2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

admin管理员组

文章数量:1531792

2024年3月25日发(作者：)

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

Text 1

①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers

during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the

inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the

age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in

most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant

collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of

newspaper reviews. ③ To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their

learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation

dailies.

① We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews

published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World

War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was

considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those

far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in

detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious

business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George

Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were

about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be

published in the daily press. ⑤So few authors have brains enough or literary gift

enough to keep their own end up in ournalism,Newman wrote, "that I am tempted

1

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read

to writers who are".

①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who

wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in

1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During

his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics,

and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller.

④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. ⑤Yet only one

of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown

save to specialists.

①Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The

prospect seems remote.③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death,

and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose

in which he specialized. ④Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has

been in headlong retreat.

全文翻译：

在过去的 25 年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的

报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。

对于年龄低于 40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上

读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而，在 20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集

2

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在，如果读到这些集子，人们

肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。

从 20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，包罗万象，我们现

在离此类报纸评论越来越远。当时的报纸极其便宜，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所

刊登报纸的一个亮点。在那些遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道

他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人

们相信：甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如 George Bernard Shaw 和 Ernest

Newman也知道自己在做什么（即他们的文章会高调出现在报纸上）。这些批评家们相信

报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。“鉴于几乎没

有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟” ，

Newman 曾写道，“我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读

者欢迎的作家的一个 ‘轻蔑之词’ ”

不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。从 1917 年开始一直到 1975

年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的 Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写

关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一指的古

典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以 1947 年他的《自传》一书

就成为热销读物。 1967 年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。然而，

他的书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。他大量的音乐批评，除了专门研究音乐评论的人

以外，已鲜为人知。

Cardus 的评论有没有机会重新流行？前景似乎渺茫。在他去世之前，新闻业的品味

早已改变很长时间了，而且他所擅长的措词华丽的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现

代的读者没有什么用处。何况，由业余爱好者作音乐批评的传统早已经成为昨日黄花了。

3

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are

called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online

payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.

One inventor patented a technique for lying a box.

Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely-property lawyers

abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular

case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In the Bilski, as the

case is known, is a “very big deal”, says Dennis’D Crouch of the University of

Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of

patents.”

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it

was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in

the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling

mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent

filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts

to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced

to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that

might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been

issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned

the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films

armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions

4

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

in court cases opposing the practice.

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the

energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case

would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three

and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should “reconsider” its state

street Bank ruling.

The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions

by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent

holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were

being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit

are “reacting to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court”, says Harole

, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law

School.

Text 3

① In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that “social

epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special

individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or

well connected. ②The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how

ideas actually spread.

①The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding

5

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”:

Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone

else. ② Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if

they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of

the work for them. ③The theory also seems to explain the sudden and

unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. ④In many such

cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was

wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid

attention. ⑤Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only

certain special people can drive trends.

①In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the

finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally

supposed. ② In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all. ③ The researchers’

argument stems from a simple observation about social influence, with the

exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey — whose outsize presence is

primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence — even the most

influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.

④Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who, according to the

two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their

friends and colleagues directly. ⑤ For a social epidemic to occur, however, each

person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in

turn influence theirs, and so on; ⑥and just how many others pay attention to each

of these people has little to do with the initial influential. ⑦ If people in the

network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for

6

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.

①Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers

studied the dynamics of social contagion by conducting thousands of computer

simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to

people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.

