英语单词学习总结

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文章目录

• 常用网络缩略词
• 常用词
• • acquire
  • addressing
  • arrival
  • bake off
  • bedrock
  • binary
  • blur
  • -bound
  • bury
  • bypass
  • colossus
  • co-
  • • coexist
    • coherency
    • comprehensive
    • co-resident
    • colocated
    • coprocessor
  • common-sense
  • consistent
  • counter-
  • • counterparts
  • credo
  • cycle
  • defacto
  • deprecate
  • die
  • dip
  • discipline
  • dormant
  • downright
  • driver
  • dual
  • dub
  • -effective, -efficiency
  • eightfold
  • Eliminate
  • escape
  • fast-paced
  • finicky
  • flip
  • framework
  • forge
  • -free
  • goto
  • graduate & under-graduate
  • grounding
  • immediate
  • im-
  • in-
  • inception
  • inferior
  • in-flight
  • inherent
  • inquire
  • iterate
  • leverage
  • lift
  • magnitude
  • mainstream
  • miscellaneous
  • mitigate
  • myriad
  • nibble
  • normalize
  • omnipresent
  • opaque
  • order
  • -oriented
  • outweigh
  • over-
  • • overhead
  • poison
  • obscurity
  • pitfall
  • preemption /preempt
  • prelude
  • pretend
  • promiscuous
  • -prone
  • propagation
  • proportionally 等比例的
  • quad-pumped
  • reclaiming
  • reserve
  • resist
  • retreat
  • revolution
  • risk
  • scattered over
  • signficant
  • sink
  • span
  • spare
  • sparsely
  • spoof
  • squelch
  • stall
  • staple
  • subscript 下标
  • subtleties 微妙，精明
  • superscalar
  • sur-
  • sur-
  • • surpass
  • surprise
  • take
  • tandem
  • tenant & landlord
  • transparent
  • trap
  • trunk
  • turbo-
  • Ubiquitous
  • unwind
  • utmost
  • well-commented
  • well-written
  • wildcard
  • -wise
  • xport
• 谚语/idiom
• • a red herring
  • fly in the ointment
  • get your hands dirty
  • run out of steam
  • Someone let the cat out of the bag
  • throw up their hands in despair
  • out of woods
  • throw your weight around
  • wax and wane
• 不经常用词
• • linger
• 词组
• • as-is
  • at length
  • break even
  • carry out
  • code of conduct
  • fade into
  • long standing
  • look and feel
  • • make no mistake
  • marginal utility
  • near-complete
  • One of the strengths of
  • pass over
  • power brick
  • power wall
  • side effect
  • skin deep
  • take into acount
  • time consuming
  • to the letter
• 参考
• 警句格言
• trade off
• 关联词
• • Fallacies and Pitfalls 错觉与陷阱
  • brawn and brain
• 组合词
• • ill-formed
  • tailor-made

常用网络缩略词

ASAIK ：As soon as I know
IMO：in my opinion

常用词

acquire

*[ә’kwaiә]
vt. 获得, 学到
【电】 目标锁定
Acquire the perspective of God. // 获得上帝视角。

addressing

寻址；
如果是读取寄存器里的值，就不应该叫寻址了，寻找地址？
翻译成寄存器访问。
Register addressing transfers a copy of a byte or word from the source addressing register or contents of a memory location to the destination register or memory location.

寻址，寻的是内存的地址。
直接寻址，是直接用立即数寻址，
寄存器间接寻址，是使用寄存器里的值来寻址内存
基地址+索引，寻址内存。
相对寄存器寻址内存，就是在寄存器值的基础上又加了一个offset；和 intel的段设计相关

arrival

到来
新世纪的到来，新产品的到来。https://www.intel/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-briefs/4th-gen-core-family-mobile-brief.pdf
As the first new microarchitecture on the 22nm manufacturing process, it marks the arrival of a new 4th gen Intel® Core™ platform, which comprises 4th gen Intel Core processors and the Intel® 8 Series chipset family (codename Lynx Point)
在22纳米制造工艺上的全新微架构，迎接了第四代Intel Core平台的到来。包含四代Intel Core处理器，和 Intel 8 系列芯片组。

bake off

https://www.techopedia/definition/4232
对比事物，选出最合适的那个。
A bake-off is a research process or proof of concept in which competing technologies are compared and the best product or service is selected. A bake-off may also refer to a meeting in which software programmers challenge network protocols with their best innovative programs.

bedrock

Although there are many statements for decisions and loops in programming languages like C and Java, the bedrock statement that implements them at the next lower level is the conditional branch.
*[bed’rɒk]
n. 基岩, 基本原理, 基础
n [U] (a) solid rock beneath loose soil, sand, etc 松土、沙子等下面的坚固的岩石: reach/get down to bedrock 深及基岩. (b) (fig 比喻) basic facts or principles 基本的事实或原则: the bedrock of one’s beliefs 基本信念.

binary

*['bainәri]
a. 由两部分组成的, 二进位的, 二元的
【计】 二进制的; 二态的; 二进制, 二进制文件传输类型设置命令
【医】 二均分的, 二等分的, 二元的
【经】 二进制
The prefix bi- means “two,” and the two states of electricity are called binary states. 二进制文件，机器为指令的文件。

blur

模糊了概念，闪烁不定
在很多场景，C++对待指针和数组的方式一样，导致区别很模糊。
C++ blurs the distinction between pointers and arrays by treating them the same in many cases。

