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2024年2月14日发(作者:)
一、作时间状语
如果现在分词的动作和主谓语的动作同时发生,分词用一般式,有时其前可以加上连词 while 或
when。例如:
① Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.(=When they heard the news, )
听到这个消息时,他们都髙兴得跳了起来。
② Walking slowly across the grass, he pointed the gun at the lion and fired.
他慢慢地走过草地,把枪对准狮子就射击了。
③ One day, while walking along the sands towards his boat, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark
of a man's foot.
有一天,克鲁索沿着沙滩走向他的船时,在沙子里看见一个人的脚印。
如果现在分词的动作结朿之后,谓语动词的动作才发生,现在分词应用完成式。这时分 词所表示的动作有一左的持续性。如果用一般式就会给人感觉到似乎是"某人在做某事时就 开始做某事”,容易产生误解。但是,如果现在分词是hear, see等表示感官的动词或是leave, arrive, turn, open等表示位置转换或情况改变的动词,现在分词所表示的动作发生后,主 句的动作往往紧接着发生,那就不必用完成式,仍用一般式。例如:
① Having watered the flowers( = After / When he had watered the flowers), he began to cut the
grass.
他把花浇好后,开始割草。
② Having eaten his dinner, the boy rushed out.
那男孩吃完了饭就跑出去了。
③ Hearing the footstep below(=When he heard the footstep below), he rose and went to the
top of the stairs.
听见下面脚步声,他站起身来走到楼梯口去。
④ Seeing a large cake flying through the air, the driver pulled up quickly.
司机看见一只大蛋糕在空中掠过,赶紧刹车。
二、 作方式状语
现在分词作方式状语很容易与伴随状语、同位语、左语相混淆。试分析下列句子:
...But later, people developed a way of printing, using rocks.
......但是以后,人们利用石块发展了印刷术。
有人对该句using rocks提岀了以下看法:
1) 把它视作相当于一个非限制性定语从句。
2) 把它视作a way of printing的同位语。
3) 把它视作状语,表示伴随情况或方式。
笔者赞成第三种看法,表示方式状语(但不是伴随状语)。因为句中using rocks表明人们 用什么方法发明了一种印刷方法,是涉及到用how或by what means的回答问题,所以,如 果把句中using前的逗号去掉,改为by,则句意保持不变。又如:
He earns a living by driving.他靠开卡车谋生。
They would be ableto reply to our signals by using similar methods.
他们将能用同样的方法回答我们的信号。
三、 作目的状语例如:
① Pappy ran out to the gate and told him not to come fooling(=to fool)round there no more.
巴比跑到大门口去叫他不要再到这儿来游荡。(钱歌川,《英语疑难详解》P237)
② The six blind men stood there begging for a meal.( = in order to beg for a meal)六个瞎子 站在那儿要饭。
四、 作结果状语例如:
① I thought he was making fun of me» and ran faster than ever, reaching( = so that I
reachedjthe school yard quite out of breath・
我想他在拿我开玩笑,就越发跑得快了,到达校园时已经上气不接下气。
② Her husband died ten years ago, leaving her with three children to look after•她丈夫十年 前去世了,撇下她和三个孩子。
五、 作伴随状语
伴随状语的特点是:它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语•动词的动作而发生或存在 的。例如:
① He sat in the armchair, reading a newspaper.
他坐在扶手椅里读报。
② All night long he lay awake, thinking of the problem・
他整夜躺在床上睡不着,思考着那个问题。
六、 作原因状语
现在分词短语作原因状语,尤其是be, feel, know, recognize» fear等状态动词的现在 分词(短语),以及现在分词的否定式用作状语时,通常表示
原因。例如:
① Being sick, I stayed at home•我因病呆在家中。
② Not knowing her address. I can't write to her•由于不知道她的地址,我没法给她写信。
③ Not having done(=As he has not done)his homework, he stayed at home・
由于他没完成作业,只好呆在家里。
七、 作条件状语例如:
Taking( = lf you take)the path that leads out of the town, you will come to a dense wood・
如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进,就会走到一片密林处。
八、 起补充说明作用
现在分词短语起补充说明的作用与伴随状语有些相似,但严格地说,它不是伴随状语, 因为它所表达的情景不与句子的动作相伴而产生,实际上,它起着补充说明的作用,相当于 一个并列分句,但比分句简洁、明快。例如:
① My train leaves at six, arriving in Chicago at ten. = ・・・and will arrive in Chicago at ten.
② The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, addlng that he had enjoyed his
stay here・=・..and added that he had enjoyed his stay here・
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