现代语言学名词解释(3)

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现代语言学名词解释（3）

现代语言学名词解释

7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never

stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must

be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.

8 affix词缀: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and

derivational.

9 prefix前缀: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.

10 suffix后缀: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems;

they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases

change its part of speech. 11 derivation派生: Derivation affixes

are added to an existing form to create a word. Derivation can be

viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form new words.

12 compounding组合: Like derivation, compounding is

another popular and important way of forming new words in

English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two

or sometimes more than two words to create new words.

四 句法学

1 linguistic competence语言能力: Comsky defines

competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his

language, and performance the actual realization of this

knowledge in linguistic communication.

2 sentence句子 : A sentence is a structurally independent

unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a

complete statement question or command. 3 transformation

rules转换法则: Syntactic movement is governed by

transformational rules. The operation of the transformational

rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.

4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic

representation. One exists before movement take place, the

other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic

exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly

termed as D-structure.

5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase

structure rules, i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general

movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any

constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а

五 语义学

1 semantics语义学: Semantics can be simply defined as the

study of meaning in language.

2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of

the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the

linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized(语境).

3 reference 引用: Reference means what a linguistic form

refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship

between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of

experience.

4 synonymy同义 : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close

similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called

synonymy.

5 polysemy多义 : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same

one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more

than one meaning is called a polysemic word.

6 antonymy反义词组 : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness

of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called

antonyms.

7 homonymy一词多义 : Homonymy refers to the

phenomenon that words having different meanings have the

same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling,

or in both.

8 hyponymy上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense

relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more

specific word.

9 componential analysis成分分析 : Componential analysis is

a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural

semanticists.

10 grammatical meaning语法意义 : The grammatical

meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. its

grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence

is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.

11 semantic meaning语意 : The semantic meaning of a

sentence is governed by rules called se-le-ctional restrictions.

12 predication论断 : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the

basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction

of the meaning of a sentence.

六 语用学

1 pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study

of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful

communication.

2 context上下文: The notion of context is essential to the

pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of

the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.

3 utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on

sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a

sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a

context.

4 locutionary act言内行为: A locutionary act is the act of

utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal

meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.

5 illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act

expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in

saying something.

6 perlocutionary act语言表达行为: A illocutionary act is the

act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the

consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance;

it is the act performed by saying something.

七 历史语言学

1 historical linguistics历史语言学: Historical linguistics is the

subfield of linguistics that studies language change.

2 apocope字尾音消失: Another well-documented sound loss

is the deletion of a word-final vowel segment, a phenomenon

called apocope.

3 epenthesis插入音: A change that involves the insertion of

a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as

epenthesis.

4 metathesis复分解: Sound change as a result of sound

movement is known as metathesis.

5 compounding词组: Compounding is a process of

combining two or more words into one lexical unit.

6 derivation派生: Derivation refers to the process by which

new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.

7 blending混合: Blending is a process of forming a new word

by combining parts of other words.

8 back-formation逆构词: Back-formation is a process by

which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an

existing word.

9 semantic broadening语义化: Semantic broadening refers

to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general

or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..

10 semantic narrowing词义缩小: Semantic narrowing is a

process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or

inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.

11 semantic shift语义变化: Semantic shift is a process of

semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and

acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.

12 protolanguage原始母语: It refers to a family of a language.

13 sound shift语音演变: It refers to the systematic

modification of a series of phonemes.

八 社会语言学

1 sociolinguistics社会语言学: Sociolinguistics is the study of

language in social context.

2 speech community社区语言: A speech community is thus

defined as a group of people who form a community and share

the same language or a particular variety of language.

3 speech variety语言变体: Speech variety, also known as

language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech

used by a speaker or group of speakers.

4 language planning语言规划: One way out of the

communication dilemma is language standardization known as

language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as

the government or government agency of a country, choose a

particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its

pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.

5 idiolect个人习语: Such a personal dialect is refered to as

idiolect.

