多视角研究生英语翻译43390

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2023年12月24日发(作者：)

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1 Marva was a striking woman with high cheekbones and strong angular features, 马文是一个引人注目的女人,她有着高高的颧骨，瘦而强健， which she inherited along with a love of

jewelry from a great-grandmother who was a Choctaw Indian. 这都遗传自她那乔克托印第安人血统的曾祖母。 Slender though not willowy, Marva was immediately discernible(可辨别的) in a

crowd——even without the visibility afforded by her height——for she had acquired a poise（体态，姿态） and sophistication（成熟，有教养的） that gave her appearance a deliberate（深思熟虑的） style. 马文老师瘦削而不软弱，就算她没有那么高，在人群中时还是一眼就能识别出来——因为她有着特别的镇静及教养，这些都使她有了一种严谨的风格。

2 Marva would rarely wear slacks, and she never wore loose-fitting shirts or casually（随意的）

assembled（组合的） bloused and skirts. Sloppy （肥大的）dressing showed disrespect（无理）

for oneself, for the children, and for the profession（同行）. From the first day of class Marva was

teaching that self-respect is the most important thing a person can have. For herself and for

the children Marva dressed impeccably（无可挑剔的）, favoring cashmere sweaters, suits, and

herring-bone tweeds. Her clothing was tailored（裁制） and stylishly simple, but she usually added

an ornamental（装饰的） touch: a carved belt cinched over a sweater, a gold medallion on a chain（链条）, an organdy boutonniere, or perhaps a lace handkerchief fanned in pleats across a pocket

and held in place by a beaded lion’s-head brooch. In Marva’s opinion, it was important to have a

unique imprint（印记）给人留下独特的印象是很重要的. She felt she was different from most

people and delighted in her difference. It was an attitude often mistaken for arrogance（自大）. 马文很少穿宽松衣服，也决不穿宽大的直筒连衣裙或不正式的短衫及裙子。马文认为宽大的衣服是对自己、对学生、对教师这一职业的不敬。从开学的第一天起，马文老师总会告诉设法让孩子们懂得：自尊是一个人最可宝贵的东西。马文的着装总是无可挑剔，这既是为了自己，也是为了学生们：她爱穿开司米羊毛衫、套装以及人字形花呢服装。她的衣服都剪裁得很合适，时髦而简单，但她常常会加上一个装饰品：在羊毛衫上配上一条雕有花纹的腰带，或一条有圆形浮雕的锁链，或玻璃纱襟花，抑或是一块用狮头胸针别在口袋上的花边手巾。在马文老师看来，。她欣然于自己的与众不同，但这有时也会引起一些误解，认为这是自大的表现。 3 “I am a teacher,” she said to the class on this first day. “A teacher is someone who leads.

There is no magic here. Mrs. Collins is no miracle worker. I do not walk on water, I do not part the

sea. I just love children and work harder than a lot of people, and so will you. 4 “Some teachers

sit behind a big desk, like a king in a castle, and the children are like the poor peasants. The desk

isolates them from the children. But I don’t sit behind a big desk in front of the class. I walk up

and down the rows of desks every day and I hug each of you every day. “Have you ever been

afraid to go up to the teacher’s desk? Did you think someone would laugh at you if you made a

mistake?” Marva didn’t wait for an answer. She knew each child was following her closely.

“Tell me when I’m wrong. You must never be afraid to tell a teacher if she is wrong. I’m not God.

My mouth is no prayer（祈祷） book. We shall work together. How many of you have been afraid

to ask other teachers questions?” Hands immediately went up. “一些老师坐在大大的桌子后面，就像一座城堡里的国王，而学生们则像是贫困的佃农——这桌子使老师和同学们分离开来。而我不会坐在教室前那张大大的桌子后面。我每天都会在教室里来回走动，我每天都会拥抱你们。” “以前你们害怕走到老师的办公桌前吗？你们是否觉得如果犯了错，有人会嘲笑你们？”马文并没有留给孩子们回答的时间，她明白，大家此刻都在紧跟着她的思路。“如果我犯了错，请你们告诉我。如果老师错了，你们不要不敢告诉她。我不是神，我的嘴也不是祈祷书。我们将会一起努力。你们中有多少人原来害怕向老师提问的？”孩子们立刻举起了手。

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5 “Why were you afraid to ask, Michele?” “I was afraid the teacher would holler（抱怨）.”

“Why were you afraid, Jerome?” “I was afraid I would get hit with a ruler,” he said flatly（直截了当的）, expecting the snickers（偷笑） that came from his classmates. “When you were

afraid of a teacher, Bernette, what were you afraid of?” “I was afraid she would make everyone

laugh at me. My other teacher used to act like she was perfect or something. She used to make me

feel dumb（哑的）.” 6 “Sometimes I don’t like other grown-ups very much because they think

they know everything. I don’t know everything.” Marva said. “I can learn all the time.” “You have

a right to your opinion. You say what you think.” Marva told him. “Don’t care what anyone else

thinks. What’s inside of you is important.” There was excitement building and Marva worked the

momentum, like an entertainer（表演者） who felt the pulse脉搏 of an audience. 马文老师触动了孩子们兴奋的神经，她就像是一个能够触到观众脉搏的表演者。“Oh, I love to see your

eyes dance, ” she said. “New children have such dull目无光彩的 eyes, but yours are already

coming alive.” “哦！我喜欢看你的眼睛起舞！”她说。“新一届的学生总是两眼呆滞，但你的双眼看上去却充满了生机。” 7 “I know most of you can’t spell your name. You don’t know

the alphabet, you don’t know how to read, you don’t know homonyms or how to syllabicate. I

promise you that you will. None of you has ever failed. School may have failed you. Well,

goodbye to failure, children. Welcome to success. You will read hard books in here and understand

what you read. You will write every day so that writing becomes second nature to you. You will

memorize a poem every week so that you can train your minds to remember things. It is useless

for you to learn something in school if you are not going to remember it. “But you must help me

to help you. If you don’t give anything, don’t expect anything. Success is not coming to you, you

must come to it.” The Children looked puzzled. They were accustomed to warnings, threats, and

rules of order on the first day of class. If nothing else, Marva vowed发誓 she would get through

to these children because she was so determined. Or just plain简单的 stubborn顽固. 马文老师意志坚定—抑或仅仅是固执。 She was, in fact, more strong-willed than most, maybe even a bit

