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Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The idea that some group people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from cental Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intelligentual and cutural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a(n) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence an diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.
1. [A] selectecd [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased
2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare
3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against
4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately
5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence
6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk
7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects
(protest 不及物，object 及物，都有反对的意思)
8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question
9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating
10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total
11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately [C] indefinitely [D] unaccoutably
12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers
13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve
14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile
15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down
16. [A] assessing [B] superving [C] administering [D] valuing
17. [A] developing [B]origin [C] consequence [D] instrument
18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined
19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed
20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous
incompatible comes from compatible,the prefix [in-] means negative meaning to compatible,so this word may mean something does not correspond to another one,or something is not accepted by another one.
while paradoxical is a form of word paradox,this makes things controversial when comparing one with another,their relationship should be sometimes totally against each other or opposite to each other.(百度问答)
答案： 1-5 BDACC 6-10 ABDBC 11-15 BDACD 16-20 DCABA
翻译：
某些人群比其他人群智商高的这个想法是众多假想的一个，这些假想没人愿意站出来支持。但是Gregory Cochran 准备好要说一说这个想法。他是那种与众不同的人，一个独立于任何机构工作的科学家。他帮助推广了一种观点，即一些以前认为不是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染，这一观点最初提出时引起了很大的争议。
然而，即使是他，一想到他将要做的事情，也可能会颤抖。他和另外两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，这篇论文不仅表明一个人类群体比其他群体更聪明，而且解释了导致这一结果的过程。这个群体是一个来自中欧的特殊民族。这个过程就是自然选择。
这一群体在智商测试中普遍表现良好，比平均100分高出12-15分，并对西方的智力和文化生活做出了巨大贡献，正如他们的精英们(包括几位世界知名的科学家)的职业生涯所证实的那样。他们也比大多数人更容易患一些严重的遗传疾病，比如乳腺癌。然而，这些事实之前一直被认为是不相干的。前者被归结为社会效应，如重视教育的强大传统。后者被认为是遗传隔离的结果。Gregory Cochran 博士认为智力与疾病密切相关。他的论点是，这些人不寻常的历史使他们承受了独特的进化压力，导致了这种矛盾的状态。
| 生词 | 发音 | 释义 |
| hypotheses | 英 [haɪˈpɒθɪsiːz] 美 [haɪ'pɑθəsiz] | n. 假定；臆测（hypothesis的复数） |
| obliged | 英 [əˈblaɪdʒd] 美 [əˈblaɪdʒd] | adj. 必须的；感激的；有责任的 v. 要求；约束；施恩惠（oblige的过去分词） |
| rare | 英 [reə(r)] 美 [rer] | adj. 稀有的；稀薄的；半熟的 adj. 杰出的；极度的；非常好的 adv. 非常；极其 vi. 用后腿站起；渴望 [ 第三人称单数 rares 现在分词 raring 过去式 rared 过去分词 rared 比较级 rarer或more rare 最高级 rarest或most rare ] |
| institution | 英 [ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn] 美 [ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃn] | n. 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共机构；习俗 [ 复数 institutions ] |
| popularize | 英 [ˈpɒpjələraɪz] 美 [ˈpɑːpjələraɪz] | vt. 普及；使通俗化 vi. 通俗化 [ 第三人称单数 popularizes 现在分词 popularizing 过去式 popularized 过去分词 popularized ] |
