托福TPO25阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

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2024年7月10日发(作者：)

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　　▉托福TPO25阅读Passage1原文文本：

　　The Surface of Mars

　　The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features,including huge

volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact

very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge,an enormous geologic area near

Mars’s est of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all:Olympus

Mons,with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter

at its three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller-a

“mere”18 kilometers high.

　　None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of

the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on d,they are shield volcanoes-

volcanoes with broad,sloping slides formed by molten four show distinctive

lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on

of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of of the

largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge,but many smaller ones are

found in the northern plains.

　　The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s

low surface lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano,the volcano’s

eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own

lower the gravity,the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the

is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield

volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height(about 10 kilometers)above their

respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface ’s surface

gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth,so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as

the Martian shield volcanoes still active?Scientists have no direct evidence

for recent or ongoing eruptions,but if these volcanoes were active as recently as

100 million years ago(an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent

of impact cratering on their slopes),some of them may still be at least intermittently

ns of years,though,may pass between eruptions.

　　Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is Mariner spacecraft

found that the surface of Mars,as well as that of its two moons,is pitted with impact

craters formed by meteoroids falling in from on our Moon,the smaller craters

are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert

r,Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar

the Moon,ancient craters less than 100 meters across(corresponding

to depths of about 20 meters)have been obliterated,primarily by meteoritic

Mars,there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in Martian

atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent,with Martian winds transporting dust from

place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone

can obliterate them.

　　As on the Moon,the extent of large impact cratering(s too big to have

been filled in by erosion since they were formed)serves as an age indicator for the

Martian estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern

highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained

in this way.

　　The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece

of information about conditions just below the planet’s n craters are

surrounded by ejecta(debris formed as a result of an impact)that looks quite different

from its lunar counterparts.A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with

the(fairly typical)crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the ejecta

surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting

a large volume of dust,soil,and boulders.■However,the ejecta on Mars gives the

distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.■Geologists

think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost,or water

ice,lies just a few meters under the surface.■Explosive impacts heated and liquefied

the ice,resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.■

　　▉托福TPO25阅读Passage1题目：

　　Q1 The word“enormous”in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　ant

　　ely large

　　 unusual

　　Q2 According to paragraph 1,Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis

bulge in that Olympus Mons

　　 more complex geologic features

　　 less impact cratering

　　 taller

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