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2023年12月12日发(作者:)
第四章 数 词
4.1 概述
表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫作数词(Numeral)。
数词有两种。表示数目多少的数词叫做基数词(cardinal numeral),如one,twelve,ninety-three等。表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词(ordinal numeral),如 first, ninth, nineteenth等。
4.2 基数词
4.2.1 1-100的基数词
数字
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
基数词
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
数字
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
基数词
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
数字
21
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
hundred
基数词
twenty-one
A. 十位数表示法
根据上面的表格中总结如下:
a. 13-19皆由3-9的基数词加后缀-teen构成。
b. 21-29由十位数20加个位数1-9构成,中间须有连字符“-”
twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three
twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six
twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine
c. 其他的十位数照此类推
thirty-one forty-two fifty-three
sixty-four seventy-five eighty-six
ninety-seven
B. 百位数表示法
百位数由1-9加hundred构成,如包含十位数及个位数,中间用and连接(也可以不用);如只包含个位数,即十位数为零时,则and不可省。
a (one) hundred 100
three hundred 300
five hundred and eighteen 518 C. 千位数的表示法
千位数由1-9加thousand 构成,其后有百、十、个位数的构成方法同前。
a (one) thousand 1,000
six thousand eight hundred 6,800
five thousand eight hundred (and) ninety-eight 5,898
D. 万的表示法
英语里没有“万”这一单位。“万”也要用thousand表示。
ten thousand 10,000
E. 十万的表示法
a (one) hundred thousand 100,000
F. 百万的表示法
a (one) million 1,000,000
G. 千万及千万以上的表示法
sixty million 6千万
eight hundred million 8亿
4.2.2基数词的复数
A. 基数词相当于可数名词,可具有复数形式。
six threes 六个3
B. 20至90的数词发生复数变化可以表示年代或表示年龄。
a. 表示年代:
nineteen fifties 20世纪50年代
b. 表示年龄:
a man in his nineties 90多岁的人
C. hundred, thousand 和 million 的复数形式常接of短语,表示不确定数目。
tens of thousands of people 上万人
hundreds and hundreds of times 成百倍
thousands upon thousands people 成千上万的人
hundreds (thousands, millions) of dollars 成百 (千、百万) 美元
注意:表示数量的dozen 与 score用法和hundreds, thousands 相似。即词尾加-s,后接of短语,表示不确定数目。
·I have told you dozens of times.
我跟你说过几十次了。
·They received scores of letters about their TV programs.
关于他们的电视节目,他们收到了大批来信。
4.2.3基数词在句子中的作用
a. 用作主语
·It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
据说13是一个不吉利的数字。
·Three of them joined the school team.
他们中有3人参加了校队。
(如说the three of them则意为“他们3人”)
·The hundreds of people came.
那几百人来了。
(通常将hundreds of看作定语) ·Two twos are four.
二二得四。
注意:
1) 出现在句首的数字,一般不用阿拉伯数字,须用英文。
2) 一般情况下,表达10以下的较小的数目时多用英文,表达较大的数目时多用阿拉伯数字。
b. 作表语
·Cooper seemed to be about thirty.
库珀看上去好像三十岁。
·Five times five is twenty-five.
5乘5等于25。
c. 用作宾语
·The shop-assistant wears a nine on her uniform.
那个女售货员的制服上戴着9号徽章。
·It is worth four hundred.
这件东西值400。(等于400 pounds或dollars)
·A fair used to be held here every day that had a seven in it. 过去这里每月逢七有集市。
d. 作定语
·There was more work in the district than one man could properly do, … (The Outstation, W.
Somerset Maugham)
这一地区的工作比一个人实际上能做的工作多。
·I have told you a hundred and one times.
我跟你说过多少次了。
注意:在形容词和数词同时修饰名词时,通常数词在前,形容词在后;但当数词和其修饰的名词表示整体概念时,形容词放在数词前面。例如:
·She won two first prizes.
e. 作同位语
·Are you two reading?
你们二人在看书吗?
·They three joined the school team.
他们三人参加了校队。
f. 作状语
·I hate riding two on a bike.
我不喜欢骑自行车带人。
·Sitting down thirteen at dinner is deemed unlucky in the Western world.
在西方,坐在13号用餐,被认为是不吉利的。
4.3 序数词
现将第1-20的序数词(包括其缩写式)列表如下:
数字
第一
第二
第三
第四
序数词
first
second
third
fourth
缩写
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
数字
第十一
第十二
第十三
第十四
序数词
elenventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
缩写
11th
12th
13th
14th 第五
第六
第七
第八
第九
第十
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
第十五
第十六
第十七
第十八
第十九
第二十
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
4.3.1 英语序数词的构成
A. 第1-19序数词的构成
除first, second与third 有特殊形式外,其余的由基数词加后缀-th 构成。
B. 第20至第90的整十序数词的构成
先将十位数的基数词的词尾-ty 中的-y变为-i, 然后加后缀
-eth, 例如:
twentieth 20th thirtieth 30th fortieth 40th
C. 20以上,100以内的非整十序数词的构成
20以上,100以内的非整十数字构成序数词时,十位数用基数词,个位数用序数词,中间须有连字符“-”。
twenty-first 21st thirty-second 32nd
forty-fourth 44th eighty-seventh 87th
D. 整百、整千、整万序数词的构成
由hundred, thousand等加-th, 前面加有关的基数词构成。
(one) hundredth 100th
(one) thousandth 1,000th
ten thousandth 10,000th
(one) hundred thousandth 100,000th
注意:序数词 hundredth, thousandth, millionth, billionth之前的“一”只可用one,不可用a。
E. 多位数序数词的构成
多位数序数词的后位数如包含1-9时,后位数用序数词,前位数用基数词,中间出现零时,须用and连接。
two hundred and first 201st
three thousand two hundred (and) twenty-first 3,221st
4.3.2序数词在句子中的作用
A. 作主语
·The first is better than the second.
第一个比第二个要好。
·The first of October is our National Day.
10月1日是我们的国庆节。
B. 作表语
·She was (the) fourth in the exam.
她考试得第四名。
·She was the third to arrive.
她是第三个到的。
C. 作宾语 ·He was among the first to arrive.
他是首批到达的。
·He held up a piece of paper folded into fourths.
他拿起一张折成四折的纸。
D. 作定语
·A third man entered the room.
第三个人进入房间。
·January is the first month of the year.
元月是一年中的第一个月。
·On Friday, the 10th instant, Mr. and Mrs. Cole celebrated their silver wedding-day.
科尔夫妇于本月10日星期五庆祝他们的银婚。
注意:试比较下面的两个相同的基数词和序数词因为在短语中的位置发生变化而产生的意义变化。
the first two chapters 头两章
the two first prizes 两个一等奖
E. 作状语
·When did you first meet him?
你什么时候和他首次见面的?
·He came second in the race.
他赛跑获第二名。
F. 作同位语
·Who is that man, the first in the front row?
前排第一个人是谁?
4.4倍数、分数、小数与百分数的表示法
4.4.1倍数
A. 两倍表示法
a. twice表示两倍:
·Twice nine is eighteen.
二九十八。
·This box is twice as large as that one.
这个盒子是那个盒子的两个大。
·This box is twice larger than that one.
这个盒子比那个盒子大一倍。
b. again表示两倍:
·My aunt is as old again as I am.
我姑姑的年龄比我大一倍。
c. double表示两倍
·The top-brand cigarettes are often sold at double the normal price here.
这里名牌香烟售价经常比正常价高一倍。
B. 三倍表示法
a. triple n. 三倍数
·Eighteen is the triple of six.
十八是六的三倍。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
b. triple a. 三倍的
a triple dose of medicine 三倍剂量的药
c. triple v. 增至三倍,使成三倍
·The farm tripled its profits last year.
农场去年利润增至三倍。(英汉大词典, 陆谷孙)
·His income tripled.
他的收入增至三倍。(英汉大词典, 陆谷孙)
C. 四倍表示法
a. quadruple n.
·80 is the quadruple of 20.
80是20的四倍。
b. quadruple a. 四倍的
·The firm has an annual profit quadruple that of ours.
他们公司年度利润是我们的四倍。
c. quadruple v.(使)成四倍
·They quadrupled output to around 20 million tons. 他们把产量增至2,000万吨左右,是原来的四倍。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
D. 多倍表示法
a. 表示倍数用fold
onefold 仅含一个的,单一的
twofold a. & ad. 两倍的(地)
threefold a. & ad. 三倍的(地)
三以上的倍数类推,即fourfold, fivefold, hundredfold等,其用法同twofold。例如:
a twofold increase 两倍的增加
·He repaid the money twofold.
他加倍偿还了那笔钱。
·The value of the house has increased fourfold since 1939.
房价自1939年以来增加了4倍。
b. 表示三倍或三倍以上可以用基数词加 times
at ten times normal speed 以十倍于正常速度的速度
three times the size of 是……的三倍大
three times as large as 比……大两倍
·Output of coal increased four times (或fourfold).
煤产量增加了3倍。
注意:下列同义句的表达方式不同:
·GDP (gross domestic product) was four times as great as that of last year.
