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The Inventor of LED
When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor（半导体）alloys（合金），his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today，his discovery of light-emitting diodes，or LEDs，is used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work，developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.
On April 23，2004，Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marks the 10th vear that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）has given the award to prominent inventors.
"Anytime you get an award，big or little，it's always a surprise，"Holonyak said.
Holonyak，75，was a student of John Bardeen，an inventor of the transistor（晶体管），in the early 1950s.After graduate school，Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric，where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches. Later，Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagues were looking into how to generate invisible light，he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs，and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.
Holonyak，now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois，said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace（平凡的）as they are today，but didn't realize how many uses they would have.
"You don't know in the beginning. You think you're doing something important，you think it’s worth doing，but you really can't tell what the big payoff（成果）is going to be，and when，and how. You just don't know. “he said.
The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen，75，with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for the work on a new generation of "molecular（分子）sieves（滤网）"that can separate molecules by size.
【第1题】 Holonvak's colleagues thought he would fail in his research on LEDs at the time when he started it.AA.True
B.False
C.Not Giver
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Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson MIT Prize sooner or later.C
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.B
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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LEDs used in traffic lights are developed by Holonyak's students.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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When Holonyak invented LEDs, he believed that they would have a wide range of uses.B
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in.C
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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LEDs are more environmentally friendly than incandescent bulbs.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Holonyak was surprised to receive the Lemelson-MIT Prize.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Edith Flanigen was also awarded Lemelson-MIT Prize for his work on LEDs.B
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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The Lemelson-MIT Prize has a history of over 100 years.C
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Skyscrapers and Environment
In the late 1960's，many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems，and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.
Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers，and wasters，of electric power. In one recent year，the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120，000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany，New York，for a day.
Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss（or gain）through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall（砌筑墙）filled with insulation board（隔热板）.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment，builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass，and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However，mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.
Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities，too.If fully occeupied，the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford，Connecticut，which has a population of more than 109，000.
【第11题】11.The main purpose of the passage is to_____.CA.discuss the advantages and disadvantages of skyscrapers
Bpare skyscrapers with other modern structures
C.describe skyscrapers and their effect on the environment
D.illustrate various architectural designs of skyscrapers
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According to the passage, what is one disadvantage of skyscrapers that have mirrored walls?A
A.The exterior surrounding air is heated
B.The building materials are very expensive
C.Construction time is increased
D.Extra air-conditioning equipment is needed.
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According to the passage,which aspect of skyscrapers were some residents of North America concerned with in the late 1960's?C
A.The poor reception of radio and TV signals.
B.The removal of trees and grass from building sites.
C.The harmful effects on the city's plans.
D.The obstruction of air traffic.
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Which of the following groups would the skyscraper issue most concern?B
A.Electricians.
B.Environmentalists.
C.City planners.
D.Television viewers.
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S②xorld Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford，Connecticut，which has a population of more than 109，000.
【第15题】Which of the following is true according to the passage?DA.Skyscrapers provide more usable space than other buildings.
B.The skyscrapers first appeared in the late 1960's.
C.Where there are skyscrapers, television reception is poor.
D.The two World Trade Center towers are skyscrapers.
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The Workers' Role in Management
Traditionally，it has been the workers’ role to work and management’s role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm’s operations with little thought to consulting（咨询）the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled（被迫）to obtain the workers’ opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most，companies have provided ”suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures.In recent years，however，many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor--they play a vital role in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management.Furthermore，major company decisions greatly affect workers and their dependents.This is particularly true of plant closings，which may put thousands on the unemployment lines.Should workers play a stronger role in management？
Workers should have a role in management.At the very least the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions.A common complaint among rank-and-file workers（普通工人）is the lack of information about company policies and actions.Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims（受害者）of plant closings and permanent layoffs（解雇），often with no warning.At least 90 days notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust.Management should consult workers before closing a plant because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions（让步）that will help keep the plant operating.
It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial（管理的）decision making.There ought to be representatives（代表）of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policy-making groups.If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow，they will help to make improvements，their morale（士气）will rise，and their productivity will increase.As a further incentive（激励）they must be given a share in the company's profits.This can be done through employee stock-ownership plans，bonuses（奖金），or rewards for efficiency and productivity.Finally，when a plant can no longer operate at a profit，the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase（购买）the plant and run it themselves.
【第1题】Traditional workers showed no interest in management.CA.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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“Suggestion box” is one of the many ways for workers to engage in management.B
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Since policy decisions are business secrets of a firm，workers should not be informed of them.C
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Before closing，a plant should put up a notice and keep it for 90 days.B
A.True
B..False
CNot Given
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Companies should tell their major policy decisions to the workers.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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The workers’ participation（参与）in management might save a plant from closing down.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Board of directors is the major policymaking group in many companies.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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One of the advantages of involving workers in making a decision is that the interpersonal relationship between workers and managers can be improved.C
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
-
An efficient and productive worker should be rewarded with anything but shares in the company's profits.B
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
-
Workers should be allowed to buy the plant if it cannot make a profit anymore.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Television
Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies , marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility , which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.
