able和capable 的使用区别 相似词语辨析

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able和capable 的使用区别 相似词语辨析

able，capable

这一对词都是形容词，又都含有“能够”、“能干”之意，但涵义和使用场合有所不同，大致有如下几点区别：

（一）在用作定语表示“能干的”意味时，able所描述的范围较概括，capable所描述的范围较专注，因为前者指某人聪明能干，有多才多艺的概括涵义；后者仅指具有应付某一特指工作要求的能力。例：

She is an able teacher 她是个能干的教师。

She is a capable teacher． 她是个能胜任工作的教师。

（二）able指“能够”，是一时之现象；capable常用以指“能力”，是经常的现象。如：

I shall not be able to come to the office tomorrow．

明天我不能到办公室来（指由于某种原因而暂时不能来）。

She is incapable of manual labour．

她不能从事体力劳动（指由于某种长期或经常的原因，例如患病而不能劳动）。

（三）指某人能作某事时，able之后接动词不定式，capable之后接介词of。例如：

We are able to get back to town before dark．

我们能够天黑之前赶回市区。

They are not capable of doing the work．

他们没有能力做这件工作。

（四）capable除表示“有能力的”意味外，还可用以表示“有可能的”涵义，able则没有这个用法。如：

The situation is capable of improvement．

此情况有可能好转。

That oil tanker is capable of being restored． 那艘油轮有可能修好。

请注意，下列句中的able是用错了，应改为capable：

This book is able to be translated．（错）

This book is capable of being translated．（对）

That law is able to be evaded．（错）

That law is capable of being evaded．（对）

（五） able 一般用作正面意义，指好人好事；capable 则是中性词，既可指好事，亦可指坏事，例如在下例中，capable of anything是表示“任何坏事都做得出来”之意：

That guy is capable of anything！

那家伙什么勾当都会干得出来！

（六） able的反义词是unable；capable的反义词是incapable。另一点值得注意的是，able的名词是 ability，义：“能力”（the power to do）；capable的名词是capability 或 capacity，前者义：“具有从事某事的能力”；后者义：“容量”或“受容力”。需要在此指出的是，ability是可以通过练习或锻炼获得的，而capability则是固有的能力，它与练习或锻炼无关。通过下列例句的对比，我们不难区分其义蕴：

I do not doubt his ability to do the work．

He has the capability to benefit from university education．

第一句的ability是指通过训练或工作磨炼而获得的“能力”；第二句的capability是指天赋之才，与后天无关。

according as，according to

这两个词组虽然相似，但它们的结构和使用场合并不相同。according to表示“根据”、“按照”；而according as表示“视乎”，有depending及according to whether的意味。

According as是连词词组，其后接从句；according to 是介词短语，其后接名词。例：

The thermometer rises or falls according to the high or low temperature．

寒暑表根据气温的高低而升降。

They will be praised or blamed according as their work is good or bad．

给他们的赏罚将视乎他们工作的好坏来决定。

应当在此指出，在现代英语中，according as的句型结构已很少有人使用，正如 Bergen Evans和 Cornelia Evans在A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage 中指出的那样：“This construction is not often heard today”。

下面是according to的例句：

According to the weather report，we shall have cold weather next week．

根据天气报告，下星期天气将要转冷。

You should act according to circumstances．你们要随机应变。

According to有个同义短语，即 in accordance with，但它们的涵义有细微的区别，前者强调“根据…所言”，后者则强调“与…要一致”。另外 in accordance with多用于正式场合，例如表示与一些原则、规律一致。例：

According to police report，five luxury cars were stolen in Kowloon yesterday．

根据警方报告，昨天在九龙有五辆豪华汽车失窃。

We must proceed in accordance with the rules．

我们必须按照规章办事。

That sentence is not in accordance with the rules of grammar．

那个句子不符合语法规则。

请注意，in accordance with 既可引导 adverbial phrase，又可引导adjectival phrase作verb“to be”的补语（见上面 in accordance with的第一和第二个例句）；according to则不能。例如，我们不能说：

The news is according to Hong Kong's broadcasting station．（错）

另一点需要补充说明的是，in accord with 和 in accordance with同义，它们可以互换使用，但前者远不及后者用得普遍。英国学者F．T．Wood认为，我们最好在强凋“与…一致”（agreement）的时候，用in accord with；在强调“服从”或“遵照执行”（obeying or following）的涵义时，用 in accordance with。例如：

What he has done is not in accord with your instructions．

In accordance with your instructions we have suspended work on the heating apparatus．

across，cross

这两个词都是表示“横越”、“渡过”之意，在拼写上仅差一字之微，故很易混淆。它们的区别在于词性和使用场合有所不同。across是介词；cross是动词。

下面请看例句：

My house is across the harbour，in the vicinity of the Kowloon Park．

我的家在海港的对岸，九龙公园附近。

They live across the Central Plaza．

他们住在中央广场的对面。

Everyone shouts“kill it！”when a rat is seen to run across the street．

老鼠过街，人人喊打。

He has crossed the border into another territory．

他已越过边界进入别国的领土。

Many steel arch bridges cross the Mississippi in its lower reaches．

在密西西比河的下游许多拱形铁侨横跨河面。

They have crossed over to Japan．

他们已东渡去日本了。

coss除作动词外，亦可作名词。作名词时，有较强的构词能力，它所构成的词的某些词义和用法是值得注意的。例如crossroad是“交叉路”或“横马路”，而crossroads却是“十字路”或“十字路口”，它的前面可以用a，但-s不能丢掉。如：

The accident took place at a crossroads．

车祸发生在十字路口。

They drive across the plain by way of a crossroad leading to the highway．

他们沿着一条通往公路的交叉路驾车横过平原。

cross-reference是“前后参照”、“互见条目”的意思，专指同一书刊中前后互相参阅的说明。例：

In this book cross-references are shown in capital letters．

在本书中，前后参照的互见条目用大写字母表示。

crossing是“渡口”、“横道线”或“（铁路与公路的）交叉点”。如：

The Star Ferry Pier is a ferry crossing in central．

天星码头是在中环的一个渡口。

All care should stoP at the zebra crossing．

所有车辆都要在斑马线前停下。

A bus ran into a train at the level／grade crossing．

一辆公共汽车在平交点与火车相撞。

act as，act like

乍然看来，act as和 act like是两个同义短语，在涵义上无甚区别可言，其实不然。

Act as的意思是“充当”、“担任”，相当于 serve as，可与人或物词如：doctor、director、interpreter、guide、coach、 teacher、go-between、furniture、tools等字搭配使用。as是连词，引导一个省略了谓语的状语从句。例：

This herb can act as an antidote against snakebite．

这种药草可以用作蛇咬的解毒药。

Last summer she acted as a guide for tourists．

去年夏天，她担任旅游向导。

This coin may act as a screwdriver．

这枚硬币可以充当螺丝起子用。

Mr．Liu acted as group leader while Mr．Zhang was ill．

张先生生病时，刘先生任组长。

请注意，有时候，act for与act as的意义颇相近，但它们在表示概念方面互不相同。act as是“（临时）充当”或“起…的作用”； act for则表示“代理”的涵义。请比较下一句和前述句：

Mr．Liu acted for Mr．Zhang while，the latter was ill．

张先生患病期间，刘先生代理他的工作。

Act like的意思是“行为像”、“举动像”，相当于英语的 to act in the manner of，它常与人或动物名词连用。like是介词，其后接宾语。例：

That child acts like a grown-up．

那个孩子的举动像成年人一样。

Don't act like a fool！

别像傻瓜一般！

His refusal of our offer acted like a wet blanket．

他拒绝了我们的建议，真使我们扫兴。

（注：a wet blanket 作“令人扫兴的事或人”。）

admit，admit of

一般说来，admit表示“许入”、“进入”（allow somebody or something to enter）或“承认”（acknowledge）的意义；admit of则表示“容许”（allow of）或“容有”（leave room for）之意。例如：

