2011年考研英语(一)完形标准答案

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2011年考研英语(一)完形标准答案

How Humor Makes You Friendlier, Sexier

Amusing Exercise March 25, 2009 scientificamerican

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodilyexercise precious to

health.” But despite some claims to the contrary, chuckling probably has little influence on

physical er does produce short-term changes in cardiovascular function and

respiration, boosting heart rate, respiratory rate and depth, as well as oxygen

consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to sustain, a good guffaw is unlikely to

have measurable cardiovascular benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

In fact, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercisedoes, laughter

apparently accomplishes the opposite. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that

laughter relaxes muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the guffaw

subsides.

Such physical relaxation might conceivably help moderate the effects of

psychological stress. After all, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of

physical feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. According to one classical

theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted in physical reactions. American

psychologist William James and Danish physiologist Carl Lange argued at the end of the

19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but that they become sad when

the tears beginto flow.

Although sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow

from muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz

Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany and his colleagues asked volunteers to

hold apen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips,

which would produce a disappointed expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling

muscles reacted more exuberantly tofunny cartoons than did those whose mouths were

contracted in afrown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just

the other way around. Similarly, the physical act of laughtercould improve mood.

Additional studies have shown that laughing at a funny film can cause a drop in the

blood’s concentration of the stress hormone cortisol (although other stress hormones

appear to be unaffected). Because chronically elevated cortisol levels have been shown

toweaken the immune system, this mechanism could conceivably help ward off disease.

Indeed, experiments have indicated that laughterincreases the activity of immune cells

called natural killer cells in saliva in healthy subjects.0

2011年考研英语(一)完形填空的标准答案

1. [C]despite

2. [D]produce

3. [B]boosting

4. [B]sustain

5.[A]measurable

6. [B]In fact

7.[A]opposite

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