-bound

边界；outbound，离界，出站，发出；inbound，入界，进站，进入；

bury

It’s bad practice to bury “magic numbers’’ like 300 and 20 in a program;
埋葬，这个特殊的单词字母u的发音这么特殊

bypass

by 在什么旁边
pass 道路，
直译就是旁路/支路/绕过。
为什么不翻译成捷径？捷径的意思还是不够味。bypass有绕过某事的含义。

colossus

巨人：
/kəˈlɒsəs; kəlɑsəs/ n (pl -lossi/ -5lCsaI;-lBsaI/ or ~es/ -5lCsEsIz; -`lBsEsIz/) 1 statue much larger than life size （远超于实体的）塑像; 巨像. 2 person or thing of very great size, importance, ability, etc 非常巨大、重要、有能量等的人或事物: Mozart is a colossus among composers. 莫札特是作曲家中的巨匠.
This first electronic computing system, which used vacuum tubes, was invented by Alan Turing. Turing called his machine Colossus, probably because of its size.

co-

并，相互，一起，共同；在计算机英语中经常出现。
together，jointly

coexist

(a) exist together at the same time or in the same place 同时或同地存在; 共处; 共存.
(b) (of opposing countries or groups) exist together without fighting （指对立的国家或集团）和平共处.

coherency

相关的；例句
However, cloud computing is designed to spread load over a pool of instances, so they can collectively bring much more DRAM online for
a distributed application, although at a much higher coherency cost.
a. 黏合在一起的, 一致的, 连贯的
就像小朋友玩的橡皮泥，除了颜色，其他性质都是一样的，可以任意黏合在一起。
下面：当处理器实现了多级缓存时，一致性问题变得更复杂了。
The coherency problem gets even more complex when the processor implements a multilevel cache.

comprehensive

丰富的，包罗万象的，全面的
This book provides a comprehensive introduction to Intel Xeon Phi architecture and the tools necessary for software engineers and scientists to develop optimized code for systems using Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors.

co-resident

共同驻存的；同时存在于内存；

colocated

在同一个地方。

coprocessor

协处理器：数值计算协处理器
This text also explains the programming and operation of the numeric coprocessor, MMX extension, and the SIMD extension, which function in a system to provide access to floating point calculations that are important in control systems, video graphics, and computer-aided design (CAD) applications.

common-sense

一般共识，大家所意识到的那种知识。
You should try to design them so they follow common-sense rules.

consistent

consistent 一致的。这个和coherency的意思是同义的。

counter-

Hacking is really just the act of finding a clever and counterintuitive solution to a problem.逆向思维，反意识的途径

counterparts

_power_efficient_wq are inclined towards saving power and converted into WQ_UNBOUND variants if ‘wq_power_efficient’ is enabled; otherwise, they are same as their non-power-efficient counterparts
如果选项功能没有打开，就变成了没有节省电量的相反队列

credo

*['kri:dәu]
n. 信条
Thus programmers often followed a simple credo: Minimize memory space to make programs fast.

cycle

周期，一个圈，
Note that each stage will take a minimum of one cycle but may extend to further cycles if it gets blocked on some resource issue。
每个阶段最少需要一个周期，如果遇到一些资源问题，也许要扩展使用多个周期。比如指令里的信息要从磁盘读取。

defacto

实际的；事实。

deprecate

deprecate
*['deprәkeit]
vt. 声明不赞成, 抗议, 反对
【法】 对…表示不赞成, 反对
This function is deprecated because it replaces the “current” event_base, and is totally unsafe for multithreaded use. The replacement is event_base_new().
被遗弃，请不要在新版本继续使用。

die

除了死，还有模具的含义，骰子的含义。所有以凹凸不平的东西，都算作模具。

dip

最近在查看产品业务运行情况时，用到的图标方式展示。如果下降，就可以用这个dip；在经济领域，又行情下跌的含义，就是从这里借鉴过来的。

discipline

规则是延申处理的含义，原本的意思是为了实现某些智力与品德方面的特性而做的训练。强调的是训练本身。
在计算机中使用，大多数的含义就是规则；比如Linux系统网络包的 queue discipline，队列规则。
https://tldp/HOWTO/Traffic-Control-HOWTO/elements.html#e-scheduling

dormant

#define IFF_DORMANT 0x20000 driver signals dormant //这里dormant这个词被当作了名词。驱动发了休眠信号。

adj temporarily inactive 暂时不活动的; 休眠的; 蛰伏的: a dormant volcano, ie neither extinct nor erupting 休火山 * Many plants lie dormant throughout the winter, ie alive but not growing. 许多植物冬天呈休眠状态. * As soon as they met again his dormant love for her was rekindled. 他们一见面, 他对她的旧情如乾柴烈火般又重新燃起.

The dormant state indicates that the relevant interface is not actually in a condition to pass packets (i.e., it is not ‘up’) but is in a “pending” state, waiting for some external event. For “on-demand” interfaces, this new state identifies the situation where the interface is waiting for events to place it in the up state.

downright

彻底，十足
Program crashes are annoying, but in the hands of a hacker they can become downright dangerous.

driver

驾驶员&司机/驱动
为什么翻译成驱动这个词呢，驱使…能动起来;
驱动之于芯片，就如同驾驶员之于汽车；其实应该翻译成操控员，芯片操控员。设备操控员。

dual

DIMM (dual inline memory module) A small board that contains DRAM chips on both sides. SIMMs have DRAMs on only one side. Both DIMMs and SIMMs are meant to be plugged into memory slots, usually on a motherboard.
双，和binary有本质的区别

dub

授予称号；SIMD被誉为vector 单元。应该叫矢量/批量单元。
With the introduction of the SIMD unit, also commonly dubbed the vector unit, the hardware can now work on many bytes in the same cycle by one instruction.