This ticket admits one person only．

此券只准一人入场。

I admitted him to the lecture．

我准许他入内听讲。

He has admitted the fact．

他已承认此事。

This matter admits of no delay．

此事刻不容缓。

This word admits of several interpretations．

这个词可作几种解释。

Admit的主语既可以是物，也可以是人，而admit of 的主语只可以是没有生命的事物。例如，我们不能说： I can't admit of your doing it，而只能说：I can't allow you to do it。又如，不可以说：He can admit of no question，而应该说：His veracity admits of no question（他的诚信是勿容置疑的）。

值得注意的是，admittance和admission都是admit 的名词，它们都有“准入”之意，但使用场合不同。一般说来，admittance用于直义，即指准许某人进入某一场所；admission则大都用于比喻意，指准许进入的权利、入场费或入会费而言。因此，“入场券”译作admission ticket，不译作admittance ticket。“如非公事，不得擅进（非请勿进）”则译作 No admittance except on business。现将这两个词作一比较：

They refused him admittance when he arrived．

他抵达时他们拒绝他入场。

They granted him admission．

他门准许他入会。

此外，admit用作解“承认”时，之后可以接动名词或从句，但不能接动词不定式。例如： He admits having seen the book或 He admits that he saw the book。但不可以说：He admits to have seen the book。

在现代英语中，有时我们可以看到 admit to这么一个短语，其义相当于confess to （承认），例如：

In spit of all the evidence against her，she refused to admit to the crime．

虽然所有证据都对她不利，但是她拒绝承认犯了罪。

有些西方学者认为，admit to 并不是地道的英语，最好避免使用。

与之类似区别的词语有 allow和allow of。前者的意思是“许可”（permit）；后者的意思是“容有…余地”（leave room for）。它们的用法与 admit和 admit of相同。

advance，advancement

Advance用作名词时，很易和另一名词advancement 混淆不清，因为这两个词都有“前进”、“进步”和“进展”之意。它们的区别如下：

一般说来，advance含有自动的意味，advancement 则含有被动的意味。例如：advance of science是“科学的进步”； advancement of science则是“科学的被人推进”。从下列两个例句，我们可以辨别出它们的区别：

Discovering a cure for AIDS would be a major medical advance．

发现治疗艾滋病的方法将是医学上的一大进展。

We have made a program for the advancement of science．

我们已制定了一个发展科学的规划。

通过上列例句的对比，我们可以联想到 advance in rank 和 advancement in rank；advance in industy和advancement in industry；advance in society和advancement in society等语的涵义区别。

在表示“行军”或“向…行进”的意义时，只能用advance，不可以用advancement。例：

They have done their best to resist the advance of the enemy．

他们已尽力阻挡敌人向前推进。

Road blocks were set up to obstruct the advance of the demonstrators．

设置路障是要阻止示威人士前进。

在某些固定的词组里，例如 in advance、in advance of、be on the advance，只能用advance，不可以用advancement。如：

Please pay the bill in advance．

请先付账。

The plane reached Hong Kong ten minutes in advance of its scheduled time．

飞机比预定的时间提早了十分钟到达香港。

Recently the new stocks are on the advance．

最近新股看涨。

advance一字除用作名词和动词（如 In recent days prices advanced rapidly。近日来，价格猛涨）之外，亦可用作形容词。作形容词时，其意为“预先的”、“在前的”。如：advance notice（预先通知）；advance booking （预订／预售（票））；advance payment（预先付款）；advance copy（（发行前的）新书样本）； advance party of soldiers（先头部队）。

值得注意的是，advanced也可用作形容词，但其意为“先进的”、“高级的”。如：advanced ideas（进步的思想）；advanced algebra（高等代数）；advanced courses（高级课程）。

after，behind

After用作介词时，很易和另一介词behind混淆不清，因为它们都表示“在…之后”的意思。它们的区别有以下几点：

（一）一般说来，after指时间的先后次序，意为“在…之后”（later in time than）； behind指位置的前后，意为“在…后面”（in the rear of）。例如：

I shall be free after ten o'clock．

十点之后我有空。

The national stadium is located behind the hill．

国家运动场在山岗的后面。

（二）after常用以指顺序，意为“跟在…之后”、“接着”、“接连”（in succession or next to in order）； behind 则表示“隐匿在后”、“背着”或“遗留在后”之意。如：

After you，please！

您先请！（出门或进门时的客套用语）

You should put the direct object after the indirect object．

你应该把直接宾语放在间接宾语之后。

The policemen are searching for the robbers door after door．

警察正在挨家挨户地搜查劫匪。

Day after day and year after year…

日复一日，年复一年……。

Don't stand behind the door．

不要躲在门背后。

Don't speak evil of a man behind his back．

不要在背后说人坏话。

Who is behind the scenes？

谁是幕后人？

Those smugglers ran away and left no trace behind them．

那些走私客逃走时没有留下任何痕迹。

（三）在某些场合下，after和behind可以互换使用，但涵义有所不同。如：

Shut the door after you．（1）

Shut the door behind you．（2）

（1）句的意思是“随手关门”，after含有离开与关门两个动作的先后的意味；（2）句的意思是“关上你背后的门”，behind表示门的静止状态的意味，正因为如此，我们通常说：Don't stand behind the door，而不说：Don't stand after the door。

值得注意的是，在另一些场合下，after和behind 在互换使用后，其意并无区别可言。如：

John came in after Alice．

John came in behind Alice．

The dog ran after its master．

The dog ran behind its master．

Behind除作介词外，尚可用作副词、名词和形容词； after除作介词外，还可用作副词、连词和形容词，由于不属本书探讨范围之内，这里就不赘述。

alive，living

这两个词都表示“活着的”、“有生命的”（having life）意思，词义相同，但用法有所不同。

Alive是表语形容词，放在verb“to be”之后，不能放在它所说明的名词之前。例如我们只可以说 The old man is still alive。

Living既可用作表语形容词，又可用作定语形容词，故可放在它所修饰的名词之前。

我们既可以说：

English is a living language．

也可以说：

Is his father still living？

就使用场合而言，alive大都用于人，有时用作比喻或强调时也用于物。例如：

Given the chance to sing on stage，he is very much alive．

有机会在台上唱歌，他显得很活跃。

The bazaar was all alive by the time we arrived．

我们到达时，墟市非常热闹。

Living则人物共用（请参阅上面两例）。

就词性而言，alive只能用作形容词，不能作名词；living既可作形容词，又可作名词。例：

Many people were burnt alive in the conflagration that happened in a multi-storeyed

building．

在一幢多层大厦内发生的大火中，很多人被活活烧死。

Our living standards are rising steadily．

我们的生活水平在不断提高。

Those who enjoy a good living seldom understand the suffering of the poor．

过着美好生活的人一般都不明白穷人所受之苦。

在某些场合下，living和alive表示的涵义并不相同，尽管它们都用作表语。例如：

At last we found him in a trap in the forest，still living but not alive．

通过对比，可以看出，living之意是“活的”；alive 之意是“有气息的”。这里的not alive表示人虽然还活着，但已“气息奄奄”、“没有生气”了。

Alive有时尚可表示“alert”“感觉到的”、“敏感的”涵义。如：

He is alive to the imminent danger．

他感觉到那迫在眉睫的危险。

at the end of，by the end of

这一对短语的意思都是“在…的末了”、“在…的一端”，意义上相似，但使用场合有所不同。

一般说来，at the end of用于表示具体事物或场所的场合，它也可以用来表示比喻意。例：

The school is situated at the end of the street．

该校位于这条街的尽头。

We'll have an exam in English at the end of January．

一月底我们要参加英语考试。

They were at the end of their patience．

他们忍无可忍。

He is at the end of his wits．

他智穷才尽，束手无策。

By the end of用于表示时间的场合，往往含有“不迟于”的意味。值得注意的是，at the end of亦可用于表示时间的场合（见上面第二个例句），但其义和by the end of有所不同。试对比下面两例：

at the end of January

一月底（指一月份的最后一天）

by the end of January

一月底之前（指一月份结束前的几天）

We are to complete the task by the end of the year．

年底之前我们必须完成此项任务。

Their communication is at an end．

他们的交往到此为止。

短语 in the end的涵义是“终于”、“最后”，其义相当于 at last。例：

I'm sure everything will turn out satisfactory in the end．

我确信，最后一切都会令人满意的。

In the end things will mend．

船到桥头自会直。

await，wait

这两个词都是动词，又都有“期待”、“等候”之意，但用法有所不同，它们的区别如下：

（一）await是及物动词，后面直接接宾语；wait虽然也可用作及物动词，但在现代英语中，一般作不及物动词用，与for，to，till，until等词连用。

（二）await的宾语大都是抽象名词，如：decision，reply，arrival，announcement，return等；wait for的宾语一般是人或事物。