| subsequently | 英 [ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli] 美 [ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli] | adv. 随后，其后；后来 |
| presently | 英 [ˈprezntli] 美 [ˈprezntli] | adv. （美）目前；不久 |
| previously | 英 [ˈpriːviəsli] 美 [ˈpriːviəsli] | adv. 以前；预先；仓促地 |
| lately | 英 [ˈleɪtli] 美 [ˈleɪtli] | adv. 近来，不久前 |
| bacterial | 英 [bækˈtɪəriəl] 美 [bækˈtɪriəl] | adj. [微] 细菌的 |
| aroused | 英 [əˈraʊz] 美 [əˈraʊz] | vt. 引起；唤醒；鼓励 vi. 激发；醒来；发奋 |
| controversy | 英 [ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi; kənˈtrɒvəsi] 美 [ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi] | n. 争论；论战；辩论 [ 复数 controversies ] |
| tremble | 英 [ˈtrembl] 美 [ˈtrembl] | vi. 发抖；战栗；焦虑；摇晃 vt. 使挥动；用颤抖的声音说出 n. 颤抖；战栗；摇晃 [ 复数 trembles 第三人称单数 trembles 现在分词 trembling 过去式 trembled 过去分词 trembled ] |
| the mean value | 平均分 | |
| attaining | 美 [əˈteɪnɪŋ] | v. 获得；实现；达到（attain 的现在分词） |
| unconsciously | 英 [ʌnˈkɒnʃəsli] 美 [ʌnˈkɑːnʃəsli] | adv. 不知不觉；无意识地 |
| disproportionately | 英 [ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli] 美 [ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːrʃənətli] | adv. 不成比例地 |
| indefinitely | 英 [ɪnˈdefɪnətli] 美 [ɪnˈdefɪnətli] | adv. 不确定地，无限期地；模糊地，不明确地 |
| unaccountably | 英 [ˌʌnəˈkaʊntəbli] | adv. 不能说明地；不可解释地；无责任的 |
| elites | 英 [eɪˈliːts; ɪˈliːts] | n. 精英（中的一员）；出类拔萃的人；（社会）上层集团；（受过良好教育）掌权人物；打字机（elite 的复数） |
| world-renowned | 世界知名的 | |
| nasty | 英 [ˈnɑːsti] 美 [ˈnæsti] | adj. 极差的；恶心的；恶意的；有害的；严重的（伤、疾病）；粗鲁的，下流的；可恶的；难对付的 n. 令人不快的人（或物）；可恶；恐怖录像或影片 n. (Nasty) （俄、美、印）耐史迪（人名） |
| consequence | 英 [ˈkɒnsɪkwəns] 美 [ˈkɑːnsɪkwens] | n. 结果；重要性；推论 [ 复数 consequences ] |
| intimately | 英 [ˈɪntɪmətli] 美 [ˈɪntɪmətli] | adv. 熟悉地；亲切地；私下地 |
| subjected | 美 [səbˈdʒektɪd] | v. 使遭受；使从属；受…影响（subject的过去式和过去分词形式） |
| paradoxical | 英 [ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkl] 美 [ˌpærəˈdɑːksɪkl] | adj. 矛盾的；诡论的；似非而是的 |
| incompatible | 英 [ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl] 美 [ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl] | adj. 不相容的；矛盾的；不能同时成立的 n. 互不相容的人或事物 |
| inevitable | 英 [ɪnˈevɪtəbl] 美 [ɪnˈevɪtəbl] | adj. 必然的，不可避免的 |
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress ccompared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
According to a woman's increased does of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuma. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's." she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner."
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes."I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating."
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and go ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck."
Not everyone experiences the kinds of servere chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
22. Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women ?
[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.
[D] are exposed to more stress.
23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be ?
[A] domestic and temporary
[B] irregular and violent
[C] durable and frequent
[D] trival and random
24. The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck."(Line 6, Para 5) shows that ?
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B] Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid pratically everything by check.
25.Which of the following woulf be the best title for the text?
