraid of technology

B. skilled in technology

C. ignorant of technology

D. incompetent in technology

12. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they______.

A. were impressed by his creativity

B. were eager to identify with his motto

C. liked his goal announced in advance

D. hoped to prove the power of the Internet

13. The Internet barter system relies heavily on______.

A. the size of barter sites

B. the use of virtual currency

C. the quality of goods or services

D. the location of **panies

14. It is implies that Internet advertisements can help______.

A. companies make more profit

B. companies do formal exchanges

C. media register in statistics

D. media grade barter sites

15. Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?

A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.

B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.

C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.

D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.

The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey"s biggest city has

seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in

the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who

survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all

enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarker to

say they have had enough. Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin", have been flooded

with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has

been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50, 000

to promise to "stop shootin", start thinkin", and keep livin"." The Newark Community Foundation,

which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community

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