too strong-willed for her own good. Over and over her mother used to warn her, “Marva, you’ll

never come to any good ‘cause once your mind is set, there’s no telling you what to do.’” “我知道，你们中的大多数人都不会拼写自己的名字。你们不认识字母表，不知道如何朗读那些字母，不知道同形同音异义词或者怎样读出各个音节。但我向你们承诺，你们将会学会这些。你们都不是失败的孩子，是学校辜负了你们。现在，让我们对失败说再见吧，成功正在前面等着你们。你们将在这里读到难读的书籍并充分理解它们。以后你们每天都会写字，这样它就能变成你们的一种习惯。你们每周要背诵一首诗，这样你们便能很好地训练你们的记忆力。如果你们不设法将在学校所学的东西记住的话，一切都只是枉然。” “但要达到这些目标，我还需要你们的帮助。没有付出，便没有收获。成功不会主动向你们走来，你们必须主动地迎向它。”孩子们都听得一脸茫然。开学的第一天里，他们受到的通常是警告、威胁或是规章制度的洗礼。而如今，却是事实上，她的意志比绝大多数人都要坚定——甚至也许是坚定过度了。她的母亲一再地警告她：“马文，你总是在做出决定后便听不进别人的建议，你这样是不会有好结果的。” 8 It was Marva Collins’ attitude that made children learn. What she did

was brainwash them into succeeding. She was forever saying “You can do it,” convincing her

students there wasn’t anything they could not do. There were no excuses for a child’s not learning.

There was no pointin fixing the blame on television, or parents, or a child’s environment. The

decisive factor was the teacher up in front of the class. If a child sensed a teacher didn’t care, then

all the textbooks and prepackaged lesson plans and audio-visual equipment and fancy, new,

carpeted, air-conditioned building facilities weren’t going to get that child to learn. 正是马文•

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科林斯的态度使学生们开始了真正的学习，她总是在给学生们灌输对于成功的渴望。她一直在说“你能做到”，使学生们相信世界上没有他们做不到的事情。一个孩子不愿学习没有任何的理由，责怪电视、父母或是成长环境都没有丝毫意义。真正的决定性因素在于讲台前的那个老师。如果一个孩子察觉到老师并不在意他，那么，所有的课本、预先准备好的教案、视听设备以及昂贵的铺上地毯并装有空调的新建筑设施也不会让这个孩子产生想要学习的欲望。 9 “Children,” she began, “today will decide whether you succeed or fail tomorrow. I

promise you, I won’t let you fail. I care about you. I love you. You can pay people to teach, but

not to care. 10 She liked to begin the school year with “Self Reliance自力更生.” Marva believed

that it was one of the most important things a student, especially a black student, could ever learn.

“Now, she said, “self-reliance means to believe in yourself. What does self-reliance mean? To be——.” “ To believe in yourself,” echoed a few faint虚弱的 voices. “Everybody, in big outdoor

voices, what does it mean?” “To believe in yourself,” the children said, more boldly. 11 “The

author of ‘Self Reliance’ was a man named Ralph Waldo Emerson,” she continued. “Ralph

Waldo Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and his father was a minister. when Ralph

was not quite eight years old, as old as some of you, his father died. The family was so poor that

Ralph and his brother had to share the same winter coat. Yet Ralph and all of his three brothers

studied hard and they all went to Harvard College when they grew up.” She move around the

room as she spoke, patting a head of caressing爱抚的 an arm. “When he graduated, Ralph

Waldo Emerson became a teacher for a while to help pay for his brother William’s college

education, and then he became a minister. Mr. Emerson was always questioning life, and he didn’t

always agree with the church or the other ministers. How many of you question life? How many

of you wonder why things happen the way they do?” 12 Two students immediately raised their

hands. The rest watched curiously, surprised by their classmates’ willingness to respond. “Do

you mean to tell me that only a few of you question the way things are?” Marva asked,

exaggerating夸张的 her amazement “Well, I guess most of you think life is wonderful.

Everyone always has enough to eat, a good place to live. There is no suffering, no poverty…”

Her words were muffled听不清的 by the children’s groans and giggles轻笑. “Every time you

say ‘That’s not fair’ or you wonder why something is the way it is, you are questioning life, just

as Mr. Emerson did. He believe that every person has a free will and can choose to make his life

what he wants it to be. I believe that. I believe that you can make your life anything you want it to

be.” Mr. Emerson is telling us to trust our own thoughts, to think for ourselves and not worry

about what other people tell us to think. 两名学生立即举起了手，其他人于是好奇地看着他们，为两名同学回应老师的意愿而感到吃惊。 “你们是想告诉我你们中仅有极少数人质疑过事物的本质吗？”马文老师发问道，并且还夸大了自己的惊讶。“好吧，我想，在座的大多数人都认为生活是美好的。所有人都总有足够的食物果腹并有好居所。这个世界上没有苦难，没有贫困„„”她的话被孩子们的抱怨声及咯咯的笑给掩住了。 “当然，你们不会这样想，”她缓缓地继续着。“每当你们说‘这不公平’或思考事情为何会如此时，你们就是在叩问生活——就像爱默生先生那样。他相信每个人都有自由的意志，并且可以选择去过自己想要的生活。我相信这一点。我相信你们都能过上自己想要的生活。” 13 Tanya, what does Emerson

tell us to do?” “Trust ourselves,” replied Tanya. Freddie, tell me what you learned from Mr.

Emerson’s essay.” Freeddie looked attentively专心的 at Marva but didn’t answer. “You

have a right to your opinion. You say what you think.” Marva told him. “Don’t care what anyone

else thinks. What’s inside of you is important.” “I learned about self-reliance.” Freddie

whispered. “Speak in a big voice, peach. What does self-reliance mean? Believing in——.”

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“Believing in yourself?” “Of course it does, but say it with confidence so we all know you

believe in what you’re saying. Let us all know how bright you are.” Marva said, nodding. “Chris,

what did you learn from Mr. Emerson?” 14 “If you don’t think for yourself, other people will tell

you what to think.” Marva’s eyes glistened闪烁. She laughed, sweeping her arm dramatically引人注目的 to her brow as she held herself up against the window sill, feigning a swoon昏迷.