[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
答案：21-25 ADCBD
翻译：
尽管在现代生活的某些领域女性仍在追赶男性，但至少在一个不太受欢迎的领域，女性似乎已经遥遥领先。“与男性相比，女性在面对压力时尤其容易患上抑郁症和焦虑症，”纽约退伍军人管理医院的首席精神病学家耶胡达博士说。
对动物和人类的研究表明，性激素会以某种方式影响压力反应，导致处于压力下的雌性比同等条件下的雄性产生更多的触发化学物质。在几项研究中，当压力过大的雌性老鼠的卵巢(雌性生殖器官)被摘除后，它们的化学反应变得和雄性老鼠一样。
根据女性增加的压力化学物质，是她增加了产生压力的“机会”。“女性并不一定不能很好地应对。只是她们要应对的事情太多了，”耶胡玛博士说。“她们承受压力的能力甚至可能比男性更强，”她观察到，“只是她们要处理的事情太多了，因此更明显也更快地感到疲惫。”
耶胡达博士指出了两性之间的另一个区别。“我认为，女性接触到的这些东西往往是一种慢性的或重复的性质。男人上战场，面对的是战斗压力。男性遭受的随机暴力行为更多。女性遭受的人际暴力往往发生在家庭环境中，不幸的是，来自父母或其他家庭成员，而且往往不是一次性的。来自这些长期关系的磨损可能是毁灭性的。”
艾德琳·阿尔瓦雷斯(Adeline Alvarez) 18岁结婚，生了一个儿子，但她决心完成大学学业。我为获得大学学位付出了很多努力。我生活在如此多的挫折中，这是我的逃避，去上学，勇往直前，做得更好。”后来，她的婚姻结束了，她成了一个单身母亲。“照顾一个十几岁的孩子、有一份工作、付房租、买车和还债是最困难的事情。我过着一份又一份的生活。”
不是每个人都经历过阿尔瓦雷斯描述的那种严重的慢性压力。但是今天的大多数女性都要应付大量的义务，很少休息，并感到压力。阿尔瓦雷斯的经历表明，在压力威胁到你的健康和工作能力之前，找到缓解压力的方法是很重要的。
| 生词 | 发音 | 释义 |
| spheres | 美 [sfɪrz] | n. [数] 球体（sphere的复数）；球形包围盒 v. 把…放在球体内（sphere的第三人称单数形式） |
| undesirable | 英 [ˌʌndɪˈzaɪərəbl] 美 [ˌʌndɪˈzaɪərəbl] | adj. 不良的；不受欢迎的；不合需要的 n. 不良分子；不受欢迎的人 [ 复数 undesirables 比较级 more undesirable 最高级 most undesirable ] |
| category | 英 [ˈkætəɡəri] 美 [ˈkætəɡɔːri] | n. 种类，分类；[数] 范畴 [ 复数 categories ] |
| susceptible | 英 [səˈseptəbl] 美 [səˈseptəbl] | adj. 易受影响的；易感动的；容许……的 n. 易得病的人 |
| veteran | 英 [ˈvetərən] 美 [ˈvetərən] | n. 老兵；老手；富有经验的人；老运动员 adj. 经验丰富的；老兵的 [ 复数 veterans ] |
| ovaries | 英 [əʊvərɪz] 美 [ovərɪz] | n. [解剖] 卵巢，[植] 子房（ovary复数形式） |
| worn out | 英 [ˌwɔːn ˈaʊt] | 疲惫不堪的；耗尽的 |
| be exposed to | 曝光；曝露 | |
| chronic | 英 [ˈkrɒnɪk] 美 [ˈkrɑːnɪk] | adj. 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的 n. (Chronic)人名；(英)克罗尼克 |
| interpersonal | 英 [ˌɪntəˈpɜːsənl] 美 [ˌɪntərˈpɜːrsənl] | adj. 人际的；人与人之间的 |
| domestic | 英 [dəˈmestɪk] 美 [dəˈmestɪk] | adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的；一心只管家务的 n. 国货；佣人 [ 复数 domestics 比较级 more domestic 最高级 most domestic ] |
| one-shot | 一次性 | |
| wear-and-tear | 磨损 | |
| devastating | 英 [ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ] 美 [ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ] | adj. 毁灭性的；全然的 v. 摧毁（devastate的ing形式）；毁坏 |
| frustration | 英 [frʌˈstreɪʃn] 美 [frʌˈstreɪʃn] | n. 挫折 [ 复数 frustrations ] |
| obligation | 英 [ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃn] 美 [ˌɑːblɪˈɡeɪʃn] | n. 义务；职责；债务 [ 复数 obligations ] |
| strain | 英 [streɪn] 美 [streɪn] |
[ 复数 strains 第三人称单数 strains 现在分词 straining 过去式 strained 过去分词 strained ] |
| demonstrates | 美 [ˈdemənstreɪts] |
|
| diffuse | 英 [dɪˈfjuːs] 美 [dɪˈfjuːs] |
[ 第三人称单数 diffuses 现在分词 diffusing 过去式 diffused 过去分词 diffused 比较级 more diffuse 最高级 most diffuse ] |
| vulnerable | 英 [ˈvʌlnərəbl] 美 [ˈvʌlnərəbl] | adj. 易受攻击的，易受……的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的 |
| inclination | 英 [ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃn] 美 [ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃn] | n. 倾向，爱好；斜坡 [ 复数 inclinations ] |
| irregular | adj. 不整齐的；不规则的；不正常的；非正规的；不按时的；便秘的（委婉语） n. 不规则物；不合规格的产品；非正规军人员 | |
| durable | 英 [ˈdjʊərəbl] 美 [ˈdʊrəbl] | adj. 耐用的，持久的 n. 耐用品 [ 复数 durables 比较级 more durable 最高级 most durable ] |