-effective, -efficiency

*[i’fektiv]
a. 有效的, 有力的, 实际的
n. 有生力量
【机】 效果的, 有效的, 实际的

cost-effective，低成本；成本效益好的。偏向于好的一方面。

n. 效率, 效能, 功效
【医】 效率, 效力
【经】 效率, 效能
power-efficiency，节约电量

eightfold

八倍
The clock speed of the 80286 was increased, so it executed some instructions in as little as 250 ns (4.0 MIPs) with the original release 8.0 MHz version. Some changes also occurred to the internal execution of the instructions, which led to an eightfold increase in speed for many instructions when compared to 8086/8088 instructions.

In contrast to the statement above, computers are improving in performance faster today than at any time in their history, with over
a thousandfold improvement between 1987 and 2003!上千倍

Eliminate

[i’limineit]
vt. 除去, 排除, 剔除, 消除
Eliminate redundant/contradicting cache line size config options； 剔除冗余/矛盾的缓线存大小的配置

escape

逃逸
You can also use the backslash to escape the backslash. // 逃逸的含义就是逃过当前环境下对于特殊字符的定义。让特殊字符普通化。

fast-paced

快速的
Although a study of history is not essential to understand the microprocessor, it furnishes interesting reading and provides a historical perspective of the fast-paced evolution of the computer.
学习历史可能不能真正的理解微处理器，但是它描述了计算机的快速进化历程，非常的有趣读物。

finicky

过分讲究，细致；过分注意到；
下面例句，想说明的是“他要求太多，性能敏感”和替换算法和编译如何防止代码数据都有很大关系。
But it was finicky, its performance sensitive to the choice of replacement algorithm and to the ways compilers grouped code onto pages.

flip

vt. 掷, 弹, 轻击, 空翻
vi. 用指轻弹, 抽打, 蹦跳
n. 抛, 弹, 筋斗
a. 无礼的
【计】 翻转

Sed is easily seen as the flip side of interactive editing.
交互式编辑的反面，非交互式编辑。

framework

The interaction between hardware and software at a variety of levels also offers a framework for understanding the fundamentals of computing.
硬件与软件之间各种级别的交互，为理解计算机基础提供了整套思路。 （参照标准）

forge

原意是
/fɔːdʒ; fɔrdʒ/ n 1 workshop with a fire and an anvil where metals are heated and shaped, esp one used by a smith for making horseshoes 铁匠铺（尤指做马掌的）. 2 (workshop, factory, etc with a) furnace for melting or refining metals 锻铁炉; 锻造车间或工厂.
shape (sth) by heating it in a fire and hammering 锻造; 打铁: forge a sword, a chain, an anchor, etc 锻造剑、铁链、锚等.

伪造，这个是一个引申过来的意思。
make an imitation or copy of (sth) in order to deceive people 伪造: forge a banknote, will, signature, etc 伪造钞票、遗嘱、签字等.

另一个引申的含义是：
(b) (fig 比喻) create (usu a lasting relationship) by means of much hard work （靠艰苦工作）建立（通常为长期关系）: forge a bond, a link, an alliance, etc 建立同盟、联系、联盟等 * a friendship forged by adversity 患难中建立起来的友谊.

This paper discusses a simple, effective, and straightforward method for using ingress traffic filtering to prohibit DoS attacks which use forged IP addresses to be propagated from ‘behind’ an Internet Service Provider’s (ISP) aggregation point.

第三种含义
move forward steadily or gradually 稳步前进: forge constantly onwards 坚定不移地稳步前进 * forge into the lead, ie gradually overtake sb 稳步进入领先地位（逐步超越某人）. 2 (phr v) forge ahead advance or progress quickly; take the leading position in a race, etc 高速前进; （在赛跑等运动中）进入领先地位: One horse forged ahead, leaving the others behind. 有一匹马跑在最前面, 把其他的马抛在後面.

-free

In this tradition, Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM) is a reliable transport protocol for applications that require ordered or unordered, duplicate-free, multicast data delivery from multiple sources to multiple receivers. （RFC 3208）
加上这个后缀的含义就是“免”的意思了；用以构成形容词和副词) without; free from 无; 免除: carefree * duty-free * trouble-free.
比如上例中的 duplicate-free，就是无重复的意思。

goto

为什么c里有goto语句；原因是汇编里的所有过程式的代码块都是通过jump来跳转，jump就是goto。

graduate & under-graduate

graduate, 毕业了的，就是大学毕业，这是一个分界点。under-graduate就是大学本科，graduate就是研究生，毕业以后的学业。
It is common to cover the fi rst half in an undergraduate course and the second half of the book, stressing code optimization, in
a second course at the graduate or mezzanine level.