“Oh, I just can’t stand it. You’re all so bright. You’re all so sagacious睿智的. Sagacious means

smart and wise. What does sagacious mean, children?” “Smart and wise,” they chanted. “And

who is sagacious?” “We are,” they shouted. 马文老师突然间两眼放光：她笑了；靠着窗台，她戏剧般地抬起手扫了一下额头，佯作晕厥。“啊，我再也忍受不了了！你们都是如此聪明，如此睿智。睿智的意思是聪明而有智慧。孩子们，现在由你们来告诉我，睿智是什么意思？” 15 “You certainly are.” Marva put a throaty emphasis on certainly as she walked the

rows of desks ruffling hair, pinching a cheek, squeezing挤压 a shoulder. It was a beginning.

The skills would come later with the daily drills of sounds and words over and over until Marva

was tired of the litany冗长的故事. First she had to convince the children she cared about them,

convince them to trust her, and make them believe they could do anything they wanted to do.“你们当然都是睿智的。”马文老师用低沉洪亮的声音强调了“当然”二字。她一边说着，一边在学生们的桌椅间穿梭，弄弄这个孩子的头发，捏捏那个孩子的脸蛋儿，或是压压另一个孩子的肩膀。这还仅仅是个开始。日后，这间教室里还会有反复念诵单词的日常训练——直到马文老师都觉得重复得厌烦了为止。首先，她必须让学生们确信她真的关心他们，说服他们相信她，并让孩子们坚信他们可以做到任何他们想做的事情。

Why Tough Teachers Get Good Results为什么严厉的教师得到好的结果

I had a teacher once who called his students 'idiots' when they screwed up弄砸了. He was our

orchestra conductor指挥, a fierce凶的 Ukrainian immigrant named Jerry Kupchynsky, and when

someone played out of tune走调, he would stop the entire group to yell, 曾经有一位老师，他把那些将事情搞砸了的学生称为“白痴”。这位老师名叫杰里，是一位令人望而生畏的乌克兰移民，他当时担任我们的乐队指挥。当有人在演奏中音调不准时，他会让整个乐团停下来，然后大吼 'Who eez deaf in first violins!?' He made us rehearse排演 until our fingers almost bled流血的. He corrected our wayward hands and arms by poking刺 at us with a pencil.道：“第一小提琴声部哪个人聋了？！”他让我们一直排练、直到每个人的手指几近流血。他还会用铅笔戳我们以此来纠正我们不标准的双手和臂膀姿势。 Today, he'd be fired. But when he died a

few years ago, he was celebrated: Forty years' worth of former students and colleagues flew back

to my New Jersey hometown from every corner of the country, old instruments乐器 in tow, to

play a concert in his memory. I was among them, toting（tote手提） my long-neglected viola.

When the curtain rose on our concert that day, we had formed a symphony orchestra the size of

the New York Philharmonic.如果换做是在今天，他准会被解雇。但在几年前他去世之际，他得到的却是众人的敬仰：40年来他教过的学生和曾经的同事都从全国各地飞回新泽西我的家乡，大家拖着老乐器一起举办了场音乐会悼念他。我也提着好久都没摸的中提琴参与到其中。那一天，当我们音乐会的幕布升起时，我们所组成的是一支与纽约爱乐乐团(New York

Philharmonic)规模相当的交响乐团。 I was stunned（stun震惊） by the outpouring for the gruff粗暴的 old teacher we knew as Mr. K. But I was equally struck by the success of his former

students. Some were musicians, but most had distinguished themselves in other fields, like law,

academia and medicine. Research tells us that there is a positive correlation正相关 between

music education and academic achievement. But that alone didn't explain the belated迟来的

surge of gratitude for a teacher who basically tortured（tortured折磨） us through adolescence

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青春期.大家对K先生这位坏脾气故师的真情流露让我震惊。但让我同样震惊的是他这些学生的成就。有一些人成为了音乐家，但大多数人都在其他领域脱颍而出，像法律界、学术界还有医学界。研究表明，在音乐教育与学术成就之间存在着一种正相关性。但仅仅只有这些，无法解释我们对一位曾在整个青少年期折磨过我们的老师姗姗来迟的、澎湃的感恩之情。

We're in the midst of a national wave of self-recrimination自我谴责 over the U.S. education

system. Every day there is hand-wringing绝望 over our students falling behind the rest of the

world. Fifteen-year-olds in the U.S. trail落后 students in 12 other nations in science and 17 in

math, bested打败 by their counterparts not just in Asia but in Finland, Estonia and the

Netherlands, too. An entire industry of books and consultants has grown up that capitalizes资本化

on our collective集体的 fear that American education is inadequate不充分的 and asks what

American educators are doing wrong.我们正处于对美国教育体系的全国性自责浪潮当中。我们的学生落后于世界其他地方的学生，这一点让我们每天都感到痛心疾首。美国15岁的学生在自然学科上被其他12个国家的同龄人甩在身后，而在数学科目上则落后于17个国家的学生，超越美国学生的同龄人不仅仅在亚洲，而且还有一些来自芬兰、爱沙尼亚和荷兰。我们的这种集体性恐慌──即对美国教育不足的恐慌──被资本化，与之相关的书籍与咨询业务已成长起来，整个业界都在追问：当今的美国教育者做错了什么？ I would ask a different

question. What did Mr. K do right? What can we learn from a teacher whose methods fly in the

face of everything we think we know about education today, but who was undeniably不可否认的

effective?我将提出一个不同的问题。K先生的为师之道对在哪里？他的教育方法与我们今天笃信的教育法公然相抗、背道而驰，但人们不能否认其成效性，我们能从这样一位老师身上学到什么？ As it turns out, quite a lot. Comparing Mr. K's methods with the latest findings in

fields from music to math to medicine leads to a single, startling令人吃惊的 conclusion: It's time

to revive是复兴 old-fashioned education. Not just traditional but old-fashioned in the sense that

so many of us knew as kids, with strict discipline and unyielding不屈的 demands需求. Because

here's the thing: It works.事实证明，我们能从他的身上学到许多东西。将K先生的教育法与各领域──从音乐到数学再到医学界──最新的发现相比较，会得出一个统一的、惊人的结论：现在是时候该重振老式教育法了。不仅仅是传统教育，而是老式教育。从这个意义上讲，也就是我们多数人在孩童时期所熟知的、带有严明纪律与严苛要求的教育方法。这么说是因为：它真的管用。 Now I'm not calling for abuse虐待; I'd be the first to complain if a teacher

called my kids names. But the latest evidence backs up支持 my modest proposal提议. Studies

have now shown, among other things, the benefits of moderate适量的 childhood stress; how

praise kills kids' self-esteem; and why grit勇气决心 is a better predictor of success than SAT

scores.我不是在这里呼吁虐待；如果有一位教师辱骂我的孩子，我会第一个站出来投诉。但最新的证据对我这一小小的建议给予了支持。诸多研究现已表明，除了别的以外，适度的童年压力还能使人受益；赞美会如何挫杀孩子们的自尊；以及为何与美国高中毕业生的学术能力评估测试(SAT)分数相比，决心勇气是更佳的成功先兆。 All of which flies in the face of the

kinder, gentler philosophy哲学 that has dominated American education over the past few decades.