| frequent | 英 [ˈfriːkwənt; friˈkwent] 美 [ˈfriːkwənt; friˈkwent] | adj. 频繁的；时常发生的；惯常的 vt. 常到，常去；时常出入于 [ 第三人称单数 frequents 现在分词 frequenting 过去式 frequented 过去分词 frequented 比较级 more frequent 最高级 most frequent ] |
| trivial | 英 [ˈtrɪviəl] 美 [ˈtrɪviəl] | adj. 不重要的，琐碎的；琐细的 [ 比较级 more trivial 最高级 most trivial ] |
Text 2
it used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet------and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it------is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequances of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endavor.
The value of knowlege and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author(or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this chould change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses ?
[A] the background information of journal editing
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers
[D] the traditional process of journal publication
27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes government-funded research.
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.
28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that ?
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to ?
[A] cover the cost of its publication.
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D] complete the peer-review before submission.
30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?
[A] The Internett is posing a threat to publishers.
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
26-30 DCAAB
翻译：
它曾经是如此简单。一组在实验室共同工作的研究人员将把他们的研究结果提交给一家杂志。然后期刊编辑会删除论文作者的名字和附属机构，并将其发送给他们的同行进行审查。根据收到的评论，编辑将接受或拒绝发表这篇论文。版权归期刊出版商所有，寻求研究结果的研究人员必须订阅该期刊。
不久。互联网------和来自资助机构的压力(资助机构质疑商业出版商为何通过限制访问政府资助的研究成果------来赚钱)正在使访问科学成果成为现实。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)刚刚发布了一份报告，描述了这种做法的深远影响。这份报告是由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰·霍顿和经合组织的格雷厄姆·维克里共同撰写的，对于那些迄今为止已经获得可观利润的出版商来说，这份报告读起来很沉重。但它远不止于此，它标志着迄今为止一直是科学努力的一个关键因素发生了变化。
知识的价值和公共研究投资的回报在一定程度上取决于广泛的传播和现成的渠道。这是一笔大生意。在美国，核心的科学出版市场估计在70亿到110亿美元之间。国际科学、技术和医学出版商协会表示，全世界有2000多家出版商专门从事这些主题。他们每年在大约16000种期刊上发表超过120万篇文章。
这种情况现在正在改变。根据经合组织的报告，大约75%的学术期刊现在在线上。全新的商业模式正在出现;报告的作者确定了三个主要的原因。这就是所谓的“大交易”，即机构订阅者通过网站许可协议为访问一系列在线期刊付费。还有一种是开放获取出版，通常通过要求作者(或他的雇主)支付论文出版费用来支持。最后一种是开放获取档案，由大学或国际实验室等组织支持机构存储库。还有其他的模式是这三种模式的混合，比如延迟开放模式，即期刊前6个月只允许订阅者阅读论文，然后免费提供给所有希望看到它的人。所有这些都可能改变同行评议过程的传统形式，至少对于论文的发表来说是这样。
| 生词 | 发音 | 释义 |
| straightforward | 英 [ˌstreɪtˈfɔːwəd] 美 [ˌstreɪtˈfɔːrwərd] | adj. 简单的；坦率的；明确的；径直的 adv. 直截了当地；坦率地 |
| submit | 英 [səbˈmɪt] 美 [səbˈmɪt] | vt. 使服从；主张；呈递；提交 vi. 服从，顺从 [ 第三人称单数 submits 现在分词 submitting 过去式 submitted 过去分词 submitted ] |
| journal | 英 [ˈdʒɜːnl] 美 [ˈdʒɜːrnl] | n. 日报，杂志；日记；分类账 [ 复数 journals 第三人称单数 journals 现在分词 journaling 过去式 journaled 过去分词 journaled ] |
| affiliations | 英 [əˌfɪliˈeɪʃn] 美 [əˌfɪliˈeɪʃn] | n. 联盟；附属机构；加入（affiliation的复数） |
| peers | 英 [pɪə(r)] 美 [pɪr] | n. 同等地位的人，同龄人；贵族 v. 凝视，盯着看；隐现；看见；匹配 n. (Peer) （美、爱、英）皮尔（人名） [ 复数 peers 第三人称单数 peers 现在分词 peering 过去式 peered 过去分词 peered ] |
| subscribe | 英 [səbˈskraɪb] 美 [səbˈskraɪb] |