国民生产总值是去年的4倍。
·GDP (gross domestic product) was four times greater that of last year.
国民生产总值比去年增加了3倍。
E. 其他表示倍数的方法见下列各例:
·Three fours are twelve.
三四得十二。
·Three times four is twelve.
3乘4得12。 ·How much (或 What) is three times four?
3乘4得多少?
·This shows a 200% increase over the previous year.
这说明比去年增加200%。
4.4.2分数
A. 分数的构成
表示分数时,分子须用基数词,分母用序数词。分子如是1以上,表示分母的序数词须用复数形式。如下表所示:
1/3
a (one) third
2/3
two thirds
3/5
three fifths
B. 特殊分数的读法
a. 1/2 读作a (one) half(不读作one second)
b. 1/4 读作a (one) quarter 也可以读作a (one) fourth
C. 百分数的读法
% 读作per cent
5% 读作five per cent
0.5% 读作 (naught) point five per cent
d. 数学中可都用基数词读, 如:
1/2 读作 one over two
2/3 读作 two over three
注意:复杂的分数多用此读法,如:
17/286 读作seventeen over two hundred (and) eighty-six。
e. 整数与分数之间须用and连接
读作 five and a half
C. 分数的用法
a. 作前置定语时,注意下列写法与读法:
a one-third kilogramme 三分之一公斤
a two-thirds kilogramme 三分之二公斤
注意:分数中如果分子大于或等于二,分母的序数词用复数形式。
b. 由quarter构成的分数相当于名词时,与它相当于形容词作用的写法要求有差异。相当于名词时用不用连字符皆可,相当于形容词时需要有连字符。例如:
three-quarters (three quarters) of a kilogramme 四分之三公斤
a three-quarter kilogramme 四分之三公斤
4.4.3小数
小数读法是:小数点前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同。小数点后则须将数字一一读出。
6.18 six point one eight
2.228 two point two two eight
0.26 naught point two six = nought point two six = zero point two six
4.5数学算式表示法
4.5.1加、减、乘、除算式 8+8=16 Eight plus eight equal(s) sixteen.
9-3=6 Nine minus three is six.
15×15=225 Fifteen multiplied by fifteen is two hundred and twenty-five.
30÷5=6 Thirty divided by five is six.
4.5.2比例与乘方、开方
10∶19 the ratio of ten to nineteen
126∶3=42 The ratio of one hundred and twenty-six to three equals forty-two.
8的乘方 The square of eight
=3 The square root of nine is three.
=3 The cubic root of twenty-seven is three.
(17-+65/5) -(4×3)=15读作:
Seventeen minus the square root of nine, plus sixty-five over five, minus four times three,
equals fifteen.
4.5.3面积表示法
A. 用by表示面积:
fifteen metres by six metres 90米(15米×6米)
B. 用square表示面积:
90 square metres 九十平方米
4.6编号
4.6.1 各类典型编号表示法见下表:
编 号 含 义 读 法 缩 写
Number 8
Line 6
Page 18
Lesson Eight
Room (No.) 108
No. 8 Wall Street
Platform (No.) 6
Bus (No.) 336
Tel. No. 801-8609
第八号
第六行
第十八页
第八课
108房间
华尔街8号
第六站台
336路公共汽车
电话号码 801-4609
Number Eight
Line Six
Page Ten
Room (number) one O [ou] eight
telephone number eight oh one(稍加停顿)four
six oh nine
No. 8
L. 6
P. 18
Postcode (或zip
邮政编码 10081
code) 10081
4.6.2 时间表示法
4.6.2.1年的表示法:
时间
1949
1800
1808
含义
1949年
1800年
1808年
读 法
nineteen forty-nine或nineteen hundred and forty-nine
eighteen hundred
eighteen and eight或eighteen hundred and eight
1960s(1960’s) 20世纪60年代 nineteen sixties 560 B. C.
576 A. D.
(A. D. 576)
公元前560年
公元576年
five sixty B. C. 或five hundred and sixty B. C.
five seventy-six A. D. 或 five
hundred and seventy-six A. D.
注意:在年的表示法中,A. D.在不会被误解的情况下常可省略。
4.6.2.2月份表示法:
月 份
January
February
March
April
May
缩 写
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
——
——
July
August
September
October
November
月 份 缩 写
——
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
June December Dec.
4.6.2.3 时刻表示法
A. 文字表示法:
at six o’clock 在上午六时
at 在上午六时
half past 下午六时半
(a) quarter past 上午六时一刻
(a) quarter to 下午八时差一刻
five to 下午八时差五分
注意:上述的短语中的a.m.都可以写作am, 上述的短语中的p.m.都可以写作pm;美国英语可用after 代替past。
B. 阿拉伯数字表示法:
6.00(英式)或6:00(美式) 读作six
6.28(英式)或6:28(美式) 读作six twenty-eight
C. 以24小时时制的表示法
06.00(英式)或06:00(美式) 读作zero six hundred hours
21.25(英式)或21:25(美式) 读作twenty-one twenty-five
4.7币制表示法
4.7.1英国币制表示法
1p 1便士 读作one penny或one p
6p 6便士 读作six pence或six p
£5.86为5英镑86便士,读作five pounds eighty-six pence。
4.7.2美国币制表示法
A. 美国常见币制表示法
1c. 1美分 读作one cent 或one penny
$2.26为2美元26美分,读作two dollars twenty six 或two twenty-six。
B. 美国其它币值
nickel = five cents dime = ten cents
quarter = twenty-five cents half-dollar = fifty cents
第四章练习
I. 单项选择题
1. September is _____ month of the year.
A) the ninth B) the nineth
C) ninth D) nineth
2. The Canadians fought in _____ .
A) the World War II B) World War II
C) World War the II D) Second World War
3. This paper-making plant has _____ workers.
A) two thousands B) thousands of
C) two thousands of D) thousands
4. —Could you tell me when the train arrives and leaves?
—/tu: tu: tu: tu: tu: tu:/.
This answer must be _____ .
A) 22: 02; 2:02 B) 22: 02; 2:20
C) 1: 58; 2:02 D) 2: 22; 2:02
5. —When were you born?
—I was born _____ .
A) on October 12th, 1965 B) in 1965, October 12th
C) on 12th October, 1965 D) 12th on October, 1965
6. When I was _____ , I moved to London.
A) in her fifties B) in my fifties
C) in his fifty D) fifty more
7. —When is your sister’s birthday?
—It’s on Friday, _____ .
A) eighth June B) the eighth of June
C) June eighth D) June of eight
8. Thirty-four _____ three makes a hundred and two.
A) times B) time
C) timed by D) minus
9. Eleven plus _____ fourteen.
A) three is B) three are
C) third is D) three equal
10. The book is _____ thicker than that one.
A) four times B) four time
C) fourth time D) as four times
11. The country has _____ .
A) the population of eight million
B) eight million peoples
C) a population of eight million
D) eight million population
12. Jack has ____ books. A) two dozens B) dozen of
C) dozens of D) dozen
II. 把下列英语词组译成汉语
13. 8: 8:
14. in 1997 in nineteen nineties/in 1990’s
15. three forty-two eighteen to four
16. five inches thick a three-meter-high wall
17. one boy in seven seven percent of boys
III. 把下面的数字用英语表达出来
18. 28% 19. 100%
20. 365 21. 8,574
22. 32,947 23. 4,583,674
24. 25. 3
26. 0.74 27. 4.26
IV. 汉译英
28. 两个半小时 29. 65路公共汽车
30. 电话号码:86572598 31. 六分之五的空间
32. 708号房间 33. 二手自行车
34. 七月中旬 35. 第七任总统
36. 头十名顾客 37. 第25届奥运会
第四章练习答案
I. 单项选择
1-6 ABBCAB 7-12 BAAACC
II. 把下列英语词组译成汉语
13. 上午8:00 下午8:00/20:00
14. 在1997年 在20世纪90年代
15. 3:42 3:42
16. 五英寸厚 一堵三米高的墙
17. 七个男孩中有一个 百分之七的男孩
III. 把下面的数字用英语表达出来
18. twenty-eight percent
19. one hundred percent
20. three hundred and sixty-five
21. eight thousand five hundred and seventy-four
22. thirty-two thousand, nine hundred and forty-seven
23. four million, five hundred and eighty-three thousand, six hundred and seventy-four
24. two-thirds 25. three and five sixths
26. zero point seven four 27. four point two six
IV. 汉译英
28. two hours and a half 29. Bus No. 65
30. Telephone No. 86572598
31. five-sixths of space 32. Room 708 33. second-hand bike
34. the middle of July/the second ten days of July
35. the seventh president 36. the first ten customers
37. the 25th Olympic Games 第五章 动 词
5.1 概述
客观事物在不断地运动变化。动词是反映各种运动变化、表示动作或状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气等变化。根据动词的语义和功能,动词可分为实意动词、联系动词、助动词和情态动词。实意动词又可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。根据动词的变化形式,动词可分为规则动词和不规则动词。下面将分类讲述动词的功能和用法。
5.2 实意动词
实意动词有完全的意义,可在句子中作谓语。例如:
·The guard presented arms. (The Outstation, W. Somerset Maugham)
士兵亮出了武器。
·Malcolm craned his neck to see the gate. (The Horse Dealer’s Daughter, D. H. Lawrence)
尔科姆伸长了脖子望着大门。
·Auction is a process to raise the value of anything by using a small hammer.