所有这些都与更友善、更温和的理念背道而驰，在过去的几十年中，后者一直主宰着美国教育界。 The conventional传统的 wisdom holds that teachers are supposed to tease取笑，梳理

knowledge out of students, rather than pound it into their heads. Projects and collaborative合作的

learning are applauded; traditional methods like lecturing and memorization -- derided as被嘲笑为 'drill and kill' -- are frowned upon不赞成, dismissed辞退 as a surefire一定会发生的 way to

suck young minds dry of creativity and motivation. 人们普遍认为，教师应该帮学生们梳理知识，而不是将要点硬敲进他们的脑袋。进行项目与协作性学习会受到人们的称赞；而像讲课

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灌输及死记硬背这样的传统方法则被嘲笑为“训练与扼杀”──会令人不悦，会被当成吸干年轻头脑创造性与积极性的一种方式而遭到人们唾弃。 But the conventional wisdom is

wrong. And the following eight principles -- a manifesto宣言if you will, a battle cry inspired激发，启示，鼓舞 by my old teacher and buttressed支持 by new research -- explain why.但这一普遍观念并不正确。而下面提及的八项原则──你可以将之称为宣言，受我的故师启发形成、并受到新兴研究支持的号召──解释了背后的原因。 1. A little pain is good for you.1. 一点点痛对你有好处。 Psychologist K. Anders Ericsson gained fame名望 for his research showing

that true expertise requires about 10, 000 hours of practice, a notion概念 popularized by Malcolm

Gladwell in his book 'Outliers.' But an often-overlooked finding from thesame study is equally

important: True expertise requires teachers who give 'constructive, even painful, feedback, ' as Dr.

Ericsson put it in a 2007 Harvard Business Review article. He assessed research on top performers

in fields ranging from violin performance to surgery to computer programming to chess. And he

found that all of them 'deliberately故意的 picked unsentimental实事求是的 coaches老师 who

would challenge them and drive them to higher levels of performance.' 心理学家K·安德斯·埃里克森(K. Anders Ericsson)进行的研究表明，要成为某方面真正的专家需要大约一万小时的实践，这一概念因被马尔科姆·格拉德威尔(Malcolm Gladwell)在其著作《异类》(Outliers)中提及而推广开来，而埃里克森本人也因此名声大噪。但来自同一研究、同样重要却常常被人忽略的结论是：真正的专家需要老师给出“建设性的、甚至是令人痛苦的反馈”，埃里克森博士在2007年刊发于《哈佛商业评论》(Harvard Business Review)的一篇文章中写到了这一点。他对诸多领域中──从小提琴演奏到外科手术、电脑编程再到国际象棋──数一数二的从业者进行了研究评估。结果发现，所有这些佼佼者“专门挑选了那些不易动情的导师，这些老师将对他们提出挑战，并促使他们的表现更上一层楼。” 2. Drill, baby, drill.2. 灌输知识，严苛训练。 Rote learning, long discredited, is now recognized as one reason that children

whose families come from India (where memorization is still prized) are creaming their peers in

the National Spelling Bee Championship. 死记硬背机械性学习法长期以来都遭到质疑，但如今却被认为是那些来自印度（死记硬背在那里仍然很受重视）家庭的孩子在全美拼字比赛(National Spelling Bee Championship)中能将同龄人远远甩在身后的一个原因。 This cultural

difference also helps to explain why students in China (and Chinese families in the U.S.) are better

at math. Meanwhile, American students struggle with complex math problems because, as

research makes abundantly clear, they lack fluency in basic addition and subtraction加减法 --

and few of them were made to memorize their times tables.这一文化差异也有助于解释为何中国（以及在美的华人家庭）的学生数学更好。与此同时，有研究明确地显示，美国学生却在复杂的数学问题中挣扎，他们对基本的加减法运算掌握得不够熟练──而且几乎没有人被要求去背乘法表。 William Klemm of Texas A&M University argues that the U.S. needs to reverse

the bias against memorization. Even the U.S. Department of Education raised alarm bells,

chastising American schools in a 2008 report that bemoaned the lack of math fluency (a notion it

mentioned no fewer than 17 times). It concluded that schools need to embrace the dreaded 'drill

and practice.' 德州农工大学(Texas A&M University)的威廉·克莱姆(William Klemm)称，美国需要纠正反对记背的偏见。甚至连美国教育部(U.S. Department of Education)都拉响了警铃，他们在2008年的一份报告中斥责美国学校，为学生缺少数学运算流利度（这一概念在报告中提及的次数不少于17次）而感到悲哀。该报告总结道，学校需要接受令人生畏的“灌输知识与实践练习”的教育之道。 3. Failure is an option.失败是学习过程中的一个必然因素

Kids who understand that failure is a necessary aspect of learning actually perform better. In a

2012 study, 111 French sixth-graders were given anagram problems that were too difficult for

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them to solve. One group was then told that failure and trying again are part of the learning

process. On subsequent tests, those children consistently outperformed their peers. 意识到这一点的孩子实际上表现更佳。在2012年的一项研究中，111名法国六年级学生被布置了一些难度超出其能力的回文构词法问题。然后，有一组学生被告知，失败与再尝试是学习过程的一部分。在接下来的测试中，这些学生一直都比其他参与者表现更佳。 The fear, of course is

that failure will traumatize our kids, sapping them of self-esteem. 当然了，我们担心的是：失败将令我们的孩子在精神上受到创伤、使其自尊心尽失。Wrong again. In a 2006 study, a Bowling