The judge awaits the coroner's inquest before giving a verdict．

法官在作裁决前等待验尸官的调查。

I have been waiting for her for an hour at the bus stop．

我在公共车站等候她已一小时了。

（三）await之后接动名词；wait之后接动词不定式。例如：

We shall await hearing further from them．

We shall wait to hear further from them．

我们在静候他们进一步的消息。

（四）await多用于书面语；wait 多用于口语。如：

This plan awaits the approval of the board of directors．

这项计划有待董事局批准。

I have been waiting here for a long time．

我已在这里等了好久了。

（五）wait 除作动词外，还可用作名词。例：

I had a long wait for the train．

我等火车等了好久。

They pursue a policy of wait and see．

他们采取等待和观望的政策。

如上所述，wait在特定情况下也可以用作及物动词，例如：to wait your turn；to wait

one's opportunity。

请注意下列句子中await和wait的使用场合：

We await （or wait for）your reply．

We wait for（不能用await）you to reply．

I shall wait to bring her home．（不能用await）

I await （or wait for）your ruling on the matter with some impatience．

当await的主语是没有生命的事物而宾语是人时，await表示 be in store或lie in wait

for之意。如：

On arriving at the guest house，he found a telegram awaiting him．

Little did he realize what a surprise awaited him at home．

A hearty welcome will await you．

请注意，Time and tide wait（s）for no man（岁月不待人）的wait既可以加s，亦可不加s。

at（the）least，not（in）the least

这一对短语的涵义有很大的差异。

At least的意思是“至少”（指数量或程度上）也可解作“反正就是…”。它与 at the least，at the very least同义，可互换使用，但后两者有强调意味，远不及前者用得普遍。

下面请看例句：

The total enrolment of the university in the academic year 1991-1992 was at least 10，000，including undergraduate and postgraduate students．

在1991－1992学年期间，该大学至少有一万名大学生，包括本科大学生和研究主。

Even if you cannot help him，you can give him encouragement at least．

就算你未能帮助他，至少你可以鼓励他。

Whether you like it or not，at the very least，this is reality．

不管你是否喜欢，反正这是个现实。

Not the least 的意思是“毫不”、“一点也不”（by no means），也可写作 not in the least。但后者一般不用作定语。现今，后者更常见。

Are you cold？

at last，at length

这一对短语都有“终于”、“最后”的意思，但涵义和使用场合有所不同。

At length 这个词组共有三个意义： （1）长时间地。例如：He spoke at（great）length．（2）详细地。例如：They treated the subject at length．（3）终于；最后。例：After

flying for ten hours，they got to San Francisco at length．

作第三种意义使用时，at length与at last同义，但它们的内涵却有所不同。当人们做某事时，遇到了困难，经过奋斗，最后得以完成，在这种场合，我们用at last。如果在做的过程中，经历了很长的时间才得以完成，这时候，不论困难大小，都可用at length表示。为此，我们说，at last强调的是“经过努力奋斗”；at length 强调的是“经历很长的时间”。通过下列例句的对比，不难看出它们之间的区别：

Before they climbed down the side of the cliff，they met with many obstacles，but they surmounted them at last．

从悬崖的侧面爬下来之前，他们遇到了许多障碍，但终于把它们克服了。

In spite of every obstacle，they have at last arrived at the destination．

尽管障碍很多，他们终于到达了目的地。

After a voyage of five months，they at length arrived safe and sound．

经过五个月的航行，他们终于安全抵达。

请注意，用length构成的介词短语很多，常见的有：

Hong Kong Exhibition Centre measures 200 metres in length．

香港展览中心长达二百公尺。

They discussed this problem at great length．

他们非常详细地讨论了这个问题。

Yesterday I had my picture taken at the studio at full length．

昨天我在照相馆拍了一张全身照。

They travelled through the length and breadth of the country．

他们走遍全国。

at heart，by heart

这一组短语的涵义也各不相同。

At heart 的意思是“在心里”、“心底里”或“本质上”（from the heart，from the bottom

of one's heart or essentially）。by heart 的意思是“背诵”、“熟记”（by rote；to learn so well that one can remember it perfectly）。请看下面例句：

That socialite is a rascal at heart．

那个知名人士实质上是个坏蛋。

A councillor should have the collective interest of society at heart．

议员应当关心大众的利益。

At heart，Mr．Lin does not approve your proposal．

林先生的心里并不赞同你的建议。

Mr．Wang looks stem，but he is kind at heart．

王先生看来严肃，但买质上他很仁慈。

I know this poem by heart．

我熟读／我能背诵这首诗。

I don't see the point of learning by heart all the dates in the history book！

我真不明白为什么要把历史书里所有的日期都要记下来！

请注意下列短语的意思：（跟前例 have something at heart相近）

in one's heart of hearts 在内心深处

take something to heart 认真考虑／关注某事

set one's heart on something 决心做／得到某事／物

cut（or touch）sb to the heart 触及某人痛处

one's heart is in something 把整个心放在某事上

anyway，any way

这一对词的意思并不一样。anyway和anyhow同义，但前者多用于美国英语，后者多用于英国英语。anyway 在句中用作副词和连接词，义：“无论如何”、“不管怎样”，相当于 in any case和at any rate。例：

Anyway，we can try．

不管怎样，我们可以试试看。

I will not change my mind anyway．

无论如何，我不愿意改变我的宗旨。

“I can give you a lift if you wait”

ante-，anti-

这一对前缀的意义并不相同。ante- 是拉丁前缀，其意为“前面”、“在…之前”或“早于”（in front of or earlier than）。它既可以指地点，也可以指时间。例如：

anteroom 前厅；前房

antenuptial 婚前的

antebellum 战前的

antedate 先期；早日

antenatal 出生前的/产前的

antediluvian 太古的；大洪水前的

antemeridiem（a．m．） 上午的；午前的

Anti- 是希腊前缀，意为“反对”、“反面”（opposed to or the reverse of）。它加于名词和形容词之前。例如：

Anti-Japanese War 抗日战争

anticlockwise 反时针方向

anti-militarist 反军国主义者

anti-aircraft gun 高射炮

anti-trade wind 反季候风

antichrist 反基督者或伪基督

anticlimax 戏剧高潮后的缓和；修辞学里

的“渐降法”

Anti-也可以用在医学和化学术语里。例如：

antidote 解毒药

antiseptic 防腐剂/消毒药

antibiotics 抗生素

anti-freezing liquid 防冻液

antibody 抗体；抗毒素

在英语中，以ante－，anti- 作为前缀的词不胜枚举，下面也是一些常用的词：

antecedent 先行词

antechamber 前厅

antecessor 祖先；发起人

antemortem 死前的

antibiotics 抗菌素

anticyclone 逆旋风

anti-everything 样样都反对的

antigas kit 防毒装备

anti-icer 防止结冰的装置

antifriction 摩擦减少剂

antiphlogistine 消炎剂，消肿剂

请注意，anticipate的意思是“预期”、“预料”，这里的anti-并不表示“反对”之意，而是“预先”的意思。因此，我们说，这里的anti-等于ante－，是ante- 的变体（variant）。

another，the other

这两个词都表示“另一个”的意思，但涵义和使用场合不同。Another是指不定数目中的“另一个”；the other是指两个人或两样事物中的“另一个”。例：

Have another piece of cake．

再吃一块饼吧。

Please fatch another cup for me．

请替我另拿一个杯子来。

That's quite another matter．

那完全是另一回事。

Both my uncles are abroad，one in Paris and the other in New York．

我的两个叔叔都在国外，一个在巴黎，另一个在纽约。

One of them is yours；the other is mine．

一个是你的，另一个是我的。

值得注意的是，当我们在两样事物中任选一样时，应用one or the other；在三样或三样以上任选一样时，应用 one or other或one or another。