[ 第三人称单数 subscribes 现在分词 subscribing 过去式 subscribed 过去分词 subscribed ] |
| funding agency | 基金资助机构 | |
| commercial publishers | 商业出版商 | |
| issued | 英 [ˈɪʃu:d] 美 [ˈɪʃuːd] | v. 发布；（正式）发给；将……诉诸法律；出版；发行（新的一批）；流出；由……产生（issue 的过去式和过去分词） |
| endeavor | 英 [ɪn'devə] 美 [ɪnˈdevər] |
[ 复数 endeavors 第三人称单数 endeavors 现在分词 endeavoring 过去式 endeavored 过去分词 endeavored ] scientific endeavor 科学探索 |
| in part | 部分地；在某种程度上 | |
| distribution | 英 [ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn] 美 [ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn] | n. 分布；分配；供应 [ 复数 distributions ] |
| estimated | 英 [ˈestɪmeɪtɪd] 美 [ˈestɪmeɪtɪd] | adj. 估计的；预计的；估算的 |
| specializing | 美 [ˈspeʃəlaɪzɪŋ] |
|
| scholarly | 英 [ˈskɒləli] 美 [ˈskɑːlərli] | adj. 好学的，博学的；（对某一学科）有学术造诣的；学术的，学术性的 [ 比较级 more scholarly 最高级 most scholarly ] |
| scholarly journal | 学术期刊 | |
| entirely | 英 [ɪnˈtaɪəli] 美 [ɪnˈtaɪərli] | adv. 完全地，彻底地 |
| so-called | 所谓的 | |
| archives | 英 ['a:kaivz] 美 ['a:kaivz] | n. 档案，档案室；案卷（archive的复数） v. 把…收集归档；把…存档（archive的三单形式） |
| repositories | 英 [rɪˈpɒzətriz] 美 [riˈpɑzəˌtɔriz] | n. 贮藏室；资源丰富地区；智囊人物（repository 的复数） |
| hybrids | 美 ['haɪbrɪd] | n. 杂交（hybrid的复数形式）；混血；混合物 |
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of biggers, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's peopel------especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations------apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren't likely to get any taller. "In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go," says anthropologist Willian Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of 20. demands calories and nutrients------notably,protein------to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average heights------5'9'' for men, 5'4'' for women-----hasn't really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. More over, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, out feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. "There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism," says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equitment, Gordon says that by and large, "you could use today's data and feel fairly confident."
31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to ?
[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S. .
[C] compare different generation of NBA players.
[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
32. Which of the following plays a key role in body height growth accoding to the text?
[A] Genetic modification.
[B] Natural environment.
[C] Living standards.
[D] Daily exercise.
33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
[B] Human height is conditioned by upright posture.
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future ?
[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
35. The text intends to tell us that ?
[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C] American have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D] the genetic pattern of American has altered.