grounding

Thus, compiler writers, operating system designers, database programmers, and most other software engineers need a firm grounding
in the principles presented in this book.坚实的基础

immediate

立即，接近
Another data-addressing mode is immediate addressing. The term immediate implies that the data immediately follow the hexadecimal opcode in the memory

im-

Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities.
im- 和 in-的区别在哪里？

impair，损害，消弱
The service itself is not harmed by the attack; usually only the ability to provide the service is impaired；

in-

inoperative，不可操作，不可用。
However, in some cases, the system may exhaust memory, crash, or be rendered otherwise inoperative.

inception

DWARF has had a set of objectives since its inception which have guided the design and evolution of the debugging format.
start or beginning of sth 开始; 开端:

inferior

次等的, 较差的, 下方的, 下级的
gdb；Pid of our debugged inferior, or 0 if no inferior now. 这里应该是下方的意思。

in-flight

有时是比喻，在飞行中/在执行/正在出现
Only one instruction in flight at once； 一次只能执行一个指令。

Advanced Dynamic Execution
— Deep, out-of-order, speculative execution engine
• Up to 126 instructions in flight

inherent

DMA allows devices, with the help of the Northbridge, to store and receive data in RAM directly without the intervention of
the CPU (and its inherent performance cost).

与生俱来的
DMA，与生俱来的性能损耗

inquire

*[in’kwaiә]
vt. 询问, 问明, 查究
vi. 询问, 问明, 查究
【化】 询价
【经】 询价
The keyword alignof allows you to inquire about how an object is aligned, or the minimum alignment usually required by a type. Its syntax is just like sizeof.
__alignof__允许询问对象怎么对齐，怎样的对齐放置的。或者类型经常需要询问的最小对齐单位。语法和sizeof相似。

iterate

say sth again and again; make (an accusation, a demand, etc) repeatedly 反覆说某事; 一再提出（指责、要求等）
iteration, 迭代：迭的繁体字是叠，这个有又的含义了。

leverage

杠杆原理，四两拨千斤的意思。下面这句的含义就是在原有的技术之上做的开发。
We also needed to develop a programming language that could leverage the existing skills of the software developers to create multithreaded applications using Message Passing Interface (MPI) and OpenMP with the C, C++, and Fortran languages.

lift

Since module is not supported for now, ipv6_route is supported only if the IPV6 is built-in, i.e., not compiled
as a module. The restriction can be lifted once module is properly supported for bpf_iter.
n. 举起, 帮助, 昂扬, 电梯
vt. 升高, 提高, 鼓舞, 清偿, 空运, 举起, 剽窃
vi. 升起, 消散, 耸立
这里可能是消散的意思，一旦模块化支持bpf-iter之后，这个限制就可以被清除，消散。

magnitude

数量巨大的，相近的还有plenty； 词组：order of magnitude， 数量级/量级。
Given that processors can be orders of magnitudes faster than the hardware. (LKD)

mainstream

好吧，这个就是主流。

miscellaneous

经常被缩写为misc
The makefile can also tell make how to run miscellaneous commands when explicitly asked (for example, to remove certain files as a clean-up operation).
makefile里还可以显示指定运行其他各种命令。

mitigate

缓解
make (sth) less severe, violent or painful; moderate 使（某事物）减轻, 和缓; 节制: mitigate sb’s suffering, anger, anxiety, etc 使某人少受苦、息怒、稍安等 * mitigate the severity of a punishment, sentence, etc 减轻惩罚、刑期等 * mitigate the effects of inflation, eg by making credit easily obtainable 和缓通货膨胀的影响.
Cache design continues to evolve in tandem with processor technology to mitigate memory bottlenecks.
缓存技术总是跟着处理器技术的革新而发展，以缓解内存的瓶颈。

myriad

无数的
Intel x86 processor, you would have to figure out the value associated with each instruction, how each instruction interacts, and myriad low-level details.

nibble

半字节，4个bits；
n. 少量食物, 细咬, 轻咬, 啃
vt. 一点一点地咬, 细咬, 吹毛求疵
vi. 一点一点地咬, 细咬, 吹毛求疵
【计】 半字节
【医】 啮咬

normalize

2 [Tn] make (sth) regular in pattern or as expected 使（某事物）合标准、合规格或要求:

使某些东西规则化，方便用户使用。
比如 有时候我们需要使用hash key来做查询，这样我们就可以让某样信息normalize 成hash key。
Thread A normalizes the Call-ID info of SIP message to an index of queue.

omnipresent

无处不在
Hardware advances have allowed programmers to create wonderfully useful software, and explain why computers are omnipresent.

omni-
comb form 构词成分 all or everywhere 全; 总; 遍及: omnipotence * omniscience * omnivorous.

opaque

不透明的；

order

这个是意思比较多的单词之一
['ɒ:dә]
n. 次序, 规则, 命令
vi. 命令, 定货
vt. 整理, 命令, 定购
n. 顺序, 阶数
【计】 顺序, 阶数
【化】 有序; 定货
【医】 目(生物学分类)
【经】/ 定货(单), 法院命令, 汇票 /
/ free areas of different sizes */
struct free_area free_area[MAX_ORDER];
比如这里，order，就代表不同级的空闲区域。这个数组有11个元素，每一个元素代表，对应特定大小的内存区块，按照页4K作为单位。

-oriented

趋向于
Sed is a “non-interactive” stream-oriented editor.

