剑桥雅思9解析test4p2youngchildrenssenseofidentity

admin管理员组

文章数量:1532440

2024年2月13日发(作者：)

少年易学老难成，一寸光阴不可轻 - 百度文库

剑桥雅思9 T4 P2 Young children's sense of identity

Young children’s sense of identity

【A】

A sense of self develops in young children by degrees.

孩子的自我认知是逐渐形成的

The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual

emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and

the self as an object.

这一过程会逐渐形成稍有不同的两种特征：主体自我和客体自我

William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries

of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate.

William James1892提出两者差别，与他同一时代的人，Charles Cooley加入到发展的争论中

Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.

从此之后心理学家在此基础上不断的发展这方面的理论。

【B】

According to James, a child's first step on the road to self-understanding

can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists.

根据James的光电，一个孩子自我认知的第一步可被视为意识到自己的存在

This is an aspect of the self that he labeled 'self-as-subject’, and he gave

it various elements.

这就是他称为“主体自我”的一个方面，并给出许多元素

These included an awareness of one’s own agency (i.e. one’s power to

act), and an awareness of one’s distinctiveness from other people.

这包括对自我权利（即行动权利）和意识到自己不同于他人的认知

These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and

interact with caregivers.

这些特征通常在孩子探索世界并且与照顾他们的人互动的时候体现出来

Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily

concerned with being able to exercise power.

Cooley (1902)提出主体自我意识主要与实践力有关

He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to

1

少年易学老难成，一寸光阴不可轻 - 百度文库

control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs.

他提出最早的例子是孩子适应去控制实物例如玩具或是自己的四肢

This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For

example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to

them.

接着会尝试形象别人的行为，例如他们在库或者笑的时候有人会回应他们

【C】

Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects

they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic

them.

又一个强大的信息源是他人对婴儿的模仿，让他们意识到他们对世界的影响能有多大。

Many parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early months,

copying their infant’s vocalizations and expressions.

一些家长花很多时间尤其是在婴儿最早的几个月，模仿孩子的声音和表情

In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the

movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements.

此外，小孩子很喜欢照镜子，因为镜子里的动作取决于他们自己的动作。

This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their ovine

image (a later development).

这并不意味着孩子们认识到镜子里的反映是自己（这事之后的发展阶段）

However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants' developing

understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent

on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from

other people. This is because they, and only they, can change the

reflection in the mirror.

然而Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979)认为婴儿理解到镜子里的动作取决于自己的的动作，这使他们意识到自己与他人不同，因为他们、只有他们自己，能够改变镜子中的影像。

【D】

2

少年易学老难成，一寸光阴不可轻 - 百度文库

This understanding that children gain of themselves as active agents

continues to develop in their attempts to co-operate with others in play.

孩子意识到自己具有主动权利，他们获得这个认知通过在游戏中与他人的互动。

Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and

interactions that the child's understanding of his- or herself emerges.

Dunn (1988)指出就是这样日常关系的互动中，孩子对于自身的认知得以出现

Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are,

however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if

young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot；express this aspect of the self directly.

在幼儿的关于主体自我的实证调查还相当不足，其原因在于交流上的困难，即使婴儿可以回想起自身的经历，他们也很难直接地表达出来。

【E】

Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin

to place themselves in a whole series of categories, which together play

such an important part in defining them uniquely as 'themselves' .

一旦孩子获得一定程度的自我认知，他们便开始将自己至于一系列的范畴中，而这一系列的范畴对于他们去定义独特的“自我”是一个非常重要的部分

This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James

called the 'self-as-object.

这是完整的自我认知过程的第二步，被James称为“客体认知”

This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most

influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as

student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their

meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as

trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).

很多人认为这一阶段的自我认知受社会因素影响最大，因为客体自我由社会角色构成（比如学生、兄弟、同事）并包含一些来自与他人比较或者互动而产生的性格特点（比如可信、害羞、善于运动）

【F】

Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a

3

少年易学老难成，一寸光阴不可轻 - 百度文库

person's own understanding of their identity and other people's

understanding of it.

Cooley和其他研究人员认为一个人对其身份的自我认知和他人对此的认知有着密切的关系

Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the

reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have

of them.

Cooley相信，人们的自我认知建立在他人的对自己的反应，以及他人对自己的所持的观点中。

He called the self- as-object the ’looking-glass self’, since people come to

see themselves as they are reflected in others.

他将客体自我称为镜中自我，因为人们从他人的反应中窥见自我。

Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as

inextricably bound together: 'The self is essentially a social structure, and

it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to conceive of a

self-arising outside of social experience.’

Mead (1934)在此研究上更进一步，他认为自我和社会是密不可分的：“自我是社会结构的基础，并在社会经验中成长……脱离社会经验的成长是不可能的。

【G】

Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental

milestone is reached when children become able to recognize

themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement.

Lewis 和Brooks-Gunn争论当孩子不需要凭借跟随自己移动的物体就能从视觉上辨认自己的时候，就达到了自我认知发展的一个里程碑

This recognition occurs around their second birthday.

这一认知发生在大概两岁的时候

In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red

powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror,

and then observed how often they touched their noses.

一项实验中，Lewis 和 Brooks-Gunn (1979) 在镜子前玩耍的孩子的鼻子上涂上了红色标记，并观察他们多久触摸一次自己的鼻子。

The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually

looked like, they would be surprised by the unusual red mark and would

4

少年易学老难成，一寸光阴不可轻 - 百度文库

start touching it.

心理学家推断，如果孩子了解自己平常的样子，那么他们会对鼻尖上不常出现的红色标记好奇并且触摸。

On the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18 months are

generally not able to recognize themselves unless other cues such as

movement are present.

另一方面，研究者发现15到18个月的孩子在不提供暗示比如运动的情况下不能够认出自己。

【H】

Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in

general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from

18 months to 3 years of age.

最后，一般的自我认知最形象的表达就是愤怒，在18到3岁的儿童身上表现的最为明显。

In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson

(1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their

disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years.

在每组3到4个孩子的纵向研究中，Bronson (1975)发现1~2岁的孩子在争论中产生的生气和挫败感强度急剧增加

Often, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that

none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the

children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play

with it.

通常孩子们的争论会涉及到争夺一个之前或者之后没有玩过的玩具：孩子们似乎在争夺的是玩具的所有权而并非真的想玩玩具

Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the

sense of 'self’ and of ’ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in

Western societies.

尽管这点在其他社会中并不明显，但在西方社会，自我认知和所有权之间的联系是儿童时期一个显著的特点。

5

本文标签： 孩子认知镜子社会