在someone，somehow，somewhere等字后，只能用other，不能用another。例：

We'll have to do it somehow or other．

在下列短语中，other也不能改作another：

some kind or other

some way or other

反之，用one时，则用another，例如：one way or another。在only之后，指唯一的就用one或other而不用another。

This is the only one/other stile to cross before we reach the wood．

当others和some对比使用在一个句子中，others失去“其他的”意义，而是表示“有的”或“有些”之义，相当于句中前面的some。例如：

Some like this，others like that．

有些人喜欢这个，自些人喜欢那个。

Some cleaned the blackboards，others mopped the floor．

有些人擦黑板，有些人拖地板。

amount，number

这一对词都能用作名词和动词，又都表示“数目”、“总数”之意，故很易混淆。

它们之间的区别是，amount用于不可数名词，表示“量”； number用于可数名词，表示“数”。例：

He has contributed a considerable amount of money to the Chinese University of Hong Kong．（amount为名词）

他捐了一笔为数可观的钱给香港中文大学。

Our expenditure amounts to fifty thousand dollars a month．（amount为动词）

我们每月的开支达五万元。

Every year the Hong Kong Book Fair draws a large number of visitors．（number为名词）

每一年香港的书展吸引了大量的观众。

Today more than 30，000 students are enrolled in the polytechnic．

The full-time students in our department number over 3，500．（number为动词）

现在理工学院有三万多名学生；我们系里全日制的学生已超过三千五百名。

Amount除作“数量”、“总额”解外，亦可表示“价值”之意。例：

Your information is of little amount．（名词）

你的情报没有什么价值。

It is unlikely that the forthcoming talks will amount to very much．（动词）

看来即将举行的会谈不会有多大意义。

与amount一词搭配使用的字很多，常用的有：respectable～（相当大的数量）； trifling～（微不足道的数额）； approved～（核准的数额）； fixed～（固定的数额）； vast～（大量）；average～（平均数）；aggregate～（总额）；required～（所需数）； proper～（适量）。

与number搭配的形容词亦不少，常见的有：round ～（整数）；serial～（编号）； small～（为数不多）；astonishing～（数目惊人）； even～（偶数）； odd～（奇数）； high～（大数）；low～（小数）； huge（immense）～（巨大的数量）；limited～（有限的数目）；maximum～（最大量）； minimum～（最小量）；cardinal～（基数）；ordinal～（序数）；atomic～（原子序数）。

also，too

这两个词都是副词，又都表示“也是”的意思，但在修辞意味和使用场合上有所不同。它们的区别如下：

（一）一般说来，also用于比较正式（formal）的场合，语气比too庄重； too是惯熟（familiar）的用语，使用范围较广。

（二）also在句中的位置要紧靠动词； too在句中的位置比较灵活，有时插入句中，前后用逗号分开，有时放在句末。

（三）too只能用在肯定句中，不可用于否定句内。在否定句中，只能用either；also则可以用在否定句中。

下面请看例句：

The Hong Kong Chief Executive also heads the university as Chancellor．

香港行政长官也以（大学）校监身份领导大学。

Reading books is learning，but application is also learning and the more important form of learning．

读书是学习，买践也是学习，而且是更重要的学习。

We have not heard such a thing．Also，we have never seen such a scene．

我们没有听见过这种事情，我们也从来没有见过这种场面。

请注意，一般说来，also在句中的位置应紧靠动词，但有时为了强调其意，也可以将它放在句首或句末。

Here，too，the colon must be followed by a dash．

这里也一样，应当在冒号之后加破折号。

Mary，too，can play the piano．

玛丽也会弹钢琴。

Could you speak Japanese？

alone，lone

这一对词都有“单独”、“孤单”（having no other person or thing nearby）之意，但用法有所不同。

就词性而言，alone既可作形容词，又可作副词；而lone只能作形容词，不能作副词。例如：

He is alone．（adj．）

He live alone．（adv．）

A lone bird flew past．（adj．）

用作形容词时，alone只能作表语；而lone一般只能作定语。例：

I am alone．（不能说： I am an alone person）

我独居。

She wants to make a lone flight．

她想单独飞行。

在现代英语里，alone和lone跟lonely涵义不同，前二者只表示“单独”，没有感情色彩，但后者则表示“孤单、寂寞”的感受。例：

Though I was alone in Hong Kong，I did not feel lonely．

虽然我独居香港，但是我并不感到寂寞。

The lone traveller led a lonely life．

那独行客过着寂寞的人生。

关于alone一词，在使用时要注意几点：

（一）alone是表语形容词，因此，我们不能说：very alone，只可以说much alone或very much alone。

（二）alone虽然作“单独”、“孤单”解，但它并不一定用于表示贬义的场合，因为有些人生来就喜欢“孤单”和“清静”，例如下句中的alone就是反映这个涵义：

Leave me alone．

不要打扰我。

（三）alone用在名词或代词之后可以表示“唯有”、“唯独”之意。例：

Jackson alone knows what happened．

唯有杰克逊一个人知道出了什么事。

You alone can help me in this task．

只有你才能在这件事中帮助我。

（四）let alone是固定词组，其义为“更不用说”、“不在话下”。例：

He can speak Spanish，let alone English．

他能说西班牙文，英语就更不在话下了。

He can't drive a car，let alone a truck．

他连小汽车都不会开，更不用说开卡车了。

由例句可见，let alone与to say nothing of同义，它们可互换使用。

1. agree with

(1) 表示同意某人或某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等 (即持同一观点)。如：

I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你的意见。

We agree with what you say. 我们同意你说的。

(2) 表示“(食物、天气、工作等)对……适宜”。如：

The food does not agree with me. 这食物对我不适合。

Hard work does not agree with him. 艰苦的工作对他不适宜。

(3) 表示“与……一致”。如：

His story agrees with the facts. 他的陈述与事实相符。

A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. 动词必须和它的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。

2. agree to

(1) 后接某些名词，表示同意或接受某事，尤其指别人提出的某事，有时可能是自己不喜欢的事。

He agree the plan (the date). 他同意了这个计划(日期)。

We agreed to their arrangement. 我们同意了他们的安排。

I was forced to agree to it, but at heart I didn’t quite agree with it. 我被迫答应，但内心并不完全同意。

(2) 后接动词原形(此时to是不定式符号)或动名词(一般有逻辑主语，此时 to 是介词)。如：

We agreed to leave early. 我们同意早点出发。

She agreed to my going home. 她同意我回去。

注：英语不说 agree sb to do sth。如不说：

* She agreed me to go home.

3. agree on

(1) 主要指双方通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议。如：

Can we agree on a price (a date)? 我们能不能商定一个价格(日期)?

Both sides agreed on these terms. 双方都同意这些条件。

注：在正式文体中，有时可省略介词 on。如：

Can we agree a price (date)?

(2) 后接动名词，表示同意做某事。如：

He agreed on helping us. 他同意帮助我们。

注：与 agree to do sth 大致同义。所以上句也可说成：

He agreed to help us.

一、指代物

it可替代动植物与无生命的东西，它与one的区别在于one= a/an + none; it = the +

n。

1. ---Where is my pencil case? ---Isn’t it in your backpack?