拍卖就是用一把小锤子使任何东西增值的过程。(英汉幽默词典,陈德彰)
5.2.1及物动词
及物动词是指带直接宾语后意义才能完整的实意动词。
a. 后接一个宾语
·They called a special meeting of the Board of Aldermen. (A Rose for Emily, William
Faulkner)
他们召集了一次市政委员会特别会议。
·The young doctor looked at her, but did not address her. (The Horse Dealer’s Daughter, D.
H. Lawrence)
这位年轻的医生看了看她,但是没有对她说话。
·He had slightly emphasised his tone… (A Little Cloud, James Joyce)
他稍微加重了语气…
注意:习惯接一个宾语的及物动词主要包括:accuse, acquaint, acquit, announce, apprise,
charge, cheat, convict, convince, cure, demand, deprive, employ, empty, expect, explain, heal,
inform, impoverish, inquire, introduce, notify, persuade, purify, recognize, regard, remind, require,
relieve, rid等。
b. 后接双宾语
·Can you show me the book you mean?
把你说的那本书给我看看好吗? (英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
注意:
1) 有些动词在接双宾语时,其间接宾语可转换成介词to 引导的短语。这类动词主要包括:accord (给予), allow, cause, give, leave, lend, loan, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show,
teach, tell, throw, write 等。
2) 有些动词在接双宾语时,其间接宾语可转换成介词for 引导的短语。这类动词主要包括:build, buy, choose, cook, find, make, order, play, pour, save, sing等。
5.2.2不及物动词
不及物动词从功能意义上是指不可以带宾语,如果要带宾语, 必须通过介词的实意动词。从语义上是指不带宾语意义就完整的实意动词。例如:
·…when the stranger was due to arrive… (The Outstation, W. Somerset Maughham)
…当这位陌生人要到达的时候……
·Mists fled before the rising sun.
日出雾散。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·He flushed with shame.
他因感到羞耻而脸红。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
注意:有些动词用作及物动词和不及物动词意义不同,现将这类动词归纳如下:
例 词 及物动词意义 不及物动词意义
account
beat
blow
call
cheat
draw
escape
head
manage
mind
miss
move
point
press
propose
reflect
run
shoot
touch
认为
打败
吹响; 吹奏
命名, 号召
欺骗, 哄骗
提取, 引起
避开, 免除
带领
经营, 管理
照顾, 照管
失掉, 惦记
使感动, 提议
增强
按, 强迫
建议, 推荐
表达, 考虑
管理, 经营
射中, 打猎
触犯, 感动
解释
跳动
吹, 刮风
拜访, 访问
欺诈, 作弊
打成平局
逃跑, 泄露
朝…行进
设法对付
介意, 在乎
未击中
搬家, 进展
削尖
紧迫
求婚
反射
跑
开枪, 射击
接触
5.2.3实意动词构成的常用成语及常用短语
adapt …to 使适应于
adjust … to 使适应于
be absorbed in 专心于
have/gain access to 可以获得
accommodate sb. with 给某人提供……
account for 解释,说明
take sth. into account 考虑
accumulate a fortune 积蓄钱财
accuse sb. of sth. 指控
charge sb. with sth. 指控
become/be accustomed to 习惯于
be acquainted with 认识,碰过面
acquaint sb. with 通知,告知,使某人了解
act as 充当
act on 对……起作用
be addicted to 沉溺于,醉心于 adhere to
take advantage of
come of age
alienate…from
allow for
draw an analogy between
appeal sb. to do sth.
apply to sth.
apply for sth.
meet one’s approval
approve of
approximate to
arise from
arrest sb. for sth.
guard against arrogance
ascribe sth. to sb./sth.
assert oneself
assess ... on /upon ...
assign sb. to do sth.
associate ... with ...
assure sb. of sth.
convince sb. of sth.
smash /break sth. to atoms
be attached to
attain one’s goal
attract one’s attention
attribute ... to
be authorized to issue the
following statement
avail oneself of
ballot for (against)
ban sb. from doing sth.
bank with
bank on/upon
bare one’s heart/soul
bargain with
block a street with a
barricade
set up barriers between ...
and ...
batter sb. about
battle for
bear with
behave oneself
坚持;黏附在……上,忠于,追随
利用……, 乘……
成年,满法定年龄
与……脱离
考虑到
把……作类比
呼吁做某事
适用于
申请
使某人满意,得到某人赞同
赞许(批准)某事
近似……; 接近……
由……引起
因……而逮捕某人
谨防骄傲自满
把某事归于某人(或某事)
坚持自己的权力
向……征收(税款、罚款等)
委派某人做某事
把……与……联系起来
使某人相信
使某人相信
将某物打得粉碎
附属于
达到目的
吸引某人注意
归因于
受权发表下列声明
利用
投票赞成(反对)……
禁止某人做某事
把钱存……
依靠,依赖,信任
说心里话
与……讨价还价
用障碍物阻塞街道
在……之间设障
痛打某人
为……而打仗
忍受
规规矩矩
leave behind 留下,忘掉
be beloved by/of 为……所爱
benefit from 从……中受益
make a bet on 在……上下赌注
bid some money for sth. 出钱买某物
pay a bill 付账
blame sb. for sth. /blame sth.
on sb. 把……归咎于某人
blaze up 燃烧;勃然大怒
blend (in) with/into 与……调和,使掺和在一起
be blessed with 幸运地得到,享有
blink one’s eyes 眨眼睛
block one’s way 挡住……去路
blow one’s top 大发雷霆
blush with/for sth. 因……而害臊
enter into a bond with 与……缔约
bounce off (out of ) one’s
chair 从椅子上跳起来
brand sth. on one’s
mind / memory 铭记在心(记忆中)
break through 突破,突围
bring about /lead to 导致
brood over 仔细考虑/笼罩在……上
bump against (into) 碰撞
bunch (up) together 挤在一起
bundle off 把……打发走
mind one’s own business 不要多管闲事
butter sb. up 阿谀,奉承
campaign for sth. 为……而进行活动
hold a candle to the devil/su 徒劳,白费
carry on 继续进行
carry out 实行,贯彻
carry through 完成
cash in on 靠……赚钱
cater for (to) 迎合于
center attention on sth. 把注意力集中在某事上
leave the chair 闭会
take a chance 冒险
take one’s chance 碰运气
chase after sb. 追求某人,追赶某人
check in 住进,登记到
check out 结账走人
cheer on 为……喝彩
cheer up 为之一震,高兴 cherish a hope that 抱有……希望
chew on /upon sth. 咀嚼,[喻] 想一想,考虑
chop down 砍下,砍倒
chop at 向……砍(去)
claim on sth. 要求
clasp one’s hands 握手(十指交叉握着)
cling to 坚持
be coated in /with 被…… 盖(罩)上
break a code 破解密码
coincide with 与……一致
collaborate with 与……合作
combat for 为……而战
commend sb. to (向……)推荐某人(做某事)
commit a crime 犯罪
seek common ground 求同
communicate with sb. 与某人联系
compare with 与……相比
compare… to… 把……比作
compensate sb. for 由于……而赔偿某人
compete with sb. for sth. 为得到……与某人竞争
complain against 控告
complain of (about) sth. 诉说
comply with 遵守
compress sth. into 把……压进……,把……压缩成
compromise with sb. on sth. 在某事上向某人妥协
conceive of sth. (as...) 想象(成……),设想出(成……)
concentrate on/upon 集中于……,专心于……
confine oneself to the facts 以事实为限
be confirmed in one’s faith 信仰更坚定
conflict with 与……冲突
conform to 遵守,遵从
be confronted with 面临,面对
consent to sth. 同意某事
consist of 由……构成
consist in 存在于……
constrain sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事
contest with (against) 与……对抗
contribute to 捐助……,有利于……
cope with 处理, 应付
correspond to 相当于
count on 指望
crash into 撞上
criticize sb. for sth. 因……而批评某人
cross out 删去, 取消 cut up 切细, 切碎
dart a glance 飞快的瞥一眼
date from 从 (某一时期) 起始
meet the deadline 在截止期限内做完某事
deal with 与……做生意, 对付
fall into decay 衰退, 衰败
deceive sb. into doing 骗某人做某事
dedicate oneself to 献身于……
deduce from 从……推断
deliver sb. from ... 把某人从……解出来
depart for 出发去
depend on sb. to do 指望某人做某事
deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物
derive from 起源于, 取得
descend from 从……(降) 下去
describe ... as ... 把……描绘成
deviate from 背离……, 离开
differ from 与……不同
disguise from 对……掩盖……
dispose of 处理, 除掉, 破坏
dispute with sb. about sth. 与某人争论某事
distinguish from 辨别出……与……
distract sb. from (doing ) sth. 使某人……分神
diverge from 与……不同 (分歧)
divert ... from 使……转向
be divorced from 与……离婚
dock at 在……靠岸
dominate over 占优势
dream of doing 梦想做某事
drop out 退出, 退学
dwell on 细想, 详述
ease one’s pain 减轻痛苦
take effect 实施, 生效
eliminate the false and retain
the true 去伪存真
be enchanted with (by) 被陶醉
enforce sth. on sb. 迫使某人做某事
be engaged in 忙于, 从事于
be engaged to 与……订婚
entitle sb. to do sth. 给某人做某事的权力
be equipped with 装备……
exceed in 在……方面突出
exert oneself to do sth. 尽力去做……
be expelled from 被……开除 exploit one’s office 营私舞弊
exploit a coal mine 开采煤矿
extract ... from
keep an eye on
face up to
fall behind
fancy doing
feel like doing
feel one’s way
filter ... through ...