Green State University graduate student followed 31 Ohio band students who were required to

audition for placement and found that even students who placed lowest 'did not decrease in their

motivation and self-esteem in the long term.' The study concluded that educators need 'not be as

concerned about the negative effects' of picking winners and losers. 这个想法，又错了。在2006年的一项研究中，鲍林格林州立大学(Bowling Green State University)的一位研究生追踪调查了31名被要求参加试音并接受排名的俄亥俄州各乐队的学生，结果发现就算是那些排名最低的人“从长期来看，也并未减少其积极性与自尊心”。该研究得出结论称，教育者在选出赢家和输家时，“无需担忧那些消极影响”。 4. Strict is better than nice.4. 严厉比和善更好。

What makes a teacher successful? To find out, starting in 2005 a team of researchers led by

Claremont Graduate University education professor Mary Poplin spent five years observing 31 of

the most highly effective teachers (measured by student test scores) in the worst schools of Los

Angeles, in neighborhoods like South Central and Watts. Their No. 1 finding: 'They were strict, '

she says. 'None of us expected that.' 是什么造就了一位教师的成功？为了找到答案，从2005年开始，在克莱蒙研究大学(Claremont Graduate University)教育学教授玛丽·波普兰(Mary

Poplin)的带领下，一组研究人员花了五年时间观察了31位教学最高效的老师（根据学生考试分数衡量挑选出来的）。这些老师都在洛杉矶最差的学校教书，他们就职的校区分布在诸如中南区(South Central)和沃茨(Watts)这样的街区。研究人员最大的发现是：“他们都是严师。”波普兰教授说：“这个结论出人意料。” The researchers had assumed that the most

effective teachers would lead students to knowledge through collaborative learning and discussion.

研究人员曾认为，大多数教学最高效的老师是通过协作学习与讨论来使学生掌握知识的。

Instead, they found disciplinarians who relied on traditional methods of explicit instruction, like

lectures. 'The core belief of these teachers was, 'Every student in my room is underperforming

based on their potential, and it's my job to do something about it -- and I can do something about it,

'' says Prof. Poplin.但结果相反，他们发现那些依赖传统显性教学方式（如讲课）的纪律严明者教学效果最佳。波普兰教授说：“这些老师的核心理念是，‘从孩子们的潜力上来看，我班上的每个学生都表现欠佳，所以我的工作是就此做点什么──而且我也可以为此做点什么。’” She reported her findings in a lengthy academic paper. But she says that a fourth-grader

summarized her conclusions much more succinctly this way: 'When I was in first grade and

second grade and third grade, when I cried my teachers coddled me. When I got to Mrs. T's room,

she told me to suck it up and get to work. I think she's right. I need to work harder.' 波普兰教授在一份长篇幅的学术论文中发表了她的结论。但她称，一名四年级学生用一种更简洁明了的方式总结了她的发现：“在我上一年级、二年级和三年级的时候，当我哭泣的时候，我的老师总会纵容我。当我进了T太太的班级，她告诉我，别抱怨了，去学习。我觉得她说得对，我得更努力地学习。” 5. Creativity can be learned.5. 创造性也可后天习得。 The rap on

traditional education is that it kills children's' creativity. But Temple University psychology

professor Robert W. Weisberg's research suggests just the opposite. Prof. Weisberg has studied

creative geniuses including Thomas Edison, Frank Lloyd Wright and Picasso -- and has concluded

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that there is no such thing as a born genius. Most creative giants work ferociously hard and,

through a series of incremental steps, achieve things that appear (to the outside world) like

epiphanies and breakthroughs.传统教育遭受指摘的一点就是它会扼杀孩子们的创造性。但天普大学(Temple University) 心理学教授罗伯特·W·韦斯伯格(Robert W. Weisberg)的研究表明，事实正好相反。韦斯伯格教授已对包括托马斯·爱迪生(Thomas Edison)、弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特(Frank Lloyd Wright)与毕加索(Picasso)在内的创新天才进行了研究，结果发现不存在天生就是天才这回事。大多数创新巨匠工作都极其努力，他们一步一个脚印，循序渐进地努力收获成功。这些成就（在外人看来）似乎是突发的灵感与重大的突破。 Prof. Weisberg

analyzed Picasso's 1937 masterpiece Guernica, for instance, which was painted after the Spanish

city was bombed by the Germans. The painting is considered a fresh and original concept, but Prof.

Weisberg found instead that it was closely related to several of Picasso's earlier works and drew

upon his study of paintings by Goya and then-prevalent Communist Party imagery. The bottom

line, Prof. Weisberg told me, is that creativity goes back in many ways to the basics. 'You have to

immerse yourself in a discipline before you create in that discipline. It is built on a foundation of

learning the discipline, which is what your music teacher was requiring of you.'举个例子，韦斯伯格教授分析了毕加索1937年的名作《格尔尼卡》(Guernica)。在德国人轰炸了西班牙城镇格尔尼卡后，毕加索作了这幅画。《格尔卡尼》被人们视为一个全新原创的概念，但韦斯伯格教授却发现它与毕加索早期的一些作品息息相关，《格尔尼卡》是毕加索在研习了戈雅(Goya)画作以及在那个时代流行的共产党影像后，从二者当中汲取灵感完成的。韦斯伯格教授告诉我，究根探底，创造性将以各种方式追溯至基本的理念。他说：“当你在一个学科领域内进行创造时，你得先将自己浸入到这个学科框架中去。你的音乐老师要求你们所做的这些，正是在为学习该科目打基础。” 6. Grit trumps talent. 尽管在指挥台上极为严厉，但当库普钦斯基坐在观众席中时总是对学生颇为赞赏。图中为上世纪70年代中期，库普钦斯基在为自己的学生鼓掌。 In recent years, University of Pennsylvania psychology professor Angela

Duckworth has studied spelling bee champs, Ivy League undergrads and cadets at the U.S.