The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics , television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera ) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses , when fed into a receiver (television set) , can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.
Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication , and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled , for the most part , by the broadcast networks , ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.
【第11题】What is the literal meaning of the word "television" ?BA.Medium of the masses.
B.Sight from a distance.
C.Airwave transmission.
D..Vehicle for communication.
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What field of television is intended for specific groups?D
ABroad-based.
B.Reconstituted.
C.Traditional.
D.Non-broadcast.
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According to the passage, how many major networks are there?B
A.Two.
B.Three.
C.Four.
D.Five.
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a function of electronics in television transmissions?C
A.The conversion of an image into electronic impulses.
B.The sending of impulses through a wire cable.
C.The changing of one image into another image.
D.The feeding of impulses into a receiver.
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Which of the following statements about the relationship between television and its viewers can best be inferred from the passage?A
A.Viewers do not take an active role in watching television.
B.Viewers would prefer increased news coverage.
C.Viewers like to use television to reach other human beings.
D.Viewers have grown tired of television.
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The First Settlement in North America
It is very difficult to say just when colonization（殖民）began. The first hundred years after Christopher Columbus's journey of discovery in 1492 did not produce any settlement on the North America continent but rather some Spanish trading posts in South America，a great interest in gold. and adventure，and some colorful crimes in which the English had their part. John Cabot，originally from Genoa but a citizen of Venice，was established as a trader in Bristol，England，when he made a journey in 1497. But his ship，the Matthew，with its crew of eighteen，did no more than see an island （probably off the New England coast）and return home. He and his son made further voyages across the north Atlantic which enabled the English crown to claim a“legal”title to North America. But for a long time afterwards the Europeans’ interest in America was mainly confined to the Spanish activities further south.
The first beginning of permanent settlement in North America was nearly a hundred years after Columbus's first voyage. The Englishman Sir Walter Raleigh claimed the whole of North America for England，calling it Virginia. In 1585 he sent a small group of people who landed in Roanoke Island，but they stayed only for a year and then went back to England with another expedition, led by Drake, in 1587. A second group who landed in 1587 had all disappeared when a further expedition arrived in 1590.
The first permanent settlement in North America was in 1607. English capitalists founded two Virginia companies, a southern one based in London and a northern one based in Bristol. It was decided to give the name New England to the northern area. The first settlers in Virginia were little more than wage slaves to the company. All were men and the experiment was not very successful. Many died. Those who survived lived in miserable conditions. By 1619 the colony had only a thousand people.
【第1题】We know for sure that colonization began at the end of the 15th century.BA.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Among the early settlers in South America in the 16th century were Spanish traders.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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With John Cabot' s arrival at an island off the New England coast in 1497 , the British Crown claimed to be the legal owner of North America.B
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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There were eighteen people on board the Matthew during its voyage to North America in 1497.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
-
The first attempt made by European people to settle down permanently in North America occurred in the 1580s.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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The name Virginia was given to North America by Sir W alter Raleigh.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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The name New England was given to the southern area of North America by the boss of one of the two Virginia companies.B
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Sir Walter Raleigh is a capitalist.C
A.True
B
False
C
Not Given
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The first settlers in Virginia were all male.A
A
True
B.False
C.Not Given
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The living conditions of the first settlers were bad.A
A.True
B.False
C.Not Given
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Cells and Temperature
Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature，and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme（酶）systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃；a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations，the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.
For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time，but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blooded" and “cold-blooded”species；warm-blooded included mammals and birds，whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied，it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana（鬣蜥）-each cold-blooded--usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature，called homotherms（同温动物），and those whose body temperature varies with their environment，called poikilotherms（变温动物）. But this classification also proved inadequate，because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore，many invertebrates（无脊椎动物）that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water，and their body temperatures remain constant.
The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by，and who get most of their heat from，the environment. The former are called endotherms（恒温动物），and the latter are called ectotherms（外温动物）. Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature，and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms（mainly mammals and birds）also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments，but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.
【第11题】The passage mainly discusses____.DA.body temperatures of various animals
B.the newest research on measuring temperature
C.methods of temperature reduction
D.the classification of animals by temperature regulation
-
Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?A
A.Warm-blooded.
B.Ectothermic.
C.Cold-blooded.
D.Poikilothermic.
-
In general, the temperature of endotherms is regulated____.B
A.consciously
B.internally
C.inadequately
D.environmentally
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According to the passage, the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by A
A.seeking out appropriate locations
B.hibernating part of the year
C.staying in deep water
D.triggering certain metabolic processes
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According to the passage , human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by B
A.choosing favorable environments
B.internal metabolic processes
C.eating more food
D.doing physical exercises
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