outweigh

注意这里没有t ，不是weight
vt. 比…重, 比…重要, 比…有价值
Running a server with binary logging enabled makes performance slightly slower. However, the benefits of the binary log in enabling you to set up replication and for restore operations generally outweigh this minor performance decrement.
服务程序带有二进制文件日志，会导致性能些许的下降。带来的好处是，…，这些好处比些许的性能下降更有价值。

over-

• over-stressed. 过载
  One thing cannot be over-stressed; ''Think before you act." Studies have shown that a good design can result in a program that is 1/10 of the size of a poorly designed one.

overhead

In short, the gains of having fast memory would be eaten up completely by the overhead of administering the resources.
快内存带来的好处，会被管理这些内存产生的额外开销完全损耗的。

poison

毒剂；毒药；
这里显然不是毒药的意思，这里应该翻译为“染色剂” 或者“填充剂”
Each byte of allocated memory is set to 0xa5 before being handed to the caller and then set to 0x6b when it is freed. If you ever see either of those “poison” patterns repeating in output from your driver (or often in an oops listing), you’ll know exactly what sort of error to
look for.

obscurity

隐晦 的;比较隐晦的规定，一不小心，就可能掉坑里。
This is an obscurity that catches the unwary. If you prefer to prefix your recipes with a character other than tab, you can set the .RECIPEPREFIX variable to an alternate character

pitfall

Pitfalls of Using Wildcards
陷阱，在未知的情况下容易犯得错误，都叫陷阱。想当然的认为而犯得错误。

preemption /preempt

抢占，这个是从法律/经济抄过来的一个单词，抢占。抢占是一条准则，很多情形里拥有各种优势的行事准则。

词源：pre - 在前头；emption 拉丁语过来的，卖。买东西的时候在前头。有优先权。
https://www.merriam-webster/dictionary/preemption
比别人先买的权利，尤其是国家给与实际定居者的权利。（中国没有这周概念？）
: the right of purchasing before others especially : one given by the government to the actual settler upon a tract of public land
优先获取
2 : a prior seizure or appropriation : a taking possession before others
为了预防可疑的临近的攻击（未被执行，对自己的）进行的优先攻击（要执行，时间上要先，攻击他人）的策略/准则。
: a policy of launching a preemptive attack in order to prevent a suspected imminent attack

这个单词，到中国，给人的印象是：有点出风头。但中国人不爱出风头，为什么？因为是”抢“占，”抢“有土匪的风格。

prelude

*['prelju:d]
n. 前奏, 序幕, 序诗, 前奏曲
vi. 作为前奏
vt. 作为…的开头
Update them to the current output, as a prelude to further defconfig changes, to avoid unrelated noise in those further changes.
作为更多defconfig变化的开始，根据当前的输出更新默认配置文件，来避免无关紧要的噪音。

pretend

*[pri’tend]
vt. 假装, 伪称, 自命, 自称
vi. 假装, 伪称, 自命, 自称
【法】 藉口, 托词, 假装
make oneself appear to be (doing) sth in order to deceive others or in play 假装; 佯作: The time has come to stop pretending! 够了, 别再装蒜了! * She pretended (that) she was not at home when we rang the bell. 我们按门铃时, 她假装不在家. * The children pretended to eat the mud pies. 孩子们假装吃泥饼. 2 [Tn] claim (sth) falsely, esp as an excuse 伪称（某事物）（尤用作藉口）: She pretended illness as an excuse. 她佯称有病以为藉口. * His pretended friendship was part of the deception. 他所谓的友谊是一种骗局. 3 [Ipr, Tt] ~ to sth (fml 文) make a claim to (do) sth 声称做某事; 自称为某事物: Surely he doesn’t pretend to any understanding of music! 谅他不会自以为懂得什么音乐吧! * I don’t pretend to know as much as he does about it. 我不敢说我对此事的了解有他那样多.

The syscall entry points to the kernel defined by SYSCALL_DEFINEx() and COMPAT_SYSCALL_DEFINEx() should only be called from userspace through kernel entry points, but not from the kernel itself. This will allow cleanups and optimizations to the entry paths and to
the parts of the kernel code which currently need to pretend to be userspace in order to make use of syscalls.
由SYSCALL_DEFINEx() 和COMPAT_SYSCALL_DEFINEx()定义的系统函数应该只能由用户态程序调用，而不是从内核内部调用。
这允许清理和优化进入路径和部分内核代码，那些为了实现系统调用而必须被声称为用户态的使用的代码。
https://lore.kernel/linux-doc/20180325162527.GA17492@light.dominikbrodowski/

promiscuous

However, unlike a normal Ethernet device that accepts only frames addressed directed to it, the Ethernet interface located in each port of a switch runs in promiscuous mode.
不加选择，混杂模式；
Ethernet Switches；

-prone

Such duplication is error-prone;容易引发错误。

propagation

繁殖，填充
An example of implementation-defined behavior is the propagation of the high-order bit when a signed integer is shifted right.

proportionally 等比例的

例句：
Application threads often block during an application request to wait for file system requests to complete, for which file system latency directly and proportionally affects application performance.

