2010考研英语真题与答案(含阅读第一篇)

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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

日期：2010-01-09 18:20:09 来源：万学教育

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Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or

[D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial

experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they

would learn how stop-floor lignting__ affected __workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __ up

___giving their name to the ―Hawthorne effect‖, the extremely influential idea that the very___ act ___to

being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.

The idea arose because of the __ perplexing ___behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.

According to __ accounts ___of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,

but also when it was dimmed. It did not __ matter ____what was done in the experiment; __ so long as

_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___ awareness ___that they were being experimented

upon seemed to be ___ enough ___to alter workers’ behavior ____ by____itself.

After several decades, the same data were _ subjected __ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne

experiments has another surprise store _ contrary to __the descriptions on record, no systematic

_

evidence

__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ misleading __

interpretation of what happed.__ For example ___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When

work started again on Monday, output __ duly ___ rose compared with the previous Saturday

and__

continue

__to rise for the next couple of days.__

but

__ , a comparison with data for weeks when

there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__

tend

__ to be

diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __

hit

__a plateau and then slackening off.

This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect ― is hard to pin down.

1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored

2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off

3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof

4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous

5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments

6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work

7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as

8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion

9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant

10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by

11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed

12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to

13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source

14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading

15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual

16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly

17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued

20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hiting

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or

[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past

quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope

and seriousness of their arts coverage.(T1)

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to

imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most bit-city newspapers. Yet a

considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century

consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact

that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation

dailies.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in

England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when

newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the

publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of

major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a

serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard

Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were a out. These men believed

in journalism as a calling , and were proud to be published in the daily press. 'So few authors

have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,' Newman

wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who

are not read to writers who are".'

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the

Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a

writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's

foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947)

became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only

one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to

specialists.

Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.

Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use

for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur

tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that

A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.

B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.

C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.

D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.

22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized by

A free themes.

B casual style.

C elaborate layout.

D radical viewpoints.

23. Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on?

A It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.

B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.

C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.

D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?

A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.

B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.

C His style caters largely to modern specialists.

D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.

25. What would be the best title for the text?

A Newspapers of the Good Old Days

B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers

C Mournful Decline of Journalism

D Prominent Critics in Memory

Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.

received one for its ―one-click‖ online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection

for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.

Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method

patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that

has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use

a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is

known , is ―a very big deal‖, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It ―has

the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.‖

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit

itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving

a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method

patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific

types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if

only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court

filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned

the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with

patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The

Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s

judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should‖

reconsider‖ its state street Bank ruling.

The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count

that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices

signaled that too many patents were being upheld for ―inventions‖ that are obvious. The judges on the

Federal circuit are ―reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court‖ ,says Harole , a

partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of

[A] their limited value to business

[B] their connection with asset allocation

[C] the possible restriction on their granting

[D] the controversy over authorization

27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?

[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions

[B] It involves a very big business transaction

[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit

[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.

28. The word ―about-face‖ (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means

[A] loss of good will

[B] increase of hostility

[C] change of attitude

[D] enhancement of dignity

29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents

[A] are immune to legal challenges

[B] are often unnecessarily issued

[C] lower the esteem for patent holders

[D] increase the incidence of risks

30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?

[A] A looming threat to business-method patents

[B] Protection for business-method patent holders

[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents

[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents

Text 3

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large

part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually

informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how

ideas actually spread.

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested

theory called the ―two step flow of communication‖: Information flows from the media to the influentials

and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if

they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.

The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or

neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people

was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal

evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have

far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required of

all.

The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception

of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not

interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with

that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow

theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a

social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own

acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to

each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees

removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove

resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of

populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of

variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work

shows that the principal requirement for what we call ―global cascades‖– the widespread propagation of

influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of

easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single

adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global

influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.

citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to

[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics

[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas

[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics

[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.

author suggests that the ―two-step-flow theory‖

[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems

[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends

[C]has won support from influentials

[D]requires solid evidence for its validity

the researchers have observed recently shows that

[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions

[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media

[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public

[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention

underlined phrase ―these people‖ in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who

[A] stay outside the network of social influence

[B] have little contact with the source of influence

[C] are influenced and then influence others

[D] are influenced by the initial influential

is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

[A]The eagerness to be accepted

[B]The impulse to influence others

[C]The readiness to be influenced

[D]The inclination to rely on others

Text 4

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have

been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have

forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets

at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the

independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being

compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking

system will be difficult.

After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)

rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and

more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the

FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who ―question our motives.‖ Yet bank shares rose and the

changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls ―the use of judgment by management.‖

European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold

when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European

commissioner, warned the IASB that it did ―not live in a political vacuum‖ but ―in the real word‖ and

that Europe could yet develop different rules.

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they

argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of

markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade

below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the

paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those

supposed bargains.

To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to

buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.

Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have

been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form

special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.

36. Bankers complained that they were forced to

[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules

[B]collect payments from third parties

[C]cooperate with the price managers

[D]reevaluate some of their assets.

ing to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in

[A]the diminishing role of management

[B]the revival of the banking system

[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses

[D]the weakening of its independence

ing to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to

[A]keep away from political influences.

[B]evade the pressure from their peers.

[C]act on their own in rule-setting.

[D]take gradual measures in reform.

author thinks the banks were ―on the wrong planet ‖in that they

[A]misinterpreted market price indicators

[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets

[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.

[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.

author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of

[A]satisfaction.

[B]skepticism.

[C]objectiveness

[D]sympathy

Part B

Directions:

For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the

numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph

which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)

[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the

consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total

consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This

development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across

Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is

looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider

eating at home a realistic alternative.

[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European

grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce,

with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in

their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market

retailers need.

[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?

Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers.

In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change

will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers,

regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.

[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their

scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and

marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to

rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals

important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and

wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big

retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European

wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New

skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.

[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely

examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand

comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail

chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers

when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large

institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as ―horeca‖: hotels,

restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same

sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.

[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy,

Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall

margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing

quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this

fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good

producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of

wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.

B→F→D→G→E→A

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your

translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

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