finish with
flare up
be flattered by (at)
flatter sb. on sth.
fly into a rage
focus ... on
try one’s fortune
make a fortune
lay the foundation for
frighten sb. into doing
fulfil one’s promise
make fun of
furnish sb. with sth.
gasp for
gasp out
give away
gladden sb.’s heart
glance at (over, through)
glare at
grant a favour
grieve at (for, over) sth.
guarantee sb. against sth.
guard against sth.
hasten (sb.) to do
hate to do/ doing sth.
head for
hide sth. from sb.
keep house
keep the house
identify ... with
idle away (one’s time)
idle about
be immersed in
从……中取出, 从……中摘录
照看, 密切关注
面对, 对付
落后
想象做某事
想要
摸索着走
用……过滤……
售完, 断绝关系
突然地燃烧起来
对……感到高兴
向某人奉承某物
勃然大怒
使……集中于
碰运气
发财, 致富
为……打基础
吓唬某人做某事
履行诺言
取笑
供给某人某物
渴望
气喘吁吁地说
捐赠, 捐献, 泄露
使某人开心
看了一眼, 看一下
怒视某人
答应帮忙
对……悲伤
保证某人不受……
留心某事
催促某人做……
讨厌做某事
驶向, 走向
瞒着某人某事
管理家务
呆在家里不出门
把……与……等同,
和……打成一片
消磨时光
闲逛, 没事干
全神贯注于
have an impact on 对……有冲击作用
impose sth. on/upon
impress sb. with ...
impress on
be inclined to do sth.
be indulged in
be inferior to
inform sb. of /about sth..
inject sb. with ...
inquire into sth.
insure sb. against sth.
integrate with ...
integrate ...
interfere in
interfere with
invest ... in ...
be /get involved in ( doing)
sth.
label ... as ...
lack for
lag behind
lay out
lead to
leak out
leave behind
let alone
be loaded with
be located in
long for
look into
lose one’s temper
lump together
major in
make up for
match ... for ...
mist over
mix up with
mourn for / over sb.
nail one’s eye on sth.
notify sb. of sth.
object to sth.
observe on sth.
be occupied in
把……强加于……上
给某人留下……印象
在……上打印
倾向于做……
沉迷于
低于……, 不如……
告诉某人某事
给某人注射……
调查, 查问某事件
确保某人不会
与……结合
使……并入……
干涉, 干预
防碍, 阻止
投资于……, 买……
卷入……, 一心做……
把……. 称为
缺…… (多用于否定句)
落后
安排,布置; 陈列, 展示;
设计, 制定
通向, 导致
消息泄露,走漏风声
留下, 忘记带
不干涉; 更不用说
被装上
位于 ……
渴望
调查
发脾气
合在一起
主修,专攻
补偿, 弥补
与……相匹配
被雾覆盖
把……和……混淆在一起哀悼某人
盯住某物看,目不转睛
通知某人某事
反对某事
评说某事
正在做某事
be offended with sb. for sth. 因某事而对某人生气
be offended at sth.
operate on
be opposed to
owe ... to
keep pace with
be packed with
participate in
pass away
pass out
pay attention to
persist in doing sth.
phase in
phase out
pierce into /through
pile up
play a part / role in
pluck up one’s courage
plunge in
plunge into
think poorly of
pose as
be possessed of
pray for
press for
exert pressure upon
prevail over
propose to sb.
pull in
pull off
pull out
pull up
pull through
pump up
put off
put out
put up with
puzzle over
range from ... to ...
reach for
reason with
reason out
reckon ... as
recommend to
因某事而生气
给……做手术
反对,违反
把……归功于
与……齐头并进
被充满
参加
消失, 消亡, 去世
失去知觉
注意
坚持做某事
逐步采用
逐步淘汰
刺入
累积, 积聚
在……起作用
(虽害怕仍)鼓起勇气
投入,跳入,猛刺
跳入,使陷入,突然冲入瞧不起
冒充,假装
具有,握有
为……祈祷
紧急要求
对……施压
战胜,压倒
向某人求婚
(车)停下,到站
成功, 将车靠到路旁
离站,撤离,抽出
停下
(使)活下去,恢复健康抽出
推迟,延期
熄灭,公布,发布
容忍,忍受
苦想
从……到……范围内变化伸手去够,伸手拿
说服,劝服
推断出(答案)
把……看作
交付,托付
recover from 从……中恢复
refer to 查阅,涉及,提到
reflect on /upon 仔细考虑
relieve sb. of 使某人免于,帮助某人解决
rely on / upon 依赖,依靠
remind sb. of / about sth. 使某人想起,提醒,某人
render an account 付账, 还账
replace ... with /by 以……取代……
reply for 代表……回答
reply on 回答,答复
represent ... as 把……描绘成
represent to 向(某人)表示,交涉
live up to one’s reputation 名副其实
reserve for 替……保留,留作……之用
reside in 住在(后跟城市)
reside at 住在(后跟地址)
resign ... to 委托,交给
resign oneself to 听从,顺从,甘受
be resolved to do sth. 决心做某事
resort to 利用,求助于,诉诸
respond to 有反应,起作用
restrict ... to... 把……限制在……,仅限于
result from 由……造成,因……而产生
revenge on (sb.) 向(某人)报复,报仇
revolt against 反抗,造反
roll in 大量涌进,滚滚而来
roll out 压平,碾平
roll over 打滚,使翻滚
roll up 卷起(袖子等)
make room for 为……让出地方,腾出地方
be rooted in 起源于
root out 根除,杜绝
rule over 统治,管理
rule out 排除
run across 偶然碰见
run into 偶然遇到,共计
run out of 用完
run through 挥霍,匆匆看过
run for 竞选;逃走,逃
sacrifice oneself for 为……而牺牲
safeguard ... against 预防……事故
save up 储蓄,贮存,节省
scrape against 擦过
search into 调查,探究 seat oneself, be seated
see to
send for
serve the needs of
shrink (back) from
sing sb.’s praise
sink in /into
sit back
sketch sth. out
slide over
smooth over
sort sth. (out)
specialize in
speculate on /upon /about
speed sth. up
spin out
split sth. (up) into ...
squeeze ...out
stack sth. up
stand by
stand for
be starved of/starve for
stem from
stick in
stick to sb./sth.
stir up
submit (oneself) to sb./sth.
subscribe to sth.
succeed to sth.
commit suicide
sum up
be supposed to
sweep down
thread one’s way through
go through (with)
throw off
trade ... for ...
triumph over
wait on / at
want for /in
watch out ( for sth.)
wear away
(正式用语)坐下
注意,留心,照料
派某人去请(某人),取(某物)
满足……的要求
退缩,往后退
衷心赞美某人,歌颂某人
渗入,陷入
舒适的倚坐在椅子上
草拟
轻轻带过某事,点到为止
掩饰,调停,平息
分类,整理
搭配,专政,专门研究
思索,推测,推想
加快速度
延长,使延续
把……分开成……
挤出,榨出(水, 汁)等
把某物(整齐地)堆、码起来
袖手旁观;待机,准备行动;
援助,支持
代表
渴望,急需,迫切需要
产生,源自
陷住,卡住,动弹不得
忠于,坚持,坚守,维持
搅起,搅拌
顺从,服从
订阅
继承
自杀
总结,归纳
被期望,要求;应该;
(用于否定句)不被许可
突然猛袭
挤过,走过
结束,做好,完成
摆脱,除去
用……换……
战胜……,击败……
服侍,服务,伺候就餐
缺乏,不足
当心,注意,监视
是磨损,变磨损
wear out
weep out
wink at
yield to sb./ sth.
使变旧,耗尽,
使(某人)精疲力竭
边哭边说出
向……眨眼睛
让步,屈服
5.3联系动词
联系动词在句子中通常担任谓语动词, 连接主语和表语, 表语对主语进行说明, 使主语具有一个完整的概念。联系动词可以分别表示状态、表示转变以及表示维持原状。例如:
·That thing which is rare is dear.
物以稀为贵。(英语谚语词典,徐守勤)
·They got killed in the war.
他们在战争中丧命。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·He looked bewildered. (The Chrysanthemums, John Steinbeck )
他看上去不知所措。
5.3.1表示状态的联系动词
表示状态的联系动词主要包括:be, seem, appear, look, sit, hold等。它们在句子中和实意动词一样有人称、时态和数的变化。例如:
·The verdict appears just.