2. ---I have a motorbike. It (= the motorbike) was bought three years ago.

3. As this chair is broken, I must have it (= the chair)repaired.

4. My father bought a pen and gave it (= the pen) to me.

5. You can not eat your cake and have it. 世事难两全。

试比较：

6. I have no dictionary, so I want to buy one. (one = a dictionary)

7. I have a dictionary, it is over there. (it = the dictionary)

二、指代人

it可指代一个未亲眼看到的、不明身份性别的、面目不详的人，或婴儿、儿童，照片中的人物等。

8. --- Who is there waving to you? ---It’s my friend Tom.

9. ---Who is crying in the room? ---It’s my brother Jack.

10. ---Who is knocking at the door? ---It must be Kate, my classmate.

11. ---Who is the girl in the photo on the wall? ---It’s my sister.

12. ---Who is it? ---It’s me. (有人敲门)

13. ---Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see who it is. (敲门)

14. ---Oh, by the way, there is a telephone call for you. ---Who was it? (打电话)

15. ---Who is making so much noise? ---It must be the children.

16. There is a person knocking at the door. Who can it be?

17. Just at that time, in came a girl. It was Mark’s sister.

18. There is a young lady at the door. It is his daughter.

19. What a beautiful baby! Is it a boy?

20. A baby is lying in the cradle. It was born two months ago.

21. The baby cry because it is hungry.

22. The baby has got its first tooth.

注意：若身份已确定则要用人称代词。

23. There is a lady at the door. She wants to see you.

注意：向别人介绍某人时用this。

24. This is my friend, Jim.

三、指代前述内容, 或者是文中的内容

25. Beauty is everywhere. It makes us happy.

26. There is a football match tonight. It starts at six o’clock in the evening.

27. If you remember these points, it will help you.

28. When we die for our motherland or the people, it is a worthy death.

29. You have helped me a lot. I shall never forget it.

30. Yang Liwei was the first Chinese to be sent up into space. It made the Chinese

proud.

31. His mother is fifty-seven, but she doesn’t look it.

32. Mr. Wang was ill. Have you heard it?

33. ---Thank you for your help? ---Don’t mention it.

34. Although we can’t see it, there is air all around us.

35. It would be wonderful if you could come to help us.

四、指时间

36. ---What time is it by your watch? --- It’s ten minutes past two.

37. ---What day is it today? ---It’s Friday.

38. ---What’s the date today? ---It’s May 1st.

39. It’s early spring, but it’s still very cold.

make it + 时间 把时间定在……；约定……

40. Let’s make it eight o’clock.

41. Let's make it three o'clock sharp.我们约定3点整吧。

It’s time (for sb.) to do sth.

42. It’s time to have supper. = It’s time for supper.

53. It’s time to take a walk.

44. It is time for us to set out.

45. It is time for you to go to bed.

It’s time for sth.

46. It’s time for class. (口语中可省略为Time for class.)

47. It’s time for lunch. (口语中可省略为Time for lunch.)

48. It’s time for a break. (口语中可省略为Time for break.)

49. It’s time for a rest. (口语中可省略为Time for rest.)

50. It’s time for dinner. (口语中可省略为Time for dinner.)

It’s high/about time + …did/should… (虚拟语气)

51. It’s high time you left.

52. It’s about time we should work hard at our lessons.

It’ is/has been + 时间 + since……

53. It’s twenty years since she left me.

54. It has been 20 years since I left here.

55. I heard it had been 20 years since they departed from each other.

It was/will be + 时间名词 + before 从句 “在多长时间后才发生某事”

56. It was twenty years before they met again.

57. It won’t be long before you recover.

58. It will be two years before I come here again.

五、指天气等自然现象

59. It’s very cold in winter in Haerbin.

60. It’s five degree below zero.

61. It will be windy tomorrow.

62. It will snow heavily tomorrow.

63. The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.

64. It was snowing heavily when he went out.

65. ---What’s the weather like in Beijing? ---It’s cloudy.

六、指距离、速度、金钱、度量

66. It’s just two stops to the park. 到公园只有两站路。

67. It’s about ten kilometers from my home to my school.

68. It’s about ten minutes’ walk from here to the zoo.

69. It is 90 dollars in price.

70. It’s 200 mph in velocity. 速度是每小时200英里。

It is + 数词 + meters/miles/kilometers long/wide.

71. It’s three kilometers long for from east to the west.

72. It’s 200 meters wide from this side to that side.

七、指环境情况

73. It’s very quiet in the forest.

74. It’ll be very interesting at the party today.

75. It is always very clean and tidy in my son’s room.

76. It’s very chilly in my room.

77. It was noisy when he got to the classroom.

78. If it is convenient to you, I am going to visit you.

79. It was exciting when we watched the astronauts taking space walks.

八、替代this或that

80. ---What’s this/that? ---It’s my pencil sharpener.

81. That’s not interesting, is it?

82. This is your point, isn’t it?

九、作形式主语

(一)、替代动词不定式

It is + adj. to do sth.

83. It is good to eat vegetables.

84. It is an honor to have been asked to speak at the meeting.

It is + adj. +for sb. to do sth.

注意：此结构中的形容词是描述事情的、说明句尾动词不定式特征的形容词。这些形容词主要有certain, clear, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, illegal, impossible, important, obvious, possible, polite, proper, right, unnecessary, unimportant, unlikely, useless, useful等。

85. She is such an eccentric woman that it is difficult for anyone to get on well with her.

86. It is a good custom for young people to give up their sets to old people in the

buses trains, or subways.

It is + adj. + of + sb. to do sth.

注意：本句型中的形容词一般表示人(逻辑主语)的某种特性，要么是夸赞，要么是贬损。主要有brave, careful, careless, considerable, cruel, clever, foolish, good, grateful, generous, impolite, kind, nice, polite, rude, silly, stupid, thoughtful, unkind, wise, wrong,等。

87. It is kind of you to lend me so many books.

88. It is clever of you to solve so difficult a problem.

89. It is wise of you to refuse his offer.

90. It is remarkable of her to be always working like this.

It is a pity(for sb.) to do sth. 很遗憾做某事

91. It would be a pity to miss the opening ceremony.

92. It is a pity for you not to go to Paris with us.

It is a great relief (to sb.) to do sth. 做……是一大慰藉；……真叫人送了一口气

93. It is a great relief to have rain after a long time of drought.

94. It’s a great relief to me to know you are safe.

95. It’s a great relief to hear that she won the prize.

It is worth while to do sth. 做……是值得的

注意：本句型就相当于It pays to do sth.；worth while 不要写成worthwhile。

96. It is worth while to take a trip abroad.

97. It is worth while to learn English.

It’s best to do sth. 最好做某事 = To do sth. is best.

98. It’s best to set off tomorrow. 最好明天动身。 = To set off tomorrow is best.

99. It’s best to review the lessons one more time. = To review the lessons once more is best.

It’s better to do A than to do B = To do A is better than to do B.

100. It is better to borrow than to buy. = To borrow is better than to buy.

101. It’s better to stay at home than to go to the cinema. = To stay at home is better than to go to the cinema.

How is it possible to do sth.? ……这怎么可能？

102. How was it possible to fall down from the third floor without being hurt?

103. How is it possible for a girl of ten to fly an airplane?

It’s no use to do sth. 做……是没有用的

104. It’s no use to argue with him.

105. He doesn’t know the answer, so it is no use to ask him.

It takes (sb.) + 时间/条件 + to do sth. 某人花了多少时间做某事；做某事需要……(条件)

106. It takes me half an hour to walk from here to school.

107. How long does it take to fly Being to London?

108. It takes patience and hard work to master English.

It costs sb. some money to do sth. 某人花多少金钱做某事

109. It cost him a great deal of money to take the trip.

100. It cost me 2000 dollars to collect these stamps.

It occurs to sb. to do sth. 某人突然想到做某事

111. It never occurred to me to take advantage of you. 我决没有想到过要占你便宜。(利用你)

It feels + adj. + to do sth.