答案：31-35 ACBDC
翻译：
在20世纪60年代早期，威尔特·张伯伦是美国国家篮球协会(NBA)仅有的三个身高超过7英尺的球员之一。然而，如果他上个赛季参加比赛，他将是42名球员之一。这些年来，参加主要职业运动的运动员的身体发生了巨大的变化，经理们也更愿意调整队服，以适应越来越多的大个子和高个子运动员。
然而，体育运动的趋势可能掩盖了一个未被承认的现实:美国人普遍停止了增长。虽然现在的人比140年前通常要高2英寸，但是今天的人------尤其是那些出生在美国已经生活了好几代的人------显然在20世纪60年代初已经达到了他们身高的极限。而且他们不太可能再长高了。在今天的普通人群中，在基因和环境的水平上，我们已经走得很远了，”莱特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利说。就NBA球员而言，他们身高的增加似乎是因为从世界各地招募球员的做法越来越普遍。
成长，很少超过20岁。需要卡路里和营养------尤其是蛋白质------来喂养扩张的组织。在20世纪初，营养不良和儿童感染成为阻碍。但随着饮食和健康状况的改善，儿童和青少年的身高平均每20年增加约1.5英寸，这种模式被称为身高长期趋势。。然而，根据疾病控制和预防中心的数据，自1960年以来，男性的平均身高------为5英尺9英寸，女性为5英尺4英寸-----并没有真正改变。
从基因上讲，避免过高的身高是有好处的。在分娩过程中，较大的婴儿通过产道会有更大的困难。此外，尽管人类已经直立行走了数百万年，但我们的脚和背部仍在为两足行走的姿势而挣扎，无法轻易承受过大肢体带来的反复压力。美国西北大学的人类学家威廉·伦纳德说:“个体有机体的基因结构设定了一些真正的限制。”
基因的最大值是可以改变的，但不要期望这很快发生。克莱尔·c·戈登是马萨诸塞州纳蒂克陆军研究中心的高级人类学家。坚信90%的制服和工作站不作改动就适合新员工。她说，与篮球不同，军装的长度一段时间以来都没有改变。戈登说，如果你需要在不久的将来预测人类的身高来设计一件设备，总的来说，“你可以使用今天的数据，并感到相当自信。”
| 生词 | 发音 | 释义 |
| dramatically | 英 [drəˈmætɪkli] 美 [drəˈmætɪkli] | adv. 显著地，剧烈地；戏剧地；引人注目地 |
| trend | 英 [trend] 美 [trend] | n. 趋势，倾向；走向 vi. 趋向，伸向 vt. 使…趋向 n. (Trend)人名；(英)特伦德 [ 复数 trends 第三人称单数 trends 现在分词 trending 过去式 trended 过去分词 trended ] |
| obscuring | 美 [əb'skjʊr] |
|
| unrecognized | 英 [ʌnˈrekəɡnaɪzd]美 [ʌnˈrekəɡnaɪzd] | adj. 未被承认的；未被认出的；未被认可的 |
| recruiting | 英 [rɪ'krʊtɪŋ] 美 [rɪˈkruːtɪŋ] |
|
| notably | 英 [ˈnəʊtəbli] 美 [ˈnoʊtəbli] | adv. 显著地；尤其 |
| tissues | 英 [ˈtɪʃuː; ˈtɪsjuː] 美 [ˈtɪʃuː] | n. [组织] 组织，薄的纱织品；面巾纸（tissue的复数） |
| adolescents | 英 [ˌædəˈlesnt] 美 [ˌædəˈlesnt] |
[ 复数 adolescents ] |
| secular | 英 [ˈsekjələ(r)] 美 [ˈsekjələr] |
[ 复数 seculars或secular 比较级 more secular 最高级 most secular ] |
| Genetically speaking | 从遗传学上讲 | |
| substantial | 英 [səbˈstænʃl] 美 [səbˈstænʃl] |
[ 比较级 more substantial 最高级 most substantial ] |
| canal | 英 [kəˈnæl] 美 [kəˈnæl] |
[ 复数 canals 第三人称单数 canals 现在分词 canalling或canaling 过去式 canalled或canaled 过去分词 canalled或canaled ] |
| bipedal | 英 [ˌbaɪˈpiːdl] 美 [ˌbaɪˈpiːdl,ˌbaɪˈpedl] |
|
| posture | 英 [ˈpɒstʃə(r)] 美 [ˈpɑːstʃər] |
[ 复数 postures 第三人称单数 postures 现在分词 posturing 过去式 postured 过去分词 postured ] |
| limbs | 英 [lɪmz] 美 [lɪmz] | n. [解剖] 四肢（limb的复数） |
| imposed | 英 [ɪm'pəʊzd] 美 [,selfɪm'pozd] |
|
| upright | 英 [ˈʌpraɪt] 美 [ˈʌpraɪt] |
[ 复数 uprights 第三人称单数 uprights 现在分词 uprighting 过去式 uprighted 过去分词 uprighted 比较级 more upright 最高级 most upright ] |
| constraint | 英 [kənˈstreɪnt] 美 [kənˈstreɪnt] |