判决看来似乎公正。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·They sit cross-legged.
他们盘腿而坐。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·He asked me to hold still.
他要求我别动。 (英汉大词典,陆谷孙 )
5.3.2表示转变的联系动词
表示转变的联系动词主要包括:get, grow, become, fall, come, go, run, turn等, 他们在句子中同样有人称、时态和数的变化。例如:
·The sun grew hot.
太阳变得炙人。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·The tadpole becomes a frog.
蝌蚪长成青蛙。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·The door came open.
门开了。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
5.1.2.3表示维持原状的联系动词
表示维持原状的联系动词主要包括: keep, remain, stay等。
·How long will this milk keep?
这牛奶能保鲜多久?(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·He ate much but remained lean.
他吃得很多,可依旧很瘦。 (英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·He remained lost in thought.
他陷入久久的沉思。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙 )
5.4 助动词
助动词本身不能单独使用,因为助动词本身没有独立的词义,必须和普通动词结合在一起才可以使用。助动词帮助普通动词构成各种时态、各种语态、各种语气、肯定句、否定句、疑问句、强调句。
助动词根据其作用可以分为基本助动词,时态助动词,语态助动词和情态助动词。
5.4.1基本助动词
基本助动词包括do, have, be。它们可以直接用于现在一般时和过去一般时,提到句子最前面,形成疑问语气,或者在其后加否定词形成否定语气,或用于句中形成强调语气。因而可以把他们看作是基本助动词。这三个基本助动词可以构成多种语气。例如:
A. 陈述语气
普通的陈述句不需要助动词,下面的例句是关于一种特殊的带有的强调语气的陈述语气—强调语气。
·I did go, but she wasn’t in.
我确实去过,可她不在家。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·Rarely does he come in before ten o’clock.
他难得在十点钟前回家。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
B. 否定语气
·“No, I have never had confidence and I’m not young.” (A Clean Well-lighted Place, Ernest
Hemingway)
“不, 我没有信心并且我也不年轻了。”
注意:both, every, all 后面使用助动词加not形成部分否定意义。常见的部分否定句式如下:
Both+助动词+not+实意动词: 并不是两个都做了某事;
All+助动词+not+实意动词: 并不是所有的人都做了某事;
Every+助动词+not+实意动词:并不是每一个人都做了某事。
C. 疑问语气
·How do you find conditions in America? (Babylon Revisited, F. Scott Fitzgerald)
你发现美国那里的情况怎么样?
·Have you (got) any free time today?
今天你有空吗? (英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
D. 否定疑问语气
·Why didn’t you let him stay and drink? (A Clean Well-lighted Place, Ernest Hemingway)
你为什么不让他留下继续喝酒呢?
E. 祈使语气
普通的祈使语气不需要助动词。下面的例句是一个特殊的祈使语气 — 带有强调语气的祈使语气。
·Do be careful!
一定要当心!(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
F. 虚拟语气
·Be he friend or enemy, the law regards him as a criminal.
不管他是朋友还是敌人,根据法律他是个罪犯。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
5.4.2时态助动词
时态助动词包括have, be,shall和will。其中shall和will用于构成将来时态。have用于构成完成时态,be用于构成进行时态,由have, be, shall, will 以及它们的时态变化形式,或单独使用或叠加组合可以构成英语中的常用的十四个时态。英语中的十六个基本时态除现在一般时、过去一般时的主动语态的肯定句以及几个固定短语表示将来含义外,其他时态都需要由助动词辅助构成。例如:
·You will be able to play football again better than ever.(In Another Country, Ernest
Hemingway)
你的足球将比以往踢得还好。
·Detectives are now searching the house in Browater Gardens and your daughter’s flat.
(Justice, Tim Vicary)
警官们正在搜索堡沃特花园和你女儿的公寓。
·I think there has been foul play. (Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde)
我想这里有阴谋。
·I knew it would be a good one because Tom’s plan are always crazy and excitng. (The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain)
我明白这会是一个出色的计划,因为,汤姆的计划总是既疯狂又兴奋。
5.4.3语态助动词
be是构成被动语态最常用的助动词,因此可以被称为语态助动词。被动语态的主要构成形式是由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成的。例如:
·That slave is locked up again and he’s going to stay there.(The Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn, Mark Twain)
那个奴隶又被锁起来了,他要待在那儿。
·At this table was seated Uncle Tom, Mr. Shelby’s best hand. (Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet
Beecher Stowe)
桌前坐着汤姆叔叔 — 谢尔贝先生的左膀右臂。
5.4.4情态助动词
情态助动词共有十二个: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to,
dare, need用于表示说话人对言语中的动词所表示的状态或动作的看法或者态度。例如:
·At dinner he couldn’t decide whether Honoria was most like him or her mother. (Babylon
Revisited, F. Scott Fitzgerald)
晚餐的时候他还不能确定奥娜丽亚是喜欢她的妈妈还是喜欢他。
·How can anybody count on that? (Babylon Revisited, F. Scott Fitzgerald)
谁能指望那个?
·“He can’t marry. He can’t marry,” he said angrily. (In Another Country, Ernest
Hemingway)
“他不可以结婚。他不可以结婚,”他生气地说。
5.5动词的基本形式
动词共有四种基本形式: 动词的原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词:
形式 原形
play
例
词
不规则动词
规则动词 hurl
twist
do
have
be
过去式
played
hurled
twisted
did
had
was, were
现在分词
playing
hurling
twisting
doing
having
being
过去分词
played
hurled
twisted
done
had
been
5.5.1规则动词的基本形式的构成
通常情况下,规则动词的现在分词在动词原形后加-ing;过去式和过去分词在动词原形后加-ed。但有下列复杂变化:
A. 现在分词的构成
a. 以-e 结尾的动词, -e前是除-i以外的字母,去掉-e加-ing:
hide — hiding
b. 以-ie结尾, 改-ie为-y, 再加 -ing:
tie — tying, die — dying
c. 以一个除-x以外的辅音字母结尾,且重音在最后一个音节上, 双写该辅音字母后再加-ing:
admit — admitting
d. 以 -ap, -ip结尾,即使重音不在最后一个音节上,也双写结尾的辅音字母, 再加 -ing:
worship — worshipping
B. 过去式和过去分词的构成:
a. A.以-e 结尾的动词, e前是除i以外的字母, 直接加-d:
hope — hoped
b. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词, 变y为i, 再加-ed:
try — tried
c. 以一个除x以外的辅音字母结尾,且重音在最后一个音节上, 双写该辅音字母后再加-ed:
dip — dipped
d. 以 -ap, -ip结尾,即使重音不在最后一个音节上,也双写结尾的辅音字母, 再加 -ed:
worship — worshipped
5.5.2不规则动词的基本形式
A. 常见的原形、过去式、过去分词三个形式完全相同的不规则动词:
bet, burst, cast, cost, hit, hurt, let, put, set, shut, split, sweat, thrust, rid, shed, spread, knit, quit,
wed, read
B. 过去式和过去分词相同的不规则动词
a. 常见的过去式和过去分词相同的不规则动词
awake - awoke - awoke bend - bent - bent
bind - bound - bound bleed - bled - bled
breed - bred - bred bring - brought - brought
build - built - built burn - burnt - burnt
buy - bought - bought catch - catch - catch
creep - crept - crept deal - dealt - dealt
dig - dug - dug dream - dreamt - dreamt
feed - fed - fed feel - felt - felt
fight - fought - fought find - found - found
hang - hung - hung have - had - had
hold - held - held keep - kept - kept
kneel - knelt - knelt lay - laid - laid
lead - led - led learn - learnt - learnt
leave - left - left lend - left - left
lend - lent - lent light - lit - lit
lose - lost - lost make - made - made
mean - meant - meant meet - met - met
pay - paid - paid say - said - said
seek - sought - sought sell - sold - sold
send - sent - sent shine - shone - shone
shoot - shot - shot sit - sat - sat
sleep - slept - slept slide - slid - slid
smell - smelt - smelt spell - spelt - spelt
spend - spent - spent stand - stood - stood
stick - stuck - stuck teach - taught - taught
tell - told - told think - thought - thought
win - won – won understand - understood - understood
b. 其它过去式和过去分词相同的不规则动词
动词原形
behold 看,看见,注视
beseech 恳求,哀求,乞求
cleave 砍开,劈开;穿过,钻进
cling 黏着,缠着;坚持
dwell 居住,生活于,存在于
fling 扔,抛,丢下,使突然陷入
gild 给…镀金,使生辉
grind 碾碎,磨光,磨损,压迫
rend 撕裂,分裂,划破,困扰
sling 用投石器(或环索)投掷(石块)
slink 偷偷摸摸地移动;扭捏招摇地走路
spill 使溢出;使散落;使跌下
spin 纺;(蚕等)吐(丝);编造
spit 吐出;厉声说出;(火炮等)喷火
spoil 损坏,毁掉;破环…的兴致;宠爱
sting 刺,蜇,叮;刺痛,刺激
sweep 清扫;扫视;在…迅速传播
swing 摇摆,摇荡,挥动手臂瞄准
weep 哭泣;悲叹;缓慢地流下液体
wind 弯曲前进,迂回
wring 搅(出),拧(出)
过去式
beheld
besought
cleft
clung
dwelt
flung
gilt
ground
rent
slung
slunk
spilt
spun
spat
spoilt
stung
swept
swung
wept
wound
wrung
过去分词
beheld
besought
cleft
clung
dwelt
flung
gilt
ground
rent
slung
slunk
spilt
spun
spat
spoilt
stung
swept
swung
wept
wound
wrung
C. 常见的动词原形和过去分词形式相同的不规则动词:
become — became — become
