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2024年3月18日发(作者:)
西安外国语大学
2011年翻译硕士专业学位研究生招生试题
科目:翻译硕士英语(代码:211)
A卷
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Task One: Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure
Section A
Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to interpret the
meanings of words in different contexts. Read each of the following sentences
carefully and select one word or phrase from the four choices that is closest in
meaning to the underlined word in each sentence, and then write your answer on
the Answer Sheet. (20%)
1. Psychologists have done extensive studies of how well patients comply with
doctors orders.
[A] obey [B] understand
[C] improve with [D] agree with
2. Stars are composed of intensely hot gases and derive their energy from
nuclear reactions occurring in the interiors.
[A]extremely [B]uniformly
[C]explosively [D] continually
3. From1775 to 1776 the Americans undertook an unsuccessful campaign
against the British in Canada.
[A] wage [B] headed
[C] Paid for [D] attended to
4. Because of its old mannerisms, the praying mantis has always intrigued
human beings.
[A]fascinate [B]aggravated
[C]offended [D]terrified
5. Industrial self-sufficiency in the United States developed simultaneously
with the mass production of textiles in New England.
[A]smoothly [B]concurrently
[C]effectively [D]spontaneously
6. The initial appearance of the silver three-cent piece coincided with the first
issue of three-cent stamps in 1851.
[A] occurred at the same time as [B] collided with
[C] was necessitated by [D] was similar to
7. Chicago’s O’ Hare International Airport accommodates forty-four million
passengers per year.
[A] amazes [B] lures
[C] handles [D] counts
8. Regional planning deals with proposals concerning outlying communities
and highways as well as with urban affairs.
[A] outlandish [B] exclusive
[C] exempted [D] remote
9. The introduction of the bus signaled the eventual demise of the trolley car
as a form of travel.
[A] designation [B] mechanization
[C] disappearance [D] friskiness
10. In Silent Spring, Rachel Carson forcefully decried the indiscriminate use of
pesticides.
[A] haphazard [B] unpleasant
[C] regional [D] periodic
its founding, the United States government followed a policy
explicitly designed to aid national shipping.
[A] prematurely [B] economically
[C] specifically [D] proudly
social inequality can be alleviated, its principal causes must be
diagnosed.
[A] denounced [B] relieved
[C] analyzed [D] controlled
13. Astronauts are subjected to the most rigorous training that has ever been
devised for human beings.
[A] demanded [B] created
[C] diagnosed [D] allowed
14. Weight lifting is the gymnastic sport of lifting weights in a prescribed
manner.
[A] vigorous [B] popular
[C] certain [D] careful
15. Project Skylab was designed to demonstrate that a person can work and
live inspace for prolonged periods without ill effects
[A] unexpected [B] obvious
[C] adverse [D] immediate
16. Plays that entail direct interaction between actor and audience present no
unusual difficulties for actors.
[A] advocate [B] involve
[C] elicit [D] exaggerate
17. Since speech is such a familiar activity, it is often regarded as a universal
endowment.
[A] event [B] habit
[C] trait [D] gift
18. In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species
that prevail in the forests.
[A] rebuild [B] invade
[C] dominate [D] tend
19. In North America, the first canoes were constructed from logs and
propelled by means of wooden pad.
[A] carved [B] docked
[C] driven forward [D] carried upright
20. United States citizens are now enjoying better dental health, as shown by
the declining incidence of tooth decay.
[A] treatment [B] consequences
[C] occurrence [D] misfortune
Section B
Directions: In each of the following sentences, some part of the sentence or
the whole is underlined. Rephrase the underlined part so as to express most
effectively what is presented in the original sentence. Your correction should be
dear and exact, without awkwardness, ambiguity or redundancy. Write your
answers on the Answer Sheet. (10%)
21. Credit cards are now accepted in exchange for many goods and services
around the world and in some countries, like the Americans, is used even more
widely than cash.
22. Scholars recognized immediately that thelanguage experiments in
Finnegan’s Wake
are different than any other novel.
23. When it rains outside, most parents prefer small children to play indoors.
24. Required by law to register by the end of the year, the post office was
crowded with legal aliens attempting to comply with the law before the deadline.
25. In the past few years, significant changes have take place in the
organization of our economy that will profoundly affect thecharacter of our labor
unions as well as influencing consumer and industrial life.
Task Two: Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: Read the following two texts. Answer the questions below each
text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]; write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (20%)
Text1
The ancient Greeks and the Chinese believed that we first clothed our bodies
for some physical reason, such as protecting ourselves from the elements.
Ethnologists and psychologists have invoked psychological reasons: modesty,
taboo, magical influence, or the desire to please. Anthropological research
indicates that the function of the earliest clothing was to carry objects. Our
hunting-gathering ancestors had to travel great distances to obtain food. For the
male hunters, carrying was much easier if they were wearing simple belts or animal
skins from which they could hang weapons and tools. For the female gatherers,
more elaborate carrying devices were necessary. Women had to transport
collected food back to the settlement and also had to carry babies, so they
required bags or slings.