6 standard language标准语言: The standard language is a

superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the

language employed by the government and the judiciary

system,used by the mass media.

7 nonstandard language方言: Language varieties other than

the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.

8 lingua franca混合语: A lingua franca is a variety of language

that serves as a medium of communication among groups of

people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.

9 pidgin混杂语言: A pidgin is a variety of language that is

generally used by native speakers of other languages as a

medium of communication. 10 Creole克里奥耳语: A Creole

language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a

native language in some speech communication.

11 diglossia使用两种语言: Diglossia usually describes a

situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of

purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.

12 bilingualism双语: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic

situation in which two standard languages are used either by an

individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a

particular region or a nation.

13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect

of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.

14 sociolect社会方言: Social dialect, or sociolects, are

varieties of language used by people belonging to particular

social classes.

15 register语域: Registers are language varieties which are

appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to

language varieties that are associated with the social or regional

grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are

also known as situational dialects.

16 slang俚语: Slang is a causal use of language that consists

of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary,

flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech

characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.

17 tabo 禁语: A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression

that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.

18 euphemism委婉语: Euphemism comes from the Greek

word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A

euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or

expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more

direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.

-----九 心理语言学

1 psycholinguistics语言心理学: Psycholinguistics is the study

of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests,

psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and

linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire,

produce and comprehend.

2 cerebral cortex大脑皮层: The most important part of the

brain is the outside surf-ace of the brain, called the cerebral

cortex.

3 brain lateralization大脑侧化: The localization of cognitive

of cognitive and perpetual functions in a particular hemisphere

of the brain is called lateralization.

4 linguistic lateralization语言侧化: In their research of brain

lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in

linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological

specialization for language.

5 dichotic listening双听技术: Evidence in support of

lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from

researches in dichotic listening tasks 6 right ear advantage右耳优势: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than

those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is know as the

right ear advantage.

7 critical period hypothesis关键假期说: The critical period

hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about

age two to puberty during which the human brain is most ready

to acquire a particular language and language learning can

proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.

8 linguistic determinism语言决定论: Whorf proposed first

that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That

is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of

linguistic determinism.

9 linguistic relativism语言相对论: Whorf also believed that

speakers of different language perceive and experience the world

differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence

the notion

10 subvocal speech无声语言: When language and thought

are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard

thought as “subvocal speech” of linguistic relativism.

十 语言习得

1 language acquisition语言习得: Language acquisition is

concerned with language development in humans. In general,

language acquisition refers to children’s development of their

first language, that is, the native language of the community in

which a child has been brought up.

2 telegraphic speech电报式语言: The early multiword

utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically

lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories.

Because of their resemblance to the style of language found in

telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called

telegraphic speech.

3 holophrastic sentence独词句: Children’s one-word

utterance are also called holophrastic sentences.

4 acquisition获得: According to Krashen, acquisition refers to

the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first

language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

5 learning学习：Learning, however, is defined as a conscious

process of accumulating knowledge of a second language

usually obtained in school settings. 6 language transfer语言迁移:

Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a

second language. This is known as language transfer. 7 positive

transfer正迁移: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1

pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern.

8 negative transfer负迁移: Conversely, negative transfer

occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart

pattern of the target language. 9 contrastive analysis对比分析:

The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that,

by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and

target language system, it was possible to predict what problems

learners of a particular second language would face and the

types of errors they would make.

10 interlanguage人工辅助语言: SLA is viewed as a process of

creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of

internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim

knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.

11 formal instruction正规教学: Formal instruction occurs in

classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s

consciousness about the nature of target language rules in order

to aid learning.

12 instrumental motivation工具性动机: Thus, instrumental

motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.

13 integrative motivation综合性动机: Integrative motivation

occurs when the learner’s goal is social.

14 acculturation文化互渗: A related issue with integrative

motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the

process of adapting to the new culture of the 12 community. This

adaptation process is called acculturation.

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