112. It feels pleasant to talk with her. 同他谈话使人感到愉快。

113. It must feel strange to have a twin brother.

114. It feels unhappy to be with him.同他在一块让人感到不舒服。

115. It feels nice to take a walk in the evening. 晚间散散步感觉很好。

其它例句

116. It seems a pity not to have taken his advice.

117. It won’t hurt to postpone the party for a few weeks.

118. It did surprise me to hear you say so.

119. It gave great pleasure to have finished this work ahead of the dead line.

(二)替代动名词

动名词可以直接位于句首作主语，但为了强调，或动名词过长时，要用it作形式主语置于句首，而把动名词放到句子最后。这也是英语尾部重压原则所要求的。

It is no good/use (in) doing sth. 做……是没用的；做……是白费力气的

= It is of no good/use doing sth.

= It is not any good/use doing sth.

120. It is no sue crying over spilt milk.覆水难收，悔恨无益。

121. It is no use trying to drown your sorrows in drink. 解酒浇愁无济于事。

122. It’s no good getting cross with him.和他生气没有用。

123. It’s no good reading without full understanding.

It’s exciting doing sth.

124. It’s exciting meeting you here.

It’s dangerous doing sth.

125. It’s dangerous playing with fire.

It’s foolish doing sth.

126. It’s foolish behaving like that.

It’s pleasant doing sth.

127. It’s pleasant lying in the sun.

It’s fun doing sth.

128. It’s fun being a magician.

It’s no use doing sth. 做……没有用

129. It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

130. It’s no use regretting.

131. It’s no use you running away.

注意：

1. 辨析：It’s no use doing sth. & It’s no use to do sth.

132. It’s no use doing sth. 通常指比较一般的情况。

133. It’s no use to do sth.常指具体的情况，也就是指在某一特定的场合所发生的事情。

2. 类似句型

134. It’s useless to do sth.

135. It’s of no use to do sth.

It’s a nuisance doing sth. 做……很烦人。

136. It’s a nuisance having to do so much homework.

注意：这一结构中的动名词还可加one’s即物主代词来充当该动名词的逻辑主语。

137. It’s a waste of time your talking to him. It is just like casting pearls before swine.

138. It was great encouragement to us their coming to help.

139. It is useless doing that over and over again.

注意：辨析：It’s nice to do sth. & It’s nice doing sth.

140. It’s nice to do sth. 常用于见面或活动开始； It’s nice doing sth.则用于分手或活动结束。

141. It’s nice taking a walk in the evening.

142. It’s so nice sitting near a fire in winter.

143. It’s nice to meet you here.

144. It’s nice to have a talk with you. (说话开始)

145. It’s nice talking with you. （谈话之后）

It’s hard doing sth.做某事有困难

146. It’s hard learning English well.

It’s interesting doing sth.做某事有趣

147. It’s interesting going sight seeing.

It’s easy doing sth.做某事容易

148. It’s easy working out this problem.

(三)、替代主语从句

句型一：It + be + adj. + that从句

149. It is clear that she is a spy.

140. Is it true that you won the contest?

151. It is true that he didn’t tell the truth.

152. It is quite plain that Tom didn’t want to go there with us.

153. It is obvious that the driver couldn’t control his car .

句型二：It is + adj. + that (虚拟语气)

154. It is strange that such a rich man should be so stingy.

155. It is natural that such a hardworking student should pass the exam.这么用功的学生通过考试时很自然的事。

156. It is important that he should not do it. 他不该做那事是有必要的。

157. It isn’t surprise that Marry should marry him. 玛丽要同他结婚并不奇怪。

157. It is necessary that you should go to the doctor.

158. It is strange that we should meet here. 我们竟然在此相遇，真奇怪。

159. It is a pity that we should refuse to attend the meeting.

句型三：It + be + 名词或名词词组 + that从句

It is a pity that… ……真是遗憾

160. It is a pity that we have to leave tomorrow.

161. It is a pity that I can’t go to the theater with her tonight.

It is one’s belief that… 某人相信…...

162. It is her belief that he will succeed someday. 她相信总有一天他会成功。

163. It is our belief that every body is equal before the law.

164. It is my belief that it takes intelligence, diligence and persistence to succeed.

句型四：It + be + 过去分词 + that从句

It is regarded that …人们认为……

It is supposed that…人们猜测…；据推测…

It is said that… 据说……; 有人说……

It is pointed out that…有人指出……

It is proposed that… 有人提议……

It is reported that… j据报道……

It is stated that… 据称……；据说……

It is thought that…有人以为……；有人认为……

It is well known that…众所周知……

It is accepted that… 人们公认……

It is announced that… 据称……；有人宣称……

It is acknowledged that… 应该承认……

It has been shown that… 业已表明……

It has been proved that… 已经证明……

It believed that…有人相信……

It is declared that…据宣称……

It is described that… 据述……

It is considered that…有人认为……

It is observed that…可以看出……；据观察……

It is mentioned that…据说……；上文提到……

165. It is said the sports meeting will be called off.

166. It was later found that the report was false.

167. It is known that he is an honest man.

168. It is reported that Yao Ming got hurt while training.

169. It is known to all that smoking is bad for health.

170. It is said that he can speak six languages.

is supposed that Tom will be our monitor next semester.

172. It must be pointed out that everything you’ve done will be answered for one day. (必须指出……)

注意：当过去分词是suggested, ordered, demanded等表示命令，建议的动词时主语从句要用虚拟语气。

173. It is believed that health is above wealth.

174. It was once generally believed that the earth was flat.

175. It is reported that the car accident took place on New Year ’s Eve.

176. It is reported that another bridge will be built here.

177. It is estimated that the damage was over one million dollars.

178. It is suggested that each student should tell a story.

179. t is ordered that the work should be finished by the end of this month.

句型五：It 替代wh-从句

180. It doesn’t matter to me what you say and do. 你说什么和做什么跟我毫无关系。

181. It is a mystery where David got the money

182. It has been decided when the match will be held.

183. It is very clear what he meant.

句型六：It + 动词 + that从句

It is just as well that… 做/没做……倒也不错

184. It is just as well that we arrived at the station in time. 还好我们及时抵达车站。

185. It’s just as well that you didn’t go out in the rain. 你下雨天没出去倒也是好事。

It 必然是……; ……那必然是真的

It doesn’t follow that… 未必……

注意：follow在此意为be necessarily true(必然是真的)

186. It follows that if you work hard, you will succeed. 如果你努力，你就会成功，那必然是真的。

187. From this evidence, it follows that he is not the murderer. 根据这一证据判断，他当然不是真凶。

188. Although she is poor, it doesn’t follow that she is dishonest. 虽然她穷，却未必不诚实。

It occurs to sb. that … 某人突然想起……

189. It occurred to him that he should go to see his girl friend.

It seems/appears (to sb.) that… (在某人看来)似乎……

190. It seems to my grandfather that my father is still a child.

191. It seems that the world is getting smaller and smaller.

It happens /chances that… 恰好……； 碰巧……

191. It happened that the harvest was bad in 1958.

192. It happened that Kate was out when I called her. (= Kate happened to be out

when I called her.)