Another function of early clothing-providing comfort and
protection—probably developed at the same time as utility. As human beings
multiplied and spread out from the warm lands in which they evolved, they
covered their bodies more and more to maintain body warmth. Today, we still
dress to maintain warmth and to carry objects in our clothes. And like our
hunting-gathering ancestors, most men still carry things on their person, as if they
still needed to keep their arms free for hunting, while women tend to have a
separate bag for carrying, as if they were still food-gatherers. But these two
functions of clothing are only two of many uses to which we put the garments that
we wear today.
There is a clear distinction between attire that constitutes “clothing” and
attire that is more aptly termed “costume”. We might say that clothing has to do
with covering the body, and costume concerns the choice of a particular form of
garment for a particular purpose. Clothing depends primarily on such physical
conditions as climate, health, and textile, while costume reflects social factors such
as personal status, religious beliefs, aesthetics, and the wish to be distinguished
from or to emulate others.
Even in early human history, costume fulfilled a function beyond that of simple
utility. Costume helped to impose authority or inspire fear. A chieftain’s costume
embodied attributes expressing his power, while a warrior’s costume enhanced
his physical superiority and suggested he was superhuman. Costume often had a
magical significance such as investing humans with the attributes of other
creatures through the recent times, professional or administrative costume is
designed to distinguish the wearer and to express personal or delegated authority.
Costume communicates the status of the wearer, and with very few exceptions, the
aim is to display as high a status as possible. Costume denotes power, and since
power is often equated with wealth, costume has come to be an expression of
social class and material prosperity.
A uniform is a type of costume that serves the important function of
displaying membership in a group: school, sports team, occupation, or armed
force. Military uniform denotes rank and is intended not only to express group
membership but also to protect the body and to intimidate. A soldier’s uniform
says. “I am part of a powerful machine, and when you deal with me, you deal with
my whole organization.” Uniforms are immediate beacons of power and authority.
If a person needs to display power—a police officer, for example—then the body
can be virtually transformed. Height can be exaggerated with protective headgear,
thick clothing can make the body look broader and stronger, and boots can
enhance the power of the legs. Uniforms also convey low social status; at the
bottom of the scale, the uniform of the prisoner denotes membership in the
society of convicted criminals.
Religious costume signifies spiritual or superhuman authority and possesses a
significance that identifies the wearer with a belief or god. A successful clergy has
always displayed impressive investments of one kind or another that clearly
demonstrate the religious leader’s dominant status.
26. According to the passage, what aspect of humanity’s hunting-gathering
past is reflected in the clothing of today?
[A]People cover their bodies because of modesty.
[B]Most men still carry objects on their person.
[C] Women like clothes that are beautiful and practical.
[D]Men wear pants, but women wear skirts or pants.
27. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the
underlined sentence in paragraph 3?
[A] Clothing serves a physical purpose, while costume has a personal, social, or
psychological function.
[B] We like clothing to fit our body well,but different costumes fit differently
depending on the purpose.
[C] Both clothing and costume are types of attire, but it is often difficult to
distinguish between them.
[D] People spend more time in choosing special costumes than they do in
selecting everyday clothing.
28. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the author most likely believes
whichof the following about costume?
[A] We can learn about a society’s social structure by studying costume.
[B] Costume used to serve a simple function, but now it is very complex.
[C] The main purpose of costume is to force people to obey their leaders.
[D] Costume is rarely a reliable indicator of a person’s material wealth.
29. Why does the author discuss the police officer’s uniform in paragraph 5?
[A] To describe the aesthetic aspects of costume.
[B] To identify the wearer with a hero.
[C] To suggest that police are superhuman.
[D] To show how costume conveys authority.
30. All of the following are likely to be indicated by a person’s costume
except
[A] playing on a football team.
[B] being a prisoner
[C] having a heart condition.
[D] leading a religious ceremony.
Text2
The founders of the Republic viewed their revolution primarily in political
rather than economic or social terms. And they talked about education as essential
to the public good—a goal that took precedence over knowledge as occupational
training or self-improvement. Over and over again, the Revolutionary generation,
both liberal and conservative in outlook, asserted its conviction that the welfare of
the Republic rested upon an educated citizenry and that schools, especially free
public schools, would be the best means of educating the citizenry in civic values
and the obligations required of everyone in a democratic republican society. All
agreed that the principal ingredients of a civic education were literacy and the
inculcation of patriotic and moral virtues, some others adding the study of history
and the study of principles of the republican government itself.
The founders, as was the case of almost all their successors, were long on
exhortation and rhetoric regarding the value of civic education, but they left it to
the textbook writers to distill the essence of those values for school children. Texts
in American history and government appeared early as the 1790s. The textbook
writers turned out to be very largely of conservative persuasion, more likely
Federalist in outlook than Jeffersonian, and almost universally agreed that political
virtue must rest upon moral and religious precepts. Since most textbook writers
were New Englanders, this means that the texts were infused with Protestant and,
above all, Puritan outlooks.