Military Academy in West Point, N.Y. -- all together, over 2, 800 subjects. In all of them, she

found that grit -- defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals -- is the best predictor of

success. In fact, grit is usually unrelated or even negatively correlated with talent.近几年，宾夕法尼亚大学(University of Pennsylvania)心理学教授安吉拉·达克沃思(Angela Duckworth)一直在对拼字比赛的冠军得主、常青藤盟校的本科生及美国西点军事学院(U.S. Military Academy in

West Point)的学员进行研究──总共超过2,800名研究对象。在他们的身上，她发现坚忍不拔──这里指对长期目标的激情和坚持──是成功的最佳先兆。事实上，坚韧通常都与天分无关，甚至与其呈负相关。 Prof. Duckworth, who started her career as a public school math

teacher and justwon a 2013 MacArthur 'genius grant, ' developed a 'Grit Scale' that asks people to

rate themselves on a dozen statements, like 'I finish whatever I begin' and 'I become interested in

new pursuits every few months.' When she applied the scale to incoming West Point cadets, she

found that those who scored higher were less likely to drop out of the school's notoriously brutal

summer boot camp known as 'Beast Barracks.' West Point's own measure -- an index that includes

SAT scores, class rank, leadership and physical aptitude -- wasn't able to predict retention.达克沃思教授在其职业初期是一所公立学校的数学老师，她刚刚赢得了2013年麦克阿瑟“天才奖”(MacArthur "genius grant")。她研发了一套“坚韧指数”，该指数要求人们在12个诸如“我总是有始有终”和“我每几个月都会对新生事物产生兴趣”之类的问题上自测打分。当她将这套测试题用到即将入校的西点学员身上时，她发现那些得分高的人相对不太可能从被人称为“野兽兵营”的、“惨无人道”的夏季训练营中半路退出。西点自己的那一套测试方式─

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─将高中毕业生的学术能力评估测试分数、课堂排名、领导能力和身体适应性包含在内的一个指标──无法预测最终坚持留下来的会是哪些人。 Prof. Duckworth believes that grit can

be taught. One surprisingly simple factor, she says, is optimism -- the belief among both teachers

and students that they have the ability to change and thus to improve. In a 2009 study of newly

minted teachers, she rated each for optimism (as measured by a questionnaire) before the school

year began. At the end of the year, the students whose teachers were optimists had made greater

academic gains.达克沃思教授认为坚忍不拔的品质能够教授给学生。她称，有一个出奇简单的因素就是乐观──植根于老师和学生之间的一种信念：他们有能力改变并因而取得进步。在2009年针对新教师的一项研究中，她在学年开始前给每一位老师在乐观度上打了分（通过一份问卷测试得出）。到了年底，那些拥有乐天派老师的学生在学业方面收获更多。 7.

Praise makes 7. 夸奖会让你脆弱。 My old teacher Mr. K seldom praised us. His

highest compliment was 'not bad.' It turns out he was onto something. Stanford psychology

professor Carol Dweck has found that 10-year-olds praised for being 'smart' became less confident.

But kids told that they were 'hard workers' became more confident and better performers. 我的故师K先生很少夸奖我们。他最高程度的夸奖不过是“不算差”。那表明他注意到了一些事。斯坦福大学(Stanford)心理学教授卡罗尔·德韦克(Carol Dweck)已发现，那些被人夸为“聪明”的10岁孩子变得更不自信。而那些被人称为“干活卖力”的孩子则变得更自信、表现也更佳。 'The whole point of intelligence praise is to boost confidence and motivation, but both

were gone in a flash, ' wrote Prof. Dweck in a 2007 article in the journal Educational Leadership.

'If success meant they were smart, then struggling meant they were not.'德韦克教授在2007年刊发于《教育领导学》期刊(Educational Leadership)上的一篇文章中写道：“夸奖智商的全部意义在于提高信心与积极性，但二者都是转瞬即逝的。如果说成功意味着他们是聪明的，那么奋斗打拼就该意味着他们不聪明了。” 8. ... while stress makes you strong.8. 压力让你更强大。

A 2011 University at Buffalo study found that a moderate amount of stress in childhood promotes

resilience. Psychology professor Mark D. Seery gave healthy undergraduates a stress assessment

based on their exposure to 37 different kinds of significant negative events, such as death or

illness of a family member. Then he plunged theirhands into ice water. The students who had

experienced a moderate number of stressful events actually felt less pain than those who had

experienced no stress at all. 纽约州立大学水牛城分校(University at Buffalo)2011年的一份研究发现，童年时期适度的压力有助于增强人们乐观的性格。心理学教授马克·D·西里(Mark

D. Seery)对健康的本科生进行了压力评估。该评估是基于这些学生在面对37种不同类型的重大负面事件，如家人离世或身患疾病时的表现得出的。然后西里教授将他们的双手插入冰水当中。与从未感受过压力的人相比，那些已经历过适当数量有压力的事件的学生实际上感受到的痛楚更少。 'Having this history of dealing with these negative things leads people to be

more likely to have a propensity for general resilience, ' Prof. Seery told me. 'They are better

equipped to deal with even mundane, everyday stressors.' 西里教授告诉我说：“拥有这些与负面事件打交道的往昔会让人们更倾向于整体乐观主义。他们更有本事去处理那些哪怕是日常的生活压力。” Prof. Seery's findings build on research by University of Nebraska psychologist

Richard Dienstbier, who pioneered the concept of 'toughness' -- the idea that dealing with even

routine stresses makes you stronger. How would you define routine stresses? 'Mundane things,

like having a hardass kind of teacher, ' Prof. Seery says. 西里教授的结论是以内布拉斯加大学(University of Nebraska)心理学家理查德·丁斯特比尔(Richard Dienstbier)的研究为基础的，后者是“韧性”概念的倡导者──这里的“韧性”是指就算是处理日常压力也会让你变得更强大。你会如何定义日常压力呢？西里教授称：“就是普通平凡的事情，像有位狠角色老师

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之类的。” My tough old teacher Mr. K could have written the book on any one of these principles.

Admittedly, individually, these are forbidding precepts: cold, unyielding, and kind of scary.我故去的严师K先生可以就这些原则中的任何一条写上一本书。不论是被人公认的，还是我的个人见解，这些原则都令人生畏：冷酷，生硬，而且还有点儿吓人。 But collectively, they convey

something very different: confidence. At their core is the belief, the faith really, in students' ability

to do better. There is something to be said about a teacher who is demanding and tough not

because he thinks students will never learn but because he is so absolutely certain that they will.