193. It chanced that I was busy doing my homework when he came.

It goes without saying that… 不用说……；……是显而易见的

194. It goes without saying that money can’t buy anything.

195. It goes without saying that home is the warmest place in the world.

It shocked sb. that… 使某人惊讶的是……

196. It shocked me that he couldn’t communicate with his mother.

其它句式

197. It is often the case that haste makes waste. 忙中出错是很常见的。

198. It is good news that you have beaten your rival and won the gold medal.

199. It is great pleasure that you were with me.

200. It is common knowledge the whale is not a fish.

十、作形式宾语

句型一: 主语+谓语动词+it +宾语补足语+(for/of sb.)+不定式/动名词/名词性从句

在这个句型中，谓语动词通常是find, think, make, consider, regard等。引导名词性从句的有that, if, whether, who, what, when, where, how等。

201. I think it important that we keep up with the times.

202. I think it possible for us to get there on time if we hurry.

203. Do you think it possible to finish it in time?

204. We all consider it wrong to cheat in examination.

205. I feel it my duty to help the poor.

206. I think it stupid of you to accept his present.

207. She found it useless arguing with her husband.

208. I think it worthwhile discussing the problem again.

209. We all believe it no good quarrelling over such trifles. 我们都认为位这种区区小事争吵没有益处。

210. I count it an honor that I can serve you.

211. You haven’t made it clear whether I am to go or not.

212. Haven’t I made clear it you mustn’t spit everywhere?

213. I want to make it clear whether she still loves him or not.

it可以用在have, enjoy, hate, like, love, take, appreciate等动词后充当形式宾语。

214. I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.

215. I hate it that I’ve made so many mistakes.

216. Does it matter if he can’t finish the job on time?

217. I like it when she kiss me.

218. He will have it that our plan is impracticable.

219. We take it that you will act according to the final agreement. 我方认为贵方是会按最后协议行事的。

220. We all take it that Liu Xiang will win the first prize. 我们都相信鲍勃会获得一等奖。

221. I will appreciate it if you call me back. 如果你给我回电话我会感激不尽。

222. I take it for granted that we should work hard.

句型二

①.主语+take it for granted that…

②.It is taken for granted that…

此句型意为“认为……是理所当然的”，that可省略。

223. They took it for granted that he will win the pretty girl’s favor. (应得漂亮姑娘的芳心)

224. It is taken for granted that everyone is equal before the law.

十一、用于强调结构

句型：It is/was + 被强调部分 +that/who +其他成分.

被强调的是人时可以用that或who，或whom，其它一律用that。

(一). 强调主语

225. It is I who am to blame.都怪我。

226. It was Mr. Wang who/that gave me this dictionary.

227. It is the people who are really powerful. 真正强大的是人民。

228. It is Beijing that is the capital of China.

229. It’s I who runs this shop, not you.

230. I was he that helped the old man across the street.

231. It is I who/that am a new winner of the gold medal.

232. It is you that/who made fun of him.

233. It is that he often fails in exams that makes his parents worried about him.

234. What is it that has made him so excited? 到底是什么事情使他变得如此激动？

235. It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are. 重要的是工作能力，而不是你来自哪儿或你是干什么的。

(二). 强调宾语

236. It was a black car that Jack bought yesterday.

237. It is Han Mei that/whom I teach every Saturday evening.

238. It was Mr. Green that/whom he brought the newspapers to. =

239. It was to Mr. Green that he brought the newspapers.

240. It was her that/whom I wanted to call on the other day.

(三). 强调状语

241. It is last night that all this happened.

242. It was in Beijing that I was born.

243. It was because of his illness that he was late yesterday.

244. It was because it rained that he didn’t come.

245. It is by bike that he often goes to school.

246. It was when he was about to leave that the telephone rang.

247. It was in 1968 that they got married.

248. It was not until he finished his work that Mr. Wang went home.

249. t was not until he finished his homework that he went out.

(四). 强调疑问词：疑问词 + be + it + that…

(五). 强调who

250. Who was it that did it?

(六). 强调what

251. What is it that he wants us to do?

(七). 强调where

252. Where was it that you picked up the pen?

十二、没有实意的if

(一). 作seem, happen等动词的主语

it常做seem, appear, happen, turn out等动词的主语，在这些结构中，it没有实意。

253. It seems unlikely that he will pass the exam.他不大可能会通过考试。

254. It happened that I was not in the classroom when the earthquake happened. 地震发生时我碰巧不在教室。

255. It turned out (to be) a stormy day. 结果那天风狂雨骤。

256. It appears that she have many friends. 她似乎有很多朋友。

(二). 泛指“生活”、“生活环境”等

257. How is it going? 情况如何？

258. How is it going with your mother? 你母亲好么？= How is it with your mother?

259. It is always the case with him.他的情况一向如此。

260. I shall stick it out here till he comes. 我将一直在这儿坚持下去，直到他回来。

261. He wants to leave home and go it alone. 他想离开家，独立生活。

262. At last we’ve made it.

263. go for it 努力争取；加油

264. You can make it, too.

265. Believe it or not.

266. It depends. / It all depends. 得看情况而定

267. It serves sb. right. 某人罪有应得。

268. Have a hard time of it 经历一段艰苦时间；吃了不少苦头

269. have a rare time of it 过得极其快活；玩得极其愉快

十三、俗语、习语、谚语中的it

1. It’s my turn. 轮到我了。

2. It’s hard to say. 很难说。

3. It comes to nothing. 没有结果。

4. It doesn’t matter. 没关系。

5. It’s no use. 没用。

6. It never rains but pours. 不雨则已，一雨倾盆；祸不单行

7. That’s it. 这就对了；就这样

9. Just as sb. puts it. 正如某人所说

10. It isn’t one’s thing. 这不是……所好；这不是某人真正喜欢的东西

11. It makes no odds to sb. + 从句. 没关系；无所谓；无关紧要；无差别

It makes no odds to me whether you go or stay. 你是去是留与我无关。

12. It serves sb. right (for doing sth.)咎由自取；罪有应得

She left you, didn’t she? It serves you right for being so selfish.

13. It stands to reason (+that从句). 这是人人都清楚的；这是明摆着的

It stands to reason that they will go if you don’t pay them enough.

14. It takes two to do sth. 双方都有责任；一个巴掌拍不响

It takes two to make a quarrel.

It takes two to tango, but I still think it was more his fault. 一个巴掌拍不响，但是我还是觉得多半是他的错。

15. will come out in the wash. 终将水落石出；终将真相大白于天下

16. It is the same with… ……情况一样

---Tom is good at math, but weak in history. ---It is the same with me.

17. It will cost you. 贵得很；要花很多钱

There is a de luxe model available, but it cost you. 有豪华型的，但很贵。

18. It won’t do. (表示情况不令人满意，应加以改进)那不行；那不合适

I am afraid it won’t do. 恐怕不成。

It won’t do without you. 没有你可不成。（这是离不开你）

19. It’s a long story. 说来话长。

20. It’s a small world. 世界真小

Goodness, it’s a small world, I just saw my old teacher at the airport.

21. It’s a snap. 容易的很。

They told me this is a hard test, but it’s a snap.

22. It’s Greek to me. 我完全不懂。

23. It’s in God’s hand. 一切听天由命。

24. It’s not my day. 万事不顺的日子。

25. It’s up to you. 由你决定。= You decide.

26. see to it that…

Please see to it that the door is locked. 请注意一下门锁了没有。

See to it that you're not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。

27. look to it that…

Look to it that this doesn’t happen again.注意不要在发生这种事。

Look to it that you make no more similar mistakes.注意以后不要再犯类似的错误了。

Look to it that you don't make the same mistake again. 注意不要再犯同样的错误了。

28. It’s piece of cake.

29. as it is/was 实际上；像现在这个样子

Don’t touch it, leave it as it is.

30. as it were 姑且这么说；可以说；仿佛，似乎

He is, as it were, a walking dictionary. 可以说，他是个活词典。

I became, as it were, a man without nationality. 我似乎成了一个没有国籍的人。

31. call it a day 今天到此为止；就这样算了吧 （相当于so much for today; that is all for today）

Now let’s call it a day.

32. chance it 碰运气；冒风险 (=risk it)

It’s now or never. Let’s chance it. 机不再来。我们碰碰运气吧。

33. foot it 步行，走路；快走, 紧跑

I missed the last subway and had to foot it home.（步行）

If we want to get there on time, we have to foot it. （跑过去）

34. have it out with sb. 同某人决一雌雄；同某人讲个明白

35. have it over/on 胜过；比……强

36. hop it 走开；滚开 = get away

37. if it were not for; were it not for; if it had not been for; had it not been for 若非；要不是

38. It is well (that)…幸好；万幸

It’s well the children didn’t see what happened.