In the first half of the Republic, civic education in the schools emphasized the
inculcation of civic values and made little attempt to develop participatory political
skills. That was a task left to incipient political parties, town meetings, churches,
and the coffee or alehouses where men gathered for conversation. Additionally, as
a reading of certain federalist papers of the period would demonstrate, the press
probably did more to disseminate realistic as well as partisan knowledge of
government than the schools. The goal of education, however, was to achieve a
higher form of
un um
for the new Republic. In the middle half of the nineteenth
century, the political values taught in the public and private schools did not
change substantially from those celebrated in the first years of the Republic. In the
textbooks of the day, their rosy hues if anything became golden. To the
resplendent values of liberty, equality, and a benevolent Christian morality were
now added the middle-class virtues—especially of New England—of hard work,
honesty and integrity, the rewards of individual effort, and obedience to parents
and legitimate authority. But of all the political values taught in school, patriotism
was preeminent; and whenever teachers explained to school children why they
should love their country above all else, the idea of liberty assumed pride of place.
31. The passage deals primarily with the
[A] content of early textbooks on American history and government.
[B] role of education in late 18th- and early to mid-19th-century America.
[C] influence of New England Puritanism on early American values.
[D] establishment of universal, free public education in America.
32. According to the passage, the founders of the Republic regarded
education primarily as
[A] a religious obligation. [B] a private matter
[C] a matter of individual choice. [D] a political necessity.
33. The author states that textbooks written in the middle part of the
nineteenth century
[A] departed radically in tone and style from earlier textbooks.
[B] mentioned for the first time the value of liberty.
[C] treated traditional civic virtues with even greater reverence.
[D] were commissioned by government agencies.
34. Which of the following would LEAST likely have been the subject of an
early American textbook?
[A] the American Revolution.
[B] patriotism and other civic virtues
[C] principles of American government.
[D] vocational education
35. The author implies that an early American Puritan would likely insist that
[A] moral and religious values are the foundation of civic virtue.
[B] textbooks should instruct students in political issues of vital concern to the
community.
[C] textbooks should give greater emphasis to the value of individual liberty
than to the duties of patriotism.
[D] private schools with a particular religious focus are preferable to public
schools with no religious instruction.
Section B
Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions that follow.
Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (15%)
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Carbon dioxide and other naturally occurring gases in the earth’s
atmosphere create a natural greenhouse effect by trapping and absorbing solar
radiation. These gases act as a blanket and keep the planet warm enough for life to
survive and flourish. The warming of the earth is balanced by some of the heat
escaping from the atmosphere back into space. Without this compensating flow of
heat out of the system, the temperature of the earth’s surface and its atmosphere
would rise steadily.
Scientists are increasingly concerned about a human-driven greenhouse effect
resulting from a rise in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and other
heat-trapping greenhouse gases. The man-made greenhouse effect is the
exhalation of industrial civilization. A major contributing factor is the burning of
large amounts of fossil fuels—coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another is the
destruction of the world’s forests, which reduces the amount of carbon dioxide
converted to oxygen by plants. Emissions of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons,
nitrous oxide, and methane from human activities will enhance the greenhouse
effect, causing the earth’s surface to become warmer. The main greenhouse gas,
water vapor, will increase in response to global warming and further enhance it.
There is agreement within the scientific community that the buildup of green
house gases is already causing the earth’s average surface temperature to rise.
This is changing global climate at an unusually fast rate. According to the World
Meteorological Organization, the earth’s average temperature climbed about 1
degree F in the past century, and nine of the ten warmest years on record have
occurred since 1990. A United Nations panel has predicted that average global
temperatures could rise as much as 10.5degrees F during the next century as
heat-trapping gases from human industry accumulate in the atmosphere.
What are the potential impacts of an enhanced green house effect? According
to estimates by an international committee, North American climatic zones could
shift northward by as much as 550 kilometers (340miles). Such a change in climate
would likely affect all sectors of society. In some areas, heat and moisture stress
would cut crop yields, and traditional farming practices would have to change. For
example, in the North American grain belt, higher temperature and more frequent
drought during the growing season might require farmers to switch from corn to
wheat and to use more water for irrigation.
Global warming may also cause a rise in sea level by melting polar ice caps. A
rise in sea level would accelerate coastal erosion and inundate islands and
low-lying coastal plains, some of which are densely populated. Millions of acres of
coastal farmland would be covered by water. Furthermore, the warming of
seawater will cause the water to expand, thus adding to the potential danger.
Global warming has already left its fingerprint on the natural world. Two
research teams recently reviewed hundreds of published papers that tracked
changes in the range and behavior of plant and animal species, and they found
ample evidence of plants blooming and birds nesting earlier in the spring. Both
teams concluded that rising global temperatures are shifting the ranges of
hundreds of species—thus climatic zones—northward. These studies are hard
evidence that the natural world is already responding dramatically to climate
change, even though the change has just begun. If global warming trends
continue, changes in the environment will have an enormous impact on world
biology. Birds especially play a critical role in the environment by pollinating plants,
dispersing seeds, and controlling insect populations; thus, changes in their
populations will reverberate throughout the ecosystems they inhabit.
36. According to the passage, how do carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases affect the earth-atmosphere system?
37. What can e inferred from paragraph 3 about global climate change?
38. According to paragraph 4, what is one effect that climate change could
have on agriculture in North America?
39. What evidence does the author give that climate zones have shifted
northward?
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