但总而言之，它们传达出了完全不同的东西：自信。它们的核心理念是信仰，是学生们有能力做得更好的信仰。有这么一说：教师之所以苛刻严厉，并不是因为他觉得学生永远都不会去学，而是因为他百分之百地确信学生会去学。 Decades later, Mr. K's former students finally

figured it out, too. 'He taught us discipline, ' explained a violinist who went on to become an Ivy

League-trained doctor. 'Self-motivation, ' added a tech executive who once played the cello.

'Resilience, ' said a professional cellist. 'He taught us how to fail -- and how to pick ourselves up

again.'数十年之后，K先生曾经的学生终于也领悟了这个道理。一位后来在常青藤名校攻读了博士学位的小提琴手解释道：“他教会了我们什么是自律。”一位现今担任科技企业高管的大提琴手补充道：“自我激励。”另一位如今的职业大提琴家说：“坚韧。他教会了我们如何失败──以及如何让自己再次振作起来。” Clearly, Mr. K's methods aren't for everyone. But

you can't argue with his results. And that's a lesson we can all learn from. 显然，K先生的方法并不适用于每一个人。但你不能因此就否认他的成就。这是我们所有人都能受教受益的一堂课。

The Mozart Effect:How Music Makes You Smarter

In the workplace, music "raises performance levels and productivity by reducing stress and

tension, masking irritating sounds and contributing to a sense of privacy"在工作场所，音乐“通过减少压力和紧张，掩盖刺激性声音和促进隐私感来提高绩效水平和生产力,

v proved conclusively that by using certain Baroque pieces, foreign languages can be

mastered with 85-100% effectiveness in 30 days, when the usual time is 2 years 洛扎诺夫博士断言，听特定的巴洛克音乐，可以让你在30天内掌握外语的效率达到85-100％，而通常需要的时间是2年

9、These special music Mozart Effect pieces, recorded at just the right tempo, activate the left and

right brain for the maximum learning/retention effect. 这些特殊的莫扎特音乐，按照合理的节拍播放，可以激活左右脑使其达到最大的学习或记忆效果

For the first time, researchers also have located specific areas of mental activity linked to

emotional responses to music. 研究人员还首次发现了与音乐情感反应相关的特定心理活动区域。

Music is biologically part of human life, just as music is aesthetically part of human life." 音乐在生物学上是人类生活的一部分，就像音乐在美学上是人类生活的一部分一样。

“Mozart Effect” Dispelled: Music Study Does Not Make Children Smarter

A new study shows the much-vaunted "Mozart Effect" to be a myth, with music study

providing no boost to IQ among students.

1.A new study dispels the notion cherished among certain classes of Americans that music

improves a child’s intelligence. 一项新的研究消除了某些美国人所珍视的观点，即音乐能提高孩子的智力Contrary to overwhelming opinion, those called to sophomore chorus — or to share

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their divine talent “unplugged” before a campfire — may surely benefit from improved focus and

discipline, aspects of intelligence, some believe. But no effect on cognitive ability was found

among children studied this year by a group of Harvard researchers. “More than 80 percent of

American adults think that music improves children's grades or intelligence”, investigator Samuel

Mehr said on Wednesday. "Even in the scientific community, there's a general belief that music is

important for these extrinsic reasons — but there is very little evidence supporting the idea that

music classes enhance children's cognitive development." To this point, only a few dozen studies

have examined the purported mental benefits of studying music, and only five used randomized

controlled studies, studies designed to isolate causal effects. 对于这一点，仅有几十项研究检验过传闻中的学习音乐对智力的益处，其中只有5项采用了随机对照研究，即所设计的研究将因果效应分离出来。

Of those five, only one showed a clearly positive effect — but conferred an intelligence

quotient bump of only 2.7 points, barely discernible in a statistical sense.

Mozart effect rose to cultural prominence in 1993 when researchers at the University of

California, Irvine found a temporary boost to spatial-reasoning capacity among children who’d

listened to selections of classical music. Although lasting no more than 15 minutes or so, the effect

was touted as a sustainable boost to general intelligence, with Georgia Governor Zell Miller in

1998 promising more than $100,000 in funding per year to provide every child in the state with a

recording of classical music. 尽管这一效应只持续了大约15分钟，但却被吹嘘成智力有可持续的提高，乔治亚州州长泽尔·米勒就在1998年承诺每年拿出超过1000,000美元的资金用于给该州每位儿童提供一张古典音乐的唱片。

However, the infamous study published in Nature never measured intelligence, instead asking

children to complete sub-sections of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. The neurological study of

any Mozart effect on the mind comes to the side of theoretical work from renowned psychologist

Howard Gardner, who first proposed multiple intelligence theory in his 1983 book, Frames Of

Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In that theory, human intelligence can be mostly

compartmentalized into seven primary domains of mental capacity, including spatial and “musical

rhythmic” intelligences.

However, nothing has yet been proved. "The experimental work on this question is very much in

its infancy, but the few published studies on the topic show little evidence for 'music makes you

smarter'," Mehr said.

In a pair of experiments, Mehr and his colleagues followed 29 sets of parents and four-year-old

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children recruited locally, testing parents for music aptitude and children for vocabulary before

placing children randomly in either a music class or one focused on visual arts. "We wanted to test

the effects of the type of music education that actually happens in the real world, and we wanted

to study the effect in young children, so we implemented a parent-child music enrichment

program with preschoolers," Mehr said. "The goal is to encourage musical play between parents

and children in a classroom environment, which gives parents a strong repertoire of musical

activities they can continue to use at home with their kids." Unlike previous study designs, Mehr

taught both classes in the experiment to control the possibility that individual teachers might

influence the effect, afterward assessing subjects with tests designed to measure four aspects of

intelligence: cognition, vocabulary, mathematics, and spatial intelligence.

"Instead of using something general, like an IQ test, we tested four specific domains of cognition,"

Mehr said. "If there really is an effect of music training on children's cognition, we should be able

to better detect it here than in previous studies, because these tests are more sensitive than tests of

general intelligence."

Although no effect was found on general intelligence, students in the music class performed better

on one of the two spatial reasoning problems in the test, with the visual art students outperforming

them on the other. But given the small study size, Mehr and his colleagues then attempted to

replicate the original Nature study, recruiting 45 more parents and children — half of whom had

received previous training in music. Again, no effect was found, prompting Mehr to go so far as to

defend music instruction in the schools.