But this changed dramatically in the early 90s, when CPU designers increased the frequency of the CPU core but the frequency of the memory bus and the performance of RAM chips did not increase proportionally.
CPU设计者增加了CPU的使用频率，但是内存的性能却没有等比例的增长。

quad-pumped

四驱动
Higher numbers sell so the manufacturers like to advertise a quad-pumped 200MHz bus as an “effective” 800MHz bus.
从数字上看，一般买家肯定选800的，管你四驱不四驱。你倒是四驱，才200。
大众心理学；

reclaiming

回收资源，在计算机系统里经常用到的一个词。要将内存/文件描述符等资源收回重用。

reserve

保留（不给客户使用），预订为将来使用，现在使用为带来未知行为。
In many register and memory layout descriptions, certain bits are marked as reserved. When bits are marked as reserved, it is essential for compatibility with future processors that software treat these bits as having a future, though unknown, effect. The behavior of reserved bits should be regarded as not only undefined, but unpredictable.

resist

*[ri’zist]
vt. 抵抗, 耐得住, 抵制, 反抗
vi. 抵抗, 耐得住, 抵制, 反抗
n. 防染材料
【化】 抗蚀剂
However, resist the temptation to re-use the actual value of the O_CLOEXEC constant, as it is architecture-specific and is part of a numbering space of O_* flags that is fairly full.
抵抗诱惑，
究竟怎样，抵抗重用O_CLOEXEC常量的实际值的诱惑呢？这个变量是架构相关，而且是以O_开头的变量，同时以O_开头的变量实在是太多了（不要定义新的了）。

retreat

在处理；
理解商业硬件很重要，特殊硬件是在商业硬件的基础上再做处理。想表达的意思就是，这两种类型的硬件实现原理是一样的。
It is important to understand commodity hardware because specialized hardware is in retreat.

revolution

As Figure 1.11 shows, a magnetic hard disk consists of a collection of platters, which rotate on a spindle at 5400 to 15,000 revolutions
per minute.
platter主菜盘
spindle转轴
revolution转数

risk

The risks associated with fixing this flaw are greater than the security risk.
解决缺陷的风险比安全风险要高许多，才不要做改正。

scattered over

散布于（大片区域）；参见：反义词：sequential & random

signficant

链接顺序很重要，因为像init_call这样的函数在启动时会被按出现的顺序调用。
Link order is significant, because certain functions (module_init() / __initcall) will be called during boot in the order they appear.

sink

水槽，就像中国经常见的概念：马槽/浇地用的水沟。
经常用的含义是：向，水槽/水沟注入某样东西；
writing the input to any “sink”； 向任何类似水槽的物体里写入输入。
An Intel Pentium 4 (3.06 GHz) mounted on top of its heat sink, which is designed to remove the 82 watts generated within the die.
吸热槽

span

跨越，断行
If the block spans short lines that do not extend into the block, the text is not inserted in that line.

spare

备胎，备用品
动词，赦免/饶恕
It spares you from having to compile a list of specific substitutions.

sparsely

not dense, thick or crowded; thinly scattered； 稀疏地

spoof

有时候，会感觉，对这些单词（欺诈类相关，安全相关）比较生疏，例如：forge，spoof，。。。
其原因是，接触少了，再者就是作为一个正人君子，很少做这类小人事情。
欺骗
Creating half-open connections is easily accomplished with IP spoofing

squelch

*['skweltʃ]
n. 嘎吱声, 压碎的一堆, 使对手哑口无言的话
vt. 压碎, 镇压, 使咯吱咯吱响 fix is to squelch one segv
vi. 咯吱咯吱响, 涉水而过
【计】 撤消权限

stall

停滞；下面这句话有前置条件，bus和processor的频率四不同的，processor的频率是bus的11倍。
这样，
Each stall of one cycle on the memory bus means a stall of 11 cycles for the processor.

staple

staple
*['steipl]
n. 主要产物, 常用品, 主要要素, 原料, 订书钉, 钩环
a. 主要的, 重要的
vt. 分级, 钉住
Program exploitation is a staple of hacking.

subscript 下标

Individual elements are accessed by their index in the array. Each index is enclosed in square brackets. The following statement assigns a value to an element of an array:
array[subscript] = value

subtleties 微妙，精明

One of the more confusing subtleties of programming in awk is passing parameters into a script.

superscalar

超级斯卡拉；超标量结构
Thus they could both be in the execution stage at the same clock cycle. This architecture is known as superscalar architecture。
在同一时钟周期，可以同时在执行阶段。这样的架构称之为超标量架构，或者就超级斯卡拉。

发现了奥特曼的秘密：
如果要对小男生来讲解superscalar，你给他说，超标量，他可能提不起兴趣来；
如果你对他说，是超级斯卡拉，他肯定会认为这是一个自己未知的奥特曼怪兽。

sur-

(dimension) by
(part) out of
(préposition) on; upon; over
(direction) to

sur-

在。。。上面，
【医】 上, 在上, 过度

surpass

超越，胜过
That sounds a lot but it is the burst speed, the maximum speed which will never be surpassed.
那听起来挺多，但是只是一个峰值，最大的速度也无法超越峰值。

surprise

https://github/torvalds/linux/commit/8a9949bc71a71b3dd633255ebe8f8869b1f73474
I’d be surprised if this affects performance at all.
这里认为不会影响性能。如果真的影响到了性能，会使人非常惊讶。

take

For a given function, which programming language likely takes the most lines of code?
对于给定的函数/功能，哪种编程语言可能占用最多的行代码？

tandem

Cache design continues to evolve in tandem with processor technology to mitigate memory bottlenecks.
缓存技术总是跟着处理器技术的革新而发展，以缓解内存的瓶颈。
in tandem with 一前一后地，协力地。
ad. 一前一后地, 纵排地
a. 纵排的, 串联的
n. 纵列两匹马拉的马车, 前后纵列的两匹马, 串座双人自行车

tenant & landlord

一对反义词：租客与房主；云平台经常用的词汇

transparent

这个词是用到最广的词；透明；看不见，不用关心。
例句
（Brendan Gregg）After booting, the file system will typically use main memory (RAM) as a cache to improve performance. For applications, this process is transparent: their logical I/O latency becomes much lower, as it can be served from main memory rather than the much slower disk devices.