come — came — come
overcome — overcame — overcome
run — ran — run
D. 原形和过去式形式相同的过去分词:
beat — beat — beaten 本章只作为动词的入门知识介绍, 后面的章节里还会详细讲解助动词和情态动词, 在这里就不一一列举用法了。
5.6常见的动词词缀的意义
A. -clude = close 关闭,结束
conclude 终结 exclude 拒绝,排除
include 包括 preclude 阻止
B. -vade = go, walk 行
pervade 遍及,弥漫 invade 侵入
evade 逃避
C. -suade=urge 力劝,力促
persuade 说服 dissuade 劝阻
D. -trude=thrust 力推
extrude 逐出,逼出 intrude 闯入,侵入
protrude 伸出,突出
E. -gress=go, step 进行,前进
progress 前进 aggress 攻击,侵略
regress 后退
F. -press=press 压,
express 表达 impress 给…留下印象
suppress 镇压 oppress压迫,虐待
depress 压下,令人沮丧
G. -pel=drive 驱使
compel 强迫,强制 expel 逐出,驱逐
impel 推进 propel 推动,推进
repel 逐退,驱逐,拒绝
H. -mit=let go, leave 允许去,释放; send 送
admit 准入,承认 commit 委托,委任,犯(罪)
intermit 终止,中断 omit 省去,略去
permit 准许,许可
I.-ify=make or become
classify 分类 beautify 美化
personify 拟人化 simplify 简化
purify 使纯净,精制 signify 表示,有重要性
justify 证明……有理 (或正确)
J. -ize=make 使; become 变成;engage 从事
generalize 普遍化 civilize 使文明
realize 认识,了解 equalize 使平等
fertilize 使肥沃 specialize 特殊化
popularize 使普遍 emphasize 强调
analyze 分析 memorize 记忆
criticize 批评 sympathize 同情
apologize 道歉
K. -sist 或-xist=stand 存在,持久
exist 生存 insist 坚持
persist 坚持 consist 包括
L.-sume =take 获取,取,认为
assume 假定,担任 presume 假定,担任
consume 消费,消耗 resume 再开始,重获
M. -ceive =take, accept 获取,承认
receive 接收 perceive 知觉,认知
conceive 构想 deceive 欺骗
第五章练习
I. 将下列各词转化为动词
1. class 2. beauty 3. person
4. simple 5. pure 6. justice
7. general 8. equal 9. special
10. popular 11. memory 12. rich
13. courage 14. danger 15. force
16. large 18. apology
19. slave 20. critic
II. 单项选择
21. The boy spent as much time watching TV as he _____ studying. (2002年1月四级题)
A) does B) had
C) was D) did
22. There has been a great increase in retail sales, _____? (2002年6月四级题)
A) does there B) isn’t there
C) hasn’t there D) isn’t it
23. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _____ comfortably. (2000年1月四级题)
A) is worn B) wears
C) wearing D) are worn
24. One day I _____ a newspaper article about the retirement of an English professor at a nearby
state college. (1998年1月四级题)
A) came across B) came about
C) came after D) came at
25. There was a big hole in the road which _____ the traffic. (2002年1月四级题)
A) set back B) stood back
C) held up D) kept down
26. Our hopes _____ and fell in the same instant. (2001年6月四级题)
A) aroused B) arose
C) raised D) rose
27. A season ticket _____ the holder to make as many journeys as he wishes within the stated
period of time. (2001年6月四级题)
A) grants B) promises
C) entitles D) presents
28. The Car Club couldn’t _____ to meet the demands of all its members. (2001年6月四级题) A) ensure B) guarantee
C) assume D) confirm
29. Extensive reporting on television has helped to _____ interest in a wide variety of sports and
activities.(2001年6月四级题)
A) gather B) generate
C) assemble D) yield
30. Eating too much fat can _____ heart disease and cause high blood preassure. (2001年6月四级题)
A) contribute to B) attribute to
C) attend to D) devote to
III. 用动词的适当形式填空
Charlie 31 (direct) his taxi to the Avenue de I’Opera, which 32 (be) out of his way.
But he 33 (want) to 34 (see) the blue hour spread over the magnificent facade, and imagine
that the cab horns, playing endlessly the first few bars of Le Plus que Lent, were the trumpets of
the Second Empire. They were 35 (close) the iron grill in front of Brentano’s Book-store, and
people 36 (be) already at dinner behind the trim little bourgeois hedge of Duval’s. He 37
never (eat) at a really cheap restaurant in Paris. Five-course dinner, four francs fifty,
eighteen cents, wine 38 (include). For some odd reason he 39 (wish) that he 40 (have).
第五章练习答案
I. 将下列各词转化为动词
1. classify 2. beautify
4. simplify 5. purify
7. generalize 8. equalize
10. popularize 11. memorize
13. encourage 14. endanger
16. enlarge 17. entitle
19. enslave 20. criticize
II. 单项选择
21-25 DCBAC 26-30 DCBBA
III. 用动词的适当形式填空
31. directed 32. was
34. see 35. closing
37. had eaten 38. included
40. had
3. personify
6. justify
9. specialize
12. enrich
15. enforce
18. apologize
33. wanted
36. were
39. wished 第六章 动词的时态
6.1 概述
英语动词的时态是由动词的变化形式来体现的, 表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和方式。从时间概念上理解, 动词说明动作或状态发生或存在的时间,有过去的过去、过去、现在、将来和过去将来之分;从方式角度去理解, 动词说明动作或状态是如何发生或存在的,有一般、进行、完成和完成进行之分。 因此, 动作或状态可以发生或存在于不同的时间里,表现不同的方式。每一种时间 — 方式就构成一种时态。
英语中主要有十六种时态表达方式,下面将一一讲述其功能、意义和用法。
6.2 动词的时态
6.2.1 一般现在时
一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。它的动作意义表示经常 (包括过去、现在、将来) 反复、经常发生,但是这样的动作,此刻并不一定发生。这一时态主要表达的主要含义归纳如下:
6.2.1.1 一般现在时表示经常发生的动作:
·He keeps a little shop and retails tobacco.
他开一家小店零售烟草制品。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·A seismograph records earthquakes. 地震仪能自动记录地震。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·She pipes from Frisco that times are hard. 她从旧金山写信来说日子难过。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
6.2.1.2一般现在时表示经常存在的状态:
·The field sinks toward the river. 这块田地朝河边下倾。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·Great trees soar above to cut out most of the light. 参天大树把光线差不多都给挡住了。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·A wide balcony overhangs the garden. 大阳台突出在花园的上方。
6.2.1.3一般现在时表示客观规律、正确事实或科学真理:
·Slow and steady wins the race. 坚忍不拔者获胜。(伊索寓言)
·Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
·Phosphors give off visible light after absorbing ultra-violet light. 黄磷吸收紫外线后放出可见光。
注意:
1) 文章标题、故事简介、图片说明等用一般现在时,并可以表示过去。例如:
·Give A Man A Bad Name阴差阳错(小说题目)
·The story goes like this: It takes place during World War I.…(故事简介)
2) 一般现在时表示过去。这一用法适应条件如下:
①伟人、作者过去说过的话以及书籍、报刊资料的观点:
·Bernard Shaw says that the reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable
man persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. 萧伯纳说:明白事理的人使自己适应世界;不明事理的人想使世界适应自己。
②已经去世的伟人、作家、名人的观点或关于他们的事实:
·John Milton is the author of Paradise Lost. 约翰·弥尔顿是失乐园的作者。 3) 一般现在时表示将来。这一用法适应条件如下:
①在下面的结构中,一般现在时表示将来含义:
be about to do; be on the point of doing; be to do
②动词arrive, go, come, meet, leave, begin, start, stay, part, sail 等表示计划中已经确定将要做的事情时,可以在有表示将来的时间状语的句子中用一般现在时。例如:
·The concert begins in three minutes. 音乐会再有三分钟就开始了。
③动词be 和have 表示未来的事实或早已规定的事。例如:
·Tomorrow is Friday.
·What obligations do you have tomorrow? 明天你做什么?
4) 一般现在时表示完成。
·Oh, I see. 啊,我明白了。
5) 一般现在时表示进行
·Up go the windows, out run the people. (意为The windows are going up; the people are
running out.)
6) 在一般现在时中,单数第三人称要求动词有所变化,变化规律如下:
A. 通常情况下在词尾加 -s.
play — plays work — works
hurl — hurls fling — flings
B. 以 -s, -x, -z, -ch,-sh以及辅音 +o结尾的动词,词尾加
-es。
dismiss — dismisses go — goes
relax — relaxes jazz — jazzes
push — pushes wash — washes
C. 以辅音+y结尾的动词,变y为i 加-es.
clarify — clarifies notify —notifies
apply — applies pity — pities
6.2.2一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去经常或偶然发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时所表达的含义归纳如下:
6.2.2.1表示过去经常发生的动作
·When we were at college we often did lab work together.