It was well for you that nobody saw what you had done.

39. leg it 跑；快走

We had better leg it or we will be late.

40. lord it over sb. 骑在……头上作威作福；对……称王称霸

The days are over when the colonialists could lord it over the people.

41. make a day of it 把一整天的时间都花在某事上

Tomorrow is May Day. We are going to make a day of it. 我们准备痛痛快快地玩一天。

42. make it hot for sb. 刁难某人；使某人受不了

Ever since their argument the principal has been making it hot for the new teacher.

43. make it too hot for sb. (用迫害、敌视等手段)迫使某人离开；弄得某人呆不下去

You are make it too hot for me to stay here.

44. off it 不大舒服

I am feeling rather off it.

45. put one’s back to it 真使劲；真努力

You can finish the work by noon if you put your back to it.

46. risk it = chance it

I dare not risk it; it’s too dangerous.

47. rough it 过艰苦的生活

If you go mountaineering in such weather, you will have to rough it.

48. shake it up 赶紧；赶快

We have to shake it if we don’t want to be late.

50. sweat it out 苦熬；仍受困难

He’ll just have to sweat it out by himself. 他只得自己苦熬。

51. take it 默默忍受；猜想，认为

If failure comes your way, be a man and show that you can take it.

You will be leaving Beijing now, I take it.

52. take it easy 别紧张；慢慢来

53. take it from me 请相信我；我敢保证

She will never leave you; take it from me.

Take it from me－this project is bound to fail.

53. take it or leave it 要不要都行；不要还价，要么要要么不要

This is my last offer. Take it or leave it.

---Do you like coffee with milk? ---I can take it or leave it. 放不放都行。

十四、注意下列句型用there, 不用it

1. There is no use doing sth. = It is no use doing sth.

2. There is no point doing sth.

3. There is no sense doing sth.

4. There is something wrong with…

5. There is no doubt that… 毋庸置疑

6. There is no need for doing sth. /to do sth.

7. There is no denying… 无可否认……

8. There is no hurry about… 无需慌张……

9. There is no difficulty in doing sth. ……方面没困难。

10. There is no lack of … 有很多的，不缺乏的

11. There is no possibility/probability that /of… 没可能

12. There is no room for… 没有……的余地

13. There is no sense in … ……是无意义的

14. There is no sign of … 没有……迹象

15. There is no saying that… ……难以断言

16. There is a slim hope of … 有……微小的希望

17. There is some difficulty in doing sth. 做某事有困难

18. There is some trouble in doing sth. 做某事有麻烦

19. There appears to be… 似乎有……

20. There seems to be… 好像有……

21. There used to be.. （过去）常常有；原来这儿有

22. There is evidence that… 显然……

名词work的三种用法

请看下面的一道题：

— Where does Mr Smith work？

— He works in a glass ____ around here.

A. work B. works C. working D. workes

【分析】此题应选B。容易误选C, 误认为：因为其前用了不定冠词a, 所以不能选 work(因为不可数)和works(因为是复数), D显然是错的。其实此题应选B, work有三个意思很容易弄混：

1. 表示“工作”, 是不可数名词:

He has too much work to do. 他要做的工作太多。

2. 表示“著作”或“作品”, 是可数名词, 但多用复数:

The man gained his wealth by printing works offamous writers. 他通过印刷著名作家的作品而赢得他的财富。

3. 表示“工厂”, 只用复数形式, 但可表示单数意义：

The glass works is[are] near the station. 玻璃工 厂在车站附近。

类似地注意以下各名词因变为复数形式, 而导致含义有变化：

green 绿色 greens 青菜, 蔬菜

wood 木头, 木材 woods 小树林

manner 方式, 方法 manners 礼貌

arm 臂 arms 武器

water 水 waters 河川, 海, 温泉

spirit 精神 spirits 心境

quarter 四分之一 quarters 军营

custom 习惯 customs 关税

force 力气 forces 军队

another接复数名词的用法

例题：

—Have you finished your report yet?

—No, I’ll finish in ____ ten minutes.

A. another B. other C. others D. the other

【分析】此题应选A。容易误选B, D。许多考生认为此题首先要排除选项A, 因为：another 只接单数名词, 而这里ten minutes显然是复数, 所以不能选它。

事实上, 此题答案正是A。确实, 在通常情况下, another之后只能接单数名词：

正：another student 另外一个学生

误：another students (另外一些学生)

正：other students 另外一些学生(其他学生)

但是值得注意的是：若another后的名词有数词或few修饰时, 则也可接复数名词：

正：another few days 另外几天

正：another five chairs 另外五把椅子

正：another ten years 另外10年

正：another two dictionaries 另外两本词典

类似地, every也有以上用法特点：

通常后接单数名词：

正：every boy 每个男孩

误：every boys

但是若every后的名词有数词修饰, 则也可接复数名词：

正：every ten years 每10年

正：every five metres 每5米

正：every three lines 每三行

after与in的区别

两均可与一段时间连用，表示“在…之后”，但 after 表示以过去时间为起点的一段时间以后，因此通常与过去时连用；而 in 则表示从现在算起的一段时间以后，因此通常用于将来时或含有将来意义的句子：

He came back after three days. 3天后他回来了。

I’ll come back in three days. 我3天后回来。

I think he can come back in three days. 我想他3天后可以回来。

【注】after 除与时间段连用外，还可与时间点连用，此时则可用于将来时(但是in不能与时间点连用)：

He will arrive after five o’clock. 他 5 点钟以后到。

另外，after可以与某些表示活动的名词连用，表示“在…之后”(in不能这样用)：

after school 放学后 after class 下课后

after the meeting 散会后 after liberation 解放后

hair还是hairs？

先来看一道题：

a. He must be very old. Look, he has grey ________.

b. He found some ________ in his soup.

A. hair, hair B. hairs, hairs C. hair, hairs D. hairs, hair

【分析】此题应选 C, 容易误选 A, 误认为hair永远不可数。其实hair这个词既可以是可数的, 也可以是不可数, 只是含义稍有变化：

1. 作为可数名词, 是指一根一根的“头发”或“毛发”：

Look at this, a hair in my soup. 你瞧, 我的汤里有根头发。

The cat has left her loose hairs all over my clothes. 猫掉的毛弄得我衣服上到处都是。

My father has quite a few gray hairs. 我父亲已有不少白发。

There is not a gray hair on his head. 他头上没有一根白头发。

2. 作为不可数名词“头发”的总称, 是集合名词：

I'll have my hair cut. 我要去理发。

He has blond hair. 他有一头金发。

She has a beautiful head of hair. 她有一头漂亮的头发。

The woman likes to do her hair in foreign style. 这个女人喜欢把头发梳成外国式。

试比较以下句子：

He has grey hair. 他满头白发。

He has grey hairs. 他有些白发了。

after与behind的用法辨析

两者均可表示“在…之后”，其区别是：

1. after 主要用于时间或次序，behind 主要用于位置：

He decided to leave after lunch. 他决定午饭后离开。

Summer comes after spring. 春去夏来。

The hospital is behind the post office. 医院在邮局后面。

【注】behind 有时也用于时间，表示“迟于”，主要用于behind time(迟，晚)这一习语：

The train was 20 minutes behind time. 火车晚点 20 分钟。

2. 两者都可用于引申义，after 侧重指追求、寻找、模仿等；而behind 则侧重指在背后、支持、落后等：

The police are after her. 警察在追捕她。

Many young people are after her. 许多年青人都追求她。

We are behind you completely. 我们完全支持你。

He is behind the others in maths. 他的数学不如别人。

中考英语：非谓语动词过关必背

●I like diving very much.

我十分喜欢跳水这项运动。

动名词diving作宾语，用来表达跳水运动这一概念，不含有本人是否会跳水这一含义。

本文标签： 表示名词没有用于使用