trap

陷阱，计算机里，如果应用出现异常的操作时，操作系统捕获到，然后在内核态执行一些异常处理流程。
A trap usually results in a switch to kernel mode, wherein the operating system performs some action before returning control to the originating process.
For example the Intel VT architecture enables the execution of virtual machines where only a small percentage of instructions lead to a trap to the hypervisor, and the majority of instructions are executed without any software intervention.
Interl 的虚拟技术架构，提供了一组指令可以宿主主机抓到，然后从硬件层执行，不需要软件干涉。

trunk

树干，树干可以肢解做家具；另外一个常用的地方是整个做桥梁，横在小河之上（经典的小羊过河）。所以在电信领域有很多trunk的概念在里面。

turbo-

turbocharger：涡轮增压器； 的缩写形式，如果作为前缀/前置词，相当于比喻，事物像涡轮机式的工作。
turbo mode； 涡轮模式的；
涡，漩涡，旋转执行，滚动
The cores are also designed to run at turbo modes, that is if the power envelop allows, the core frequency could be increased to increase performance.
CPU内核工作在涡轮模式，也就是说，如果电压/电量设计架构允许，可以通过增加频率来增加性能。是循环流水线模式工作。

Ubiquitous

无所不在
The Ubiquitous Backslash； 无处不在的反斜杠。

unwind

Generate unwind table in DWARF format, if supported by target machine. The table is exact at each instruction boundary, so it can be used for stack unwinding from asynchronous events (such as debugger or garbage collector).
展开。如果目标机器支持，生成DWARF格式的展开表。

utmost

极大，最大限度，
ut-使用
most 最大
极度依赖于速度的路由器，会使用这种特殊的硬件架构。
It can be found in specialized hardware such as network routers which depend on utmost speed.

well-commented

A well-commented, simple program is a work of art。

well-written

组合词，写的好的。写的好的程序不仅功能正确，还简单容易理解。
A well-written program not only functions correctly, but also is simple and easy to understand.

wildcard

百搭牌：playing-card that has been given the value of certain other cards （纸牌戏中的）百搭牌.
在程序里，引申为通配符。
wild 未驯化的；野生的；
感觉使用white-card 更贴切一些。不过wild-card更有情调。

-wise

suff 後缀 (with ns forming adjs and advs 与名词结合构成形容词和副词) 1 in the manner or direction of 以某方式、方法或沿某方向: likewise * clockwise * anti-clockwise * lengthwise. 2 (infml 口) with reference to; as far as sth is concerned 关于; 在某方面: businesswise * weatherwise * profitwise.

Thus, continuing in our top-down, stepwise evolution of the symbolic representation of the MIPS language, in this section we have added the restriction that the three operands of MIPS arithmetic instructions must each be chosen from one of the 32 32-bit registers.

xport

transport的缩写：通信协议是什么

谚语/idiom

a red herring

掩人耳目
A red herring is something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important question. It may be either a logical fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or audiences toward a false conclusion. A red herring may be used intentionally, as in mystery fiction or as part of rhetorical strategies, or may be used in argumentation inadvertently.

fly in the ointment

The obvious fly in the ointment is that redundant paths in the network cause indeterminate (nay, all too determinate) forwarding behavior to occur.【RFC 2878】
在软膏上的苍蝇，比喻小概率事件。

get your hands dirty

开始实践某些事，俗话说：站着说话不腰疼。
What does ‘Get your hands dirty’ mean? Meaning: If you get your hands dirty, you become involved in something where the realities might compromise your principles

run out of steam

Fallacy: Computers have been built in the same, old-fashioned way for far too long, and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam.
错觉：一直用这种老路来制造计算机，这种过时的计算模型已经没有了生气。
这里是一个谚语：run out of steam，仙气用完，变凡人。

Someone let the cat out of the bag

有人泄露了密码

throw up their hands in despair

表示失望
Show this to the uninitiated, and they’ll throw up their hands in despair!

out of woods

从森林出来，意味脱离危险。森林在潜意识里的象征是屏障太多，隐藏在之后的未知的，危险的东西也多。

throw your weight around

这个是一个比喻，将自己的个头拿出来吓唬人。
借以表达，霸权行为。

wax and wane

月的盈亏, 圆缺, (喻)盛衰
Note that this allocation allows the stack and heap to grow toward each other, thereby allowing the efficient use of memory as the two segments wax and wane.
栈和堆的增长，是从两眼相对的方向开始增长。相互消长。