全文翻译：

在《引爆流行》这本书中，作者 Malcolm Gladwell 认为社会流行潮流在很大程度上

是由一小部分特殊个体的行为引起的，这些人就是人们常说的影响者。他们异乎寻常的博

闻多识，能言善辩，人脉广泛。从直觉上讲， Malcolm Gladwell的理论似乎很有说服力，

但是它没有解释流行观念的实际传播过程。

人们之所以认为影响者很重要，是因为受到了“两级传播”理论的影响，即信息先从

媒体流向影响者，然后再从影响者流向其他人。这一理论看似合理，但未经验证。营销人

员接受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为，如果他们能够找到影响者，并对他们施加影响，

这些精英们就会替他们完成大部分的营销传播工作。这一理论似乎还可以解释某些装扮、

品牌或社区为何会突然受到出乎意料的追捧。对于许多诸如此类的情况，如果只是走马观

花地寻找原因，你会发现总是有一小群人开风气之先，率先穿上、宣传和开发人们此前从

未留意的东西。这种事实证据与该观点正好一拍即合——只有一些特别的人才能引领潮流。

但是，在最近的研究中，一些研究人员发现，影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人

们认为的要小。事实上，他们似乎根本就是无关紧要。

7

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

研究者的观点源于对社会影响力的简单观察：除了少数像 Oprah Winfrey 这样的名

人之外（她强大的人气影响力主要来自媒体影响力，而非她与观众互动的人际影响力），即

使人群中最有影响力的人也无法与那么多的“其他人”互动，从而引领潮流。然而，根据

两级传播理论，正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他们的朋友和同事，从而推动了社会流

行潮流。但是，要让一种社会流行潮流真正发生，每个受影响的人还必须影响他的熟人，

而他的熟人又必须影响其他熟人，依此类推；但是会有多少人去关注这些熟人中的每个人，

与最初的影响者几乎没有关系。举个例子来说，在这个人际影响的网络中，如果第一个影

响者受到两次抵制，那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大，或者说影响的人不会很多。

基于这一人际影响力的基本事实，研究者们研究了社会影响的动力机制。我们对不同

人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟，不断调整人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。他

们发现，人们所说的“全球连锁反应” —— 影响力通过（人际）网络进行广泛传播 ——

发生的主要前提，并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者，而主要取决于易受影响的人们

是否达到了临界数量。

Text 4

（注：本文含有的生词和难句较多，考研阅读的原则是过难的单词和句子一定不会出

题，在考场上紧紧抓住能看懂的句子即可，因为文章上下文的意思都是有密切关联的。笔

者把本文无需看懂的句子用删除线标出来，以便于学生更好的复习。示例：not the price

managers and regulators would like them to fetch.）

第一部分：36题

①Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. ②

8

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting

standard-setters. ③Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report

enormous losses, and it's just not fair. ④These rules say they must value some

assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators

would like them to fetch.

①Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. ②The details may

be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper

functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. ③And, unless banks carry

toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be

difficult.

①After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting

Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. ②These gave banks more

freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing

losses on long-term assets in their income statement. ③Bob Herz, the FASB's

chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." ④ Yet bank shares

rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of

judgment by management."

①European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting

Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. ②The IASB says it does not want to act

without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it

reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. ③Charlie McCreevy, a European

commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in

9

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.

①It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly

overvalued assets. ②Today they argue that market prices overstate losses,

because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely

extent of bad debts. ③The truth will not be known for years. ④But bank's shares

trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. ⑤ And dead

markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of

booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.

①To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.

②America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets

to levels which buyers find attractive. ③Successful markets require independent

and even combative standard-setters. ④The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,

cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility

from special interests. ⑤But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure

to make more concessions.

全文翻译：

台面上，银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎于己身，台面下，他们一直把目标对准他人：会

计准则制定者。银行业抱怨会计规则迫使他们报告巨大损失，认为这不公平。规则规定他

们必须以第三方付出价格来评估部分资产的价值，而非按照管理者和监管者期望该资产能

够获得的价格。

10

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

不幸的是，银行的游说活动看来已显成效。其中细节可能无法获知，但是准则制定者

在独立性方面——这正是资产市场正常运行的关键——已经做出妥协了。银行如果不以能

够吸引买家的价格计量有毒资产，银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。

美国 FASB（财务会计准则委员会）在与国会激烈摩擦之后，匆匆通过了规则的修改。

这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估非流动资产方面用有更大的自由，同时使得它们确认收

益表中长期资产损失时更为灵活。 FASB 主席 Bob Herz大声反对那些“怀疑我们的动

机”的人们。然而银行股票上涨了，这些修改强化了“管理层使用理性判断”的说法，这

种说法是一个游说团的客气之言。

欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准则委员会(IASB)也这么做。IASB 表示它不想没有完

整计划就冒然行动，但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。欧洲委

员会委员 Charlie McCreevy 警告 IASB 说：它不是“处在政治真空中”而是“在现实世

界里”，并表示欧洲可能最终会发展出不同的会计规则。

正是这些银行呆错了星球，它们的账目上充斥着估值过高的资产。现在他们争论道市

价高估了损失，因为市价主要反映了市场的暂时性流动性不足，而非坏账的可能范围。几

年中没人会知道真相。但是，银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交易，这一点反应了投资者

的怀疑。死寂的市场一定程度上反应了瘫痪的银行由于怕账面损失既既不愿出售资产，也

不愿意去购买那些看似不错的廉价资产。

为了让银行系统重新运转起来，损失必须被确认和处理。美国收购有毒资产的新计划

只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买家的水平上才会有效。成熟的市场需要独立的，甚至

是好斗的准则制定者。FASB和 IASB 以往正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意的，例如改

进股权和退休金的相关规则。但是现在向批评者妥协是自寻压力，他们会进一步做出让步。

11

本文标签： 影响银行资产报纸人们