在大学读书的时候,我们经常在一起做实验。
·John used to get up at five o’clock when he was in the countryside.
在乡下住的时候,约翰每天早晨五点起床。
6.2.2.2表示过去偶然发生的动作
·He plused two more points in the game.
他在比赛中又得了两分。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·The program caught a loose rag of attention, and then had me enmeshed.
这档节目先是偶然引起我的注意,接着便完全把我吸引住了。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·He fathered a son.
他有儿子了。
6.2.2.3表示过去存在的状态
·Mary lived in China.
玛丽曾经在中国居住过。 ·John had two sons.
约翰有两个儿子。
注意:一般过去时要求动词变成过去式。动词过去式的各种变化规律在动词的基本形式一节已经做了归纳讲解,在这里不再赘述了。
6.2.3一般将来时
一般将来时是表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。
6.2.3.1一般将来时的构成、用法及意义
A. shall +动词原形
shall 除情态动词用法中可用于其它人称外,在一般将来时中用于第一人称,例如:
·I shall have plenty of time to transplant some of the sets. (The Chrysanthemums, John
Steinbeck)
我会有足够的时间移植一些秧苗。
B. will + 动词原形
助动词will + 动词原形用于构成将来时态的时候与它作为情态动词用法不同,书面语中用于第二、三人,口语中也可以用于第一人称。例如:
·You will have to make up your mind between now and next Wednesday. (The Horse
Dealer’s Daughter, D. H. Lawrence)
你要在下周三之前拿定主意。
C. be going to + 动词原形
这一结构适用于各种人称,所表达的含义如下:
a. 按照计划、安排打算去做的事:
·…because his mistress is going to send down money to redeem him, …(Uncle Tom’s Cabin,
Harriet Beecher Stowe)
因为她的主母准备用钱来赎他回去,……
b. 有迹象表明不久将要发生的事:
·I’m going to be sold to somebody. I don’t know who. (Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher
Stowe)
我会被卖给别人,但我不知道是谁。
D. be to do
这一结构可以表示命令、安排、职责、义务、目的、用途、可能性、命中注定等语气。例如:
·We are to meet at the school gate.
我们约定在校门口碰头。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
E. be about to to
这一结构表示刚要、行将,例如:
·We are just about to leave.
我们(刚刚)正准备离开。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
F. 进行时态表示将来含义
这一表示法要求be加动词的现在分词构成。这一用法涉及的常见动词包括leave, come,
go, arrive, stay, die等。
·Prue isn’t coming any more. (Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe)
普露再也不会来了。
·First, we are going to that toy store in the Rue Saint - Honore and buy you anything you
like. (Babylon Revisited, F. Scott Fitzgerald) 我们先去圣-奥那瑞大街,你喜欢什么就给你买什么。
·She is six, she is going on seven.
她6岁多,快7岁了。 (英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
注意:be + 上述动词的现在分词可以表示将来,但这一结构也可以表示动作正在进行,其意义的确定要根据语境。例如:
·The car is going at 60 miles an hour.
汽车在以每小时60英里的速度行进。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
6.2.4过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去的观点看在将来发生的动作或存在的状态。
6.2.4.1过去将来时的构成、用法及意义:
A. should + 动词原形
这一结构通常用于第一人称作主语,例如:
·I said I should be glad to help.
我说过我很愿意帮忙。
B. would + 动词原形
这一结构通常用于第二、三人称作主语,例如:
·He said he would bring it.
他说他会把他带来。
C. were/was going to + 动词原形
这一结构可以用于各种人称,例如:
·Remember you were going to Paris?
记得你打算去巴黎的事吗?
注意:其他可以构成过去将来一般时的结构可以以参考将来一般时的讲解。只是动词的基本形式需要进行变化,变化规律见下表:
一般将来含义
be to do
be about to
be leaving
be coming
be going
be arriving
过去将来含义
was (were) to do
was (were) about to
was (were) leaving
was (were) coming
was (were) going
was (were) arriving
6.2.5 现在进行时
现在进行时表示正在进行的动作,由be 加动词的现在分词构成。现将其所表达的含义归纳如下:
6.2.5.1现在进行时表示说话的时刻正在进行的具体行为:
·She is wearing her scarf.
她围着围巾。
·He is waiting for his ride to come.
他在等候自己的车子开来。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
6.2.5.2现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行的行为:
·We are preparing for the meeting to be held on Saturday.
我们正在为星期五举行的大会做准备。
·These are selling at the regular price. 这些商品按正常价格出售。
·So I am staying right here until a doctor comes. (The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, Mark
Twain)
所以,我就呆在这儿,一直到医生来。
注意:hope, think, wonder 用于进行时态可以表示委婉语气:
·I’m wondering if I can speak to you for a moment.
6.2.6 过去进行时
过去进行时表示在过去某段时间内正在进行的动作,由was (were) 加动词的现在分词构成。现将其所表达的含义归纳如下:
6.2.6.1 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作:
·The mist was passing into rain.
雾正在化成雨。
·A plump brown hen was pecking around for stray grains of corn.
一只胖得圆滚滚的棕色母鸡正在四处转悠,啄食零星谷粒。
6.2.6.2过去进行时表示过去某一段时间正在进行的动作:
·They were building the administration building last winter.
去年冬天他们在修建那坐办公大楼。
·All of Galileo’s great contributions to knowledge came about because he was constantly
testing ideas.
伽利略对丰富人类的知识作出了卓越的贡献, 这是因为他经常将设想进行检验的缘故。
注意:hope, think, want, wonder用于过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。例如:
·Were you wanting me?
与did you want me 相比,使用过去进行时的例句显然语气更委婉,情感更投入。
6.2.7将来进行时
将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。其构成形式如下:
6.2.7.1 shall be + 动词的现在分词
这一结构用于第一人称作主语,例如:
·I shall be plastering over rough places on the wall this afternoon.
我今天下午用灰泥抹平墙上的不平处。
6.2.7.2 will be + 动词的现在分词
这一结构用于第二、三人称作主语,例如:
·They will be giving an orchestral concert tomorrow afternoon.
他们明天下午将举行管弦乐音乐会。
·He will be doing his best.
他将尽力而为。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
6.2.8过去将来进行时
·过去将来进行时表示从过去的观点看在将来某一时刻或某一段时间内进行的动作。其构成形式如下:
6.2.8.1 should be + 动词的现在分词
这一结构用于第一人称作主语,例如:
·I told you the day before yesterday that I should be carving out a statue from that piece of
wood the following day.
我前天告诉过你说我昨天会在那块木头上刻出一座像。 6.2.8.2 would be + 动词的现在分词
这一结构用于第二、三人称作主语,例如:
·He told me yesterday that he would be nursing the sick the next day.
他昨天告诉我,说他第二天护理病人。
6.2.9现在完成时
现在完成时表示在过去发生但与现在的情况有联系的动作状态。
6.2.9.1现在完成时的构成
has (have) + 动词的过去分词,例如:
·The transistor has clocked 40,000 hours.
据测定该晶体管已经使用了4万小时。
·Some tax cheats have been discovered.
已发现了几起偷税逃税事件。
·The enamel has cracked in some places.
搪瓷已有几处开裂。
·His brow has acquired its first wrinkle.
他的额头上已经出现了第一条皱纹。
6.2.9.2 现在完成时常用的状语结构:
A. already, never, ever, always, not … yet, just, before, for, during, in, since等。
B. 现在完成时还可以与包括现在在内的时间状语连用:
now, today, this month, this year, lately等。
注意:
1) 注意时间状语与动词的和谐统一。瞬间动词的完成时态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的瞬间动词包括:appear, begin, come, depart, determine, die, disappear, dress, end,
find, finish, go, happen, join, jump, leave, marry, receive, recognize, send, set, solve, start, turn等。
2) 动词go表示“去”的意义用于完成时不可以用第一、第二人称作主语。
6.2.10 过去完成时
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的行为或存在的状态。构成由had加动词的过去分词构成。例如:
·The bank had chosen him over two other men.
银行决定选他,而不选另外两个人。
·The boy had been with Mr. Warburton for fifteen years. (The Outstation, W. Somerset
Maugham)
这男孩已经跟着沃耳伯特先生十五年了。
·…but he had been so long the only white man there that he could not face the arrival of
another without misgiving. ( The Outstation, W. Somerset Maugham)
…但他已经在这么久的时间里是那里唯一的白人,他对另一位白人的到来不能不心存疑虑。
注意:某些动词的过去完成时结构已形成约定俗成的意义。例如:
had expected 原本希望
had hoped 原本预料
had thought 原本以为
had meant to do 原本打算做
had intended 原本打算 6.2.11将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的行为。其构成形式可以归纳为在主语是第一人称时,用shall have 加动词的过去分词;主语是第二、三人称时用would have加动词的过去分词。现将其表达的含义总结归纳如下:
6.2.11.1将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作:
·I shall have finished with wash up by eight o’clock this evening.