不经常用词

linger

徘徊，在tcp协议中有专门的设置选项是linger。来设置，socket是否会进入徘徊状态等待缓冲去数据全部发送完成。

词组

as-is

原样，照搬
A comment in a recipe is not a make comment; it will be passed to the shell as-is. Whether the shell treats it as a comment or not depends on your shell.
注释会被原样传给shell，然后shell怎么处理，就是shell的事情了。

at length

in detail，详细。长的解说，就是详细。
Rules, variables, and directives are described at length in later chapters.
以后的章节会详细的描述规则，变量和指令。

break even

break even
并列起跑, 得失相当
Assume you are in a company that will market a certain IC chip. The fixed costs, including R&D, fabrication and equipments, and so on, addup to $500,000. The cost per wafer is $6000, and each wafer can be diced into 1500 dies. The die yield is 50%. Finally, the dies are packaged and tested, with a cost of $10 per chip. The test yield is 90%; only those that pass the test will be sold to customers. If the retail price is 40% more than the cost, at least how many chips have to be sold to break even?

carry out

执行/实施。
A recipe is an action that make carries out。

code of conduct

做事准则
CERT Advisory CA-96.21; TCP SYN Flooding and IP Spoofing Attacks
Two “underground magazines” have recently published code to conduct denial-of-service attacks by creating TCP “half-open” connections. This code is actively being used to attack sites connected to the Internet.
做事情的准则，其实也不会区分事情的好坏。

fade into

(使)淡入, (使)渐显
【电】 化入, 渐强
例句的含义是：虚拟内存在工程学上的巨大成功，促使他融入了所有的操作系统，成为操作系统不可或缺（必备品）；在操作系统里，默默的完成了多线程，多任务需求的内存管理，大多数用户都不会察觉此事（除了开发人员）。
Virtual memory became such an engineering triumph that it faded into the background of every operating system, where it performs so well at managing memory with multithreading and multitasking that no one notices.

long standing

长期存在的
Western philosophy has a long-standing interest in the relationship between thought and language.
思想与语言，交错相生，西方哲学加一直都很感兴趣。

look and feel

This chapter’s goal was to familiarize you with the “look and feel” of a C program, primarily the main() function that includes executable C statements.
感性认识。

make no mistake

别搞错。
Where sed and awk differ is in the kind of instructions that control the work they do. Make no mistake - this is a major difference, and it affects the kinds of tasks that can best be performed with these programs.

marginal utility

边际效应。

near-complete

几乎完全的，
最糟糕的情况下，合着多线程，更倾向于丢弃-垃圾化，从而导致过量的换页，进而导致几乎完全的瓦解了系统吞吐量。
Worse, when it was coupled with multiprogramming, it was prone to thrashing—the near-complete collapse of system throughput due
to heavy paging.

One of the strengths of

One of the strengths of internetwork-layer protocols such as IP [18] is that they are designed to run over any network interface.
优势之一，网络层协议如IP的优势之一，就是被设计为可以运行在任何网络接口之上。

pass over

忽略, 省略, 不加考虑, 转交
字面意思是在上方通过，引申为忽略，不考虑；
这个转交是怎么来的呢？更高层次的引申
Perform a ‘make savedefconfig’ pass over our main defconfig files, which keeps the defconfig result the same, but compresses the file where defaults were changed, options removed or reordered.
在default config文件之上做一次 make savedefconfig，会保留没有变化的参数，然后根据参数/选项的变化来压缩文件。

power brick

电源砖，外部电源模块；笔记本电源；根据字面理解应该是天池？电池的专有单词是battery。
https://bugzilla.redhat/show_bug.cgi?id=991708

power wall

But progress hit the “power wall”: the increased clock rate was resulting in too much wasted energy in the form of heat.
功率墙。

side effect

副作用
The main difference between I/O registers and RAM is that I/O operations have side effects, while memory operations have none: the only effect of a memory write is storing a value to a location, and a memory read returns the last value written the。

"
“in addition to returning a value, it also modifies some state or has an observable interaction with calling functions or the outside world.”
"

skin deep

皮肤的深度，肤浅。微不足道的区别。
These types of syntactical differences in programming languages are only skin deep; the underlying structure is still the same.

take into acount

重视，考虑
Note that these technical details tend to change rapidly, so the reader is advised to take the date of this writing into account.
这里是提醒，读者不要忘记这个因素。

time consuming

The first method is obviously time-consuming (and not very interesting!).

to the letter

严格按照字句, 不择不扣地
严格按照程序的内容执行指令。
Active part of the computer, following the instructions of the programs to the letter. It adds numbers, tests numbers, controls other components, and so on. - CPU

参考

（Brendan Gregg）：System performance enterprise and the cloud

警句格言

However, they can’t do anything until someone tells them what to do；
Once a decision was made, I did not worry about it afteruard； 焦虑症的出现。犹豫不决。

trade off

When configuring an event base, you can now choose whether you want
timers to be more efficient, or more precise. (This only has effect
on Linux for now.) Timers are efficient by default: to select more
precise timers, use the EVENT_BASE_FLAG_PRECISE_TIMER flag when
constructing the event_config, or set the EVENT_PRECISE_TIMER
environment variable to a non-empty string.

关联词

Fallacies and Pitfalls 错觉与陷阱

The purpose of a section on fallacies and pitfalls, which will be found in every chapter, is to explain some commonly held misconceptions that you might encounter. We call such misbeliefs fallacies.

brawn and brain

发达的肌肉，和脑子
The processor comprises two main components: datapath and control, the respective brawn and brain of the processor。

组合词

ill-formed

病态的
// ill-formed: incomplete type

tailor-made

One of the bottlenecks of the Internet is the address lookup operations performed by the routers. Expensive tailor-made hardware solutions have typically been used to achieve necessary speed.
特制的

本文标签： 英语单词