[ 复数 constraints ] |
| individual organism | 生物个体 | |
| organism | 英 [ˈɔːɡənɪzəm] 美 [ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm] |
[ 复数 organisms ] |
| genetic architecture | 遗传结构 | |
| ensure | 英 [ɪnˈʃʊə(r); ɪnˈʃɔː(r)] 美 [ɪnˈʃʊr] |
[ 第三人称单数 ensures 现在分词 ensuring 过去式 ensured 过去分词 ensured ] |
| recruit | 英 [rɪˈkruːt] 美 [rɪˈkruːt] |
[ 复数 recruits 第三人称单数 recruits 现在分词 recruiting 过去式 recruited 过去分词 recruited ] |
| be cited as | 被作为......引用 | |
| illustrate | 英 [ˈɪləstreɪt] 美 [ˈɪləstreɪt] |
[ 第三人称单数 illustrates 现在分词 illustrating 过去式 illustrated 过去分词 illustrated ] |
| garment | 英 [ˈɡɑːmənt] 美 [ˈɡɑːrmənt] |
|
| applicable | 英 [əˈplɪkəbl; ˈæplɪkəbl] 美 [ˈæplɪkəbl,əˈplɪkəbl] | adj. 可适用的；可应用的；合适的 |
Text 4
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw------ having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That's far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong------and yet most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states. including three slave states.
Still. Jefferson freed Hemings's children-----though not Hemings herself of his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virgnia.
36. George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to?
[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.
[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[C] stress(强调) the role of slaves in the U.S. history.
[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
37. We may infer from the second paragraph that ?
[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life.
[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.
38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson/
[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.
[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
39.Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
40. Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his ?
[A] moral considerations.
[B] military experience.
[C] financial conditions
[D] political stand.
答案：DBCAB
翻译：
1784年，在他成为美国总统的5年前，52岁的乔治·华盛顿几乎没有牙齿了。于是他雇了一名牙医给他的下巴移植了九颗牙齿------从他的奴隶的嘴里取出了这些牙齿。
这与大多数人在历史书中所记得的那个砍樱桃树的乔治大相径庭。（华盛顿与樱桃树》一文中，幼年华盛顿砍倒了家里的一棵樱桃树，向父亲承认错误，并得到了原谅。）但最近，许多历史学家开始关注奴隶制在美国开国一代的生活中所扮演的角色。他们这么做的部分原因是1998年获得的DNA证据，几乎可以肯定，托马斯·杰斐逊(Thomas Jefferson)和他的奴隶莎莉·海明斯(Sally Hemings)至少有一个孩子。（托马斯·杰斐逊（英文名：Thomas Jefferson，1743年4月13日－1826年7月4日），美利坚合众国第三任总统（1801年─1809年），同时也是《美国独立宣言》主要起草人，美国开国元勋之一，与乔治·华盛顿、本杰明·富兰克林并称为美利坚开国三杰。）直到过去30年，学者们才开始自下而上地研究历史。几位历史学家的著作揭示了美国早期领导人做出的道德妥协，以及这个国家婴儿期的脆弱本质。然而，其中的大多数人几乎没有采取任何措施来对抗它。