八点之前我就会把餐具洗好。
·A number of schools of fisheries will have been established by the end of September.
到九月末为止,将有许多渔业技术学校成立。
6.2.11.2将来完成时表示从过去、现在或将来的某时开始的动作,一直延续到将来的另一时间:
·By the end of next month, he will have accomplished 90 years of his life.
到下个月末,他已达90岁高龄。
·By May they will have fixed who is to lead.
到五月份他们将已经决定谁领头。
·The whole project will have fizzled out when he comes back.
到他回来时整个计划就将告吹。
6.2.12过去将来完成时
过去将来完成时表示从过去的观点看在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。过去将来完成时主语是第一人称时由should have加动词的过去分词构成, 主语是第二、三人称时由
would have 加动词的过去分词构成。例如:
·She told me that her evening study would have equipped her for a career as an electrical
engineer the next year.
她告诉我说她在夜校的学习会使她第二年就能担任电气工程师的工作。
·They said that Cholera would have been eradicated here by the end of last month.
他们说霍乱到上个月末就会消灭。
·They said that over the years their power would have eroded considerably.
他们说过些年他们的权力会大大削弱的。
6.2.13 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时刻开始,一直延续到现在,而且可能还在继续下去的动作。现在完成进行时主语是单数第三人称时用has been 加动词的现在分词构成。主语是第一、二人称时由have been 加动词的现在分词构成。例如:
·She has been ailing for a week.
她身体不适已有一周。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·I have been listening to the radio. Utter bedlam.
我一直在听收音机, 只听得一片乱嚷嚷。(英汉大词典,陆谷孙)
·I have been driving through New York though there is too much congestion here.
我在纽约市里一直开车, 尽管这里的交通过分拥挤.
6.2.14 过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始, 并延续到那个时刻为止, 可能还要继续下去的动作。过去完成进行时用had been 加动词的现在分词构成。例如:
·The soldier told me that he had been starving for several days, and he could not afford to
be dainty.
这个士兵告诉我他已经饿了好几天了, 已经饥不择食了。 ·It was said that his campaign staff had been dangling a highway here, a hospital there.
据说他的竞选工作班子一直以在这里答应建一条公路,在那里答应造一家医院来吸引选民。
6.2.15将来完成进行时
将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始, 并延续到那个时刻为止, 可能还要继续下去的动作。其结构用法如下:
6.2.15.1 shall have been + 动词的现在分词
这一结构用于第一人称在将来完成时进行时的句子中作主语,例如:
·I shall have been lodging with my aunt for half a month by tomorrow.
到明天为止,我就已经在我姑姑家暂住半个月了。
6.2.15.2 will have been + 动词的现在分词
这一结构用于句子的主语是第二、三人称时。例如:
·By the end of March, Mr. Jones will have been lobbying heads of the states for two
months.
到三月末为止,琼丝先生来往于各国首脑之间进行游说将长达两个月了。
·Somebody will have been listening in to your telephone conversation for a month by
tomorrow!
到明天为止,有人窃听你们的电话已经满一个月了!
6.2.16过去将来完成进行时
过去将来完成进行时表示从过去的观点看在将来某一时刻之前开始并延续到那个时刻为止,可能还要继续下去的动作。过去将来完成进行时的主语是第一人称时,用should have
been加动词的现在分词构成,主语是第二、三人称时,用would have been 加动词的现在分词构成。例如:
·Mary said her grandmother would have been travelling for three weeks by tomorrow.
玛丽说她的祖母到明天为止将已经旅行三周了。
·The police said that the traffic would have been crawling through the deepening snow for
eight hours by three o’clock.
警察说到三点钟为止,车辆在越积越深的雪地慢慢行驶将已经长达八个小时了。
6.3时态的呼应
在主从复合句中,如果主句是过去一般时,则宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的谓语动词受制于主句谓语动词。具体地讲,主句谓语动词是过去时态,如果从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生时,常用一般过去时或过去进行时;如果从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前时,从句谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后时,从句谓语动词用过去将来时;如果从句谓语动词不强调一个完成在先的动作,且有具体表示过去的时间状语或动作连续发生时,通常用一般过去时;如果从句表示的是真理、客观规律或事实时,仍然用一般现在时。如果主句是现在时或将来时,则从句的谓语动词不受主句谓语动词的制约,从句的时态取决于句子的内涵。例如:
6.3.1主句是过去时
·As though she thought I was to blame for what happened.(Gone with the Wind, Margaret
Mitchell)
仿佛她认为发生的事情应归咎于我。
6.3.2主句是现在时或将来时
·And if anyone asks me how you treated me, ... (Jane Eyre, Eemily Bronte)
如果有人问我你对我怎么样,……
·I wish he had never been born. (Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell)
我希望他不曾来过人间。
·I’ll tell you what I mean, if you are interested. (Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell)
如果你感兴趣, 我会告诉你我的意思。
6.4 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较分析
现在完成时和现在完成进行时都可以表示过去某一时间开始的动作或状态持续到现在。为适应上述语境,比较而言,凡是能用于进行时态的持续性动词用现在完成进行时比用现在完成时表达的意义更生动、更准确、更深刻。试比较:
·Mary said her daughter had been crying for an hour for no reason.
玛丽说她的女儿已经无缘无故地哭了一个小时了。
·Mary said her daughter had cried for an hour for no reason.
玛丽说她的女儿已经无缘无故地哭了一个小时了。
显然第一例句比第二例句更形象生动地反映了当时的场面。
第六章练习
I. 单项选择
1. By the time he arrives in Beijing, we _____ here for two days. (2001年6月四级题)
A) have been staying B) have stayed
C) shall stay D) will have stayed
2. —May I speak to your manager Mr. William at five o’clock tonight?
—I’m sorry. Mr. Williams _____ to a conference long before then. (2000年6月四级题)
A) will have gone B) had gone
C) would have gone D) has gone
3. My train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there
_____ by then. (1999年1月四级题)
A) would leave B) will have left
C) has left D) had left
4. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes,
_____ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. (2000年6月四级题)
A) have allowed B) allow
C) allowing D) allows
5. If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she _____. (1998年1月全真四级题)
A) does B) has done
C) will do D) would do
6. My grandfather _____ things.
A) is always forgets B) was always forgetting
C) forgets always D) forgot always
7. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _____ too long. (2000年1月四级题)
A) has been reading B) had read
C) is reading D) read
8. The clerk said to us as he handed out the form,“The form _____ in and returned within three weeks.”
A) will be filled B) shall fill
C) is to be filled D) is going to be filled
9. The last half of the nineteenth century _____ the steady improvement in the means of travel.
(1998年1月四级题)
A) has witnessed B) was witnessed
C) witnessed D) is witnessed
10. A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _____
from the sort of candles used only in churches. (1999年6月四级题)
A) had come B) coming
C) come D) that come
II. 翻译下列句子
11. A courtesy is a flower.
12. Rome was not built in a day.
13. Specialists are becoming more important than general workers.
14. We were puzzled about his having made the decision without our knowledge.
15. He felt intense happiness when he knew that he would attend the famous university.
16. The factory has been producing transistors for five years.
17. They will be working at the laboratory when you go there tomorrow afternoon.
18. He told me yesterday that he would be watching TV at home at seven the next evening.
19. These bright and dim dots form a picture on the fluorescent screen of the scene that is being
telecast.
20. Improvements of all kinds are constantly being made in television so that reception will be as
close to perfect as possible.
III. 翻译下列句子
21. 孩子承认玻璃杯是他打破的。
22. 我问他们能不能完成今年的生产指标。
23. 他梦见他在航海。
24. 明天早上六点,我会在办公室工作。
25. 最近他工作干得很出色。
26. 我本来打算来看望你的。
27. 我们老师告诉我们哥伦布是1492年发现美洲的。
28. 他三年前开始为我们干活了。
29. 自从提价以后,我们失去了许多顾客。
30. 雨使空气变凉了。
第六章练习答案
I. 单项选择
1-5 DABDA 6-10 BACCA
II. 翻译下列句子
11. 礼貌犹如鲜花。(意思是“人人都喜欢讲礼貌的人”)
12. 罗马不是一天建成的。或“伟业不是一日所成就的。”
13. 较之普通工人, 专业人员显得更为重要。
14. 他不告诉我们而擅自作出决定, 使我们不知如何是好。 15. 知道自己将上这所名牌大学,他感到非常幸福。
16. 这家工厂一直生产晶体管,已经有五年了。
17. 你明天去那里的时候他们将在实验室工作。
18. 他昨天告诉我,说他今天晚上七点在家里看电视。
19. 这些明亮的和暗淡的点在荧光屏上形成图像。图像和电视台播送的一模一样。
20. 电视的各个方面正在不断改进以使接收达到尽可能逼真的程度。
III. 翻译下列句子
21. The child admitted that he had broken the glass.
22. I asked whether their production targets for this year would be met.
23. He dreamt that he was at sea.
24. At six o’clock tomorrow morning I will be working in the office.
25. Recently he has been doing his work even better.
26. I had hoped to come and see you.
27. Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
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