历史学家说，最重要的是，开国元勋受到了当时文化的阻碍。虽然华盛顿和杰斐逊私下里表达了对奴隶制的厌恶，但他们也明白，奴隶制是他们帮助创建的这个国家的政治和经济基石的一部分。
首先，南方不能放弃奴隶。《不完美的上帝:乔治·华盛顿、他的奴隶和美国的创造》一书的作者Wiencek说，拥有奴隶“就像拥有一个庞大的银行账户”。如果没有对这一“特殊制度”的保护，南方各州就不会签署宪法，其中包括一项条款，即在国会代表人数中，一个奴隶的人数相当于五分之三。
而政治家们的政治生涯也依赖于奴隶制。五分之三的公式使杰斐逊在1800年的总统选举中获得了微弱的胜利，因为它增加了选举团中南方各州的选票。杰斐逊一上台，就于1803年在路易斯安那州扩大了奴隶制;这块新土地被划分为13个州。包括三个蓄奴州。
杰斐逊释放了海明斯的孩子-----，但仍然没有释放海明斯自己，他还释放了大约150名其他奴隶。华盛顿在独立战争期间目睹了黑人士兵的英勇行为后，开始相信人人生而平等。他克服了亲戚们的强烈反对，在遗嘱中承认了奴隶们的自由。就在10年前，这样的法案还需要弗吉尼亚州的立法批准。
| 生词 | 发音 | 释义 |
| jaw | 英 [dʒɔː] 美 [dʒɔː] |
|
| spurred | 英 [spɜːd] 美 [spɜːrd] |
|
| scholars | 美 ['skɑlər] | n. 学者们（scholar的复数） |
| reveal | 英 [rɪˈviːl] 美 [rɪˈviːl] |
[ 复数 reveals 第三人称单数 reveals 现在分词 revealing 过去式 revealed 过去分词 revealed ] |
| moral | 英 [ˈmɒrəl] 美 [ˈmɔːrəl] |
[ 复数 morals 比较级 more moral 最高级 most moral ] |
| compromises | 英 [ˈkɒmprəmaɪz] 美 [ˈkɑːmprəmaɪz] |
|
| fragile | 英 [ˈfrædʒaɪl] 美 [ˈfrædʒl] | adj. 脆的；易碎的 |
| infancy | 英 [ˈɪnfənsi] 美 [ˈɪnfənsi] |
[ 复数 infancies ] |
| hampered | 英 [ˈhæmpə(r)d] 美 [ˈhæmpərd] |
|
| distaste | 英 [dɪsˈteɪst] 美 [dɪsˈteɪst] |
[ 复数 distastes 第三人称单数 distastes 现在分词 distasting 过去式 distasted 过去分词 distasted ] |
| bedrock | 英 [ˈbedrɒk] 美 [ˈbedrɑːk] | n. [地质] 基岩；根底；基本原理 |
| peculiar | 英 [pɪˈkjuːliə(r)] 美 [pɪˈkjuːliər] |
[ 复数 peculiars 比较级 more peculiar 最高级 most peculiar ] |
| clause | 英 [klɔːz] 美 [klɔːz] |
[ 复数 clauses ] |
| congressional | 英 [kənˈɡreʃənl] 美 [kənˈɡreʃənl] | adj. 国会的；会议的；议会的 |
| formula | 英 [ˈfɔːmjələ] 美 [ˈfɔːrmjələ] |
[ 复数 formulas或formulae ] |
| inflating | 英 [in'fleitiŋ] 美 [ɪnˈfleɪtɪŋ] |
|
| electoral college | 总统选举团（由各州选举人选出的538名选举人组成的选举团履行选举总统和副总统职责） | |
| extended | 英 [ɪkˈstendɪd] 美 [ɪkˈstendɪd] |
|
| grant | 英 [ɡrɑːnt] 美 [ɡrænt] |
|
| confronted | 美 [kənˈfrʌntɪd] | v. 使......无法回避；面对，面临；对抗；与（某人）对峙；处理，解决（confront 的过去式和过去分词） |
| primitive | 英 [ˈprɪmətɪv] 美 [ˈprɪmətɪv] |
[ 复数 primitives 比较级 more primitive 最高级 most primitive ] |
| delicate | 英 [ˈdelɪkət] 美 [ˈdelɪkət] |
[ 复数 delicates 比较级 more delicate 最高级 most delicate ] |
| deliberately | 英 [dɪˈlɪbərətli] 美 [dɪˈlɪbərətli] | adv. 故意地；缓慢而谨慎地 |
| stained | 英 [steɪnd] 美 [steɪnd] |
|
| prestige | 英 [preˈstiːʒ] 美 [preˈstiːʒ] |
|
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