"There's a compelling case to be made for teaching music that has nothing to do with extrinsic

benefits," he said. "We don't teach kids Shakespeare because we think it will help them do better

on the SATs, we do it because we believe Shakespeare is important.” 我们教孩子们莎士比亚不是因为我们认为真能帮助他们在大学入学考试中做得更好，我们这样做是因为我们认为莎士比亚很重要

hout human history and antiquity, music has represented an integral quality of the human

animal, a commonality in every culture of the world — including music for children. 在整个人类历史和古代，音乐代表了人类这一动物不可或缺的品质以及世界上每一种文化的共性——包括儿童音乐。

Although listening to Mozart might not make children any smarter, surely there is no harm?

Source: Samuel Mehr. Contrary To Popular Opinion, Research Finds No Cognitive Benefits

Of Music Lessons. PLoS ONE. 2013.

Travel Language

Karsten Schmidt

1. The Academie Francaise has for decades been the watchdog over the French Language. 法兰西语言研究院几十年来一直是法语语言的监督者。A few years ago, French sensitivity to the

influx of English words became so great that a law for the purification of French was adopted. The

law covers even technical applications. For example, in theory, it is now compulsory in France to

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refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail, etc. The list is very long and

detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac, the French President, might well expand on

this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as “internet” or “byte stream”

just to name a couple列举一二. The mind boggles at what the world might face.

2. Unfortunately (or perhaps not), the English language is not so protected. 不幸的是（也许不是），英语不是那么受保护。 Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king’s

English prevalent in America, where “honour” is commonly written as “honor” and “night” as

“nite”, many well-tested British words have also been given new meanings, making

communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has come to be called a

trunk—a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree. The bonnet is a hood, good old

nappies are diapers, and a baby’s matinee jacket is a vest. It’s obvious that the two countries are

indeed separated by what once was a common language! From an American point of view, of

course, it could be argued that the British speak English with a speech deficiency. 当然，从美国人的角度来看，英国人讲英语时会出现语言缺陷。

3. Even worse English, however, is in use. Anyone who travels in foreign countries and observes it

on menus and posters, in hotels, and indeed in everyday life can testify that what used to be the

king’s lingo has become in these places but a poor relation thereof. Allow me to elaborate.

4. The travel writer Perrot Phillips has taken pains to hightlight some of his experiences, which I

feel should not be withheld from a wider readership. He refers to a Dutch bulb catalogue which

promised customers “a speedy execution” and to an East Berlin cloakroom sign that requested

gustes to “please hang yourself here.” One hopes that nobody took the advice literally.

5. To these I can add some of my own experiences, encountered in long years of traveling the

world. There was, for example, the observation in an Ostend novelty shop that“revolting new

ideas” were being marketed, and the boast of some Bombay bakers that“we are No. 1 loafers, best

value in whole town.”

6. I realized how far Christianity had come when I read in Hong Kong the following call by a

dentist: The teeth they are extracted here by the latest Methodists.

7. I fear it cannot be answered with certainty whether these actually illustrate a progressive use of

English or are simply reflections of local usages. I feel quite strongly, however, that the Haifa

Medical Association should have prevented one of its members from claiming on his brass plate

that he is a “Specialist in Women and Other Diseases.” 我担心不能肯定地回答这些是否真的说明了英语使用的进步，或者仅仅是当地用法的反映。然而，我非常强烈地认为，海法医学协会应该阻止其成员在他的黄铜板上声称他是“妇女和其他疾病专家”。

8. Hotels seem to revel in their multilingual signs. One supposes these signs were designed to

facilitate the use of modern services in otherwise sterile and barely functional establishments.

Nevertheless, the unsuspecting guests confronted in a Brussels hotel with the following instruction

for the use of the lift (elevator) might well prefer to walk: “To move the lift, push button to

whishing floor. If the cabin should enter more persons, each one should push number of wishing

floor. Driving is then going alphabetically by natural order. Button retaining pressed position

shows received command for visiting station.” The less sophisticated notice in Istanbul (“To call

room service, please to open door and call ROOM SERVICE”) at least does not confront the guest

with electronics that might not always work.

9. In Turkey, the delight in “straight talk” expresses itself in the by-now-famous Ankara brochure

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which advises, “Visit our restaurant where you can eat Middle East foods in an European

Ambulance.” A note on a Swiss menu that “our wines leave nothing to hope for” was equally

inviting.

10. Eastern European courtesies have never left the once grand hotels of the former

Austro-Hungarian emprie. A notice in the hotel rooms that “the honoured guests are invited to take

advantage of the chamber maids from 12-14 o‟clock” might, however, result in some unplanned

traffic jams. 东欧礼貌从未离开过前奥匈帝国曾经的大酒店。 然而，在酒店客房的通知，“邀请尊贵的客人从12-14点钟利用房间女佣”可能会导致一些计划外的交通堵塞。A recent

Moscow exhibition‟s announcement drew attention to “a showing of 300 paintings by Russian

artists, most of whom were executed in last ten years”—hardly a welcoming thought to the

occasional visitor.

11. A Bangkok laundry‟s advertisement to the visiting public (“Leave your clothes here and enjoy

yourself”) could also be seen as an invitation to extracurricular课外 activities in that Far Eastern

capital of fun.

12. In Rome, a laundry advertised a similar invitation: Ladies, leave your clothes here and spend

the afternoon having a good time.

13. It should not surprise the traveller that nightspots advertise their wares in Europe in many and

diverse languages. The German preoccupation with Majorca led a Munich nightclub to copy a

trilingual Palma announcement that dancing was going on in what is indeed a surprising way. The

notice read, “Baile! Baile! Baile!” in Spanish, “Tanz! Tanz! Tanz!” in German, and “Balls! Balls!

Balls!” in what was meant to be English. We are spared the upper Bavarian version of the activity.

14. The Black Forest Germans, on the other hand, are known to be rather prudish in their outlook,

but is it really necessary to post a sign: “It is strictly forbidden on our Black Forest camping site

that people of different sexes, for example men and women, liver together in one tent unless they

are married with each other for that purpose.”

15. I am told that for the otherwise unsuspecting tourist, the following sign proved a real crowd

puller. Parrot Phillips claims it to be true that in an Austrian hotel room he found the sign: If

service required, give two strokes to the maid and three to the valet.”

16. There are undobtedly more and varied versions of the use of English, unprotected as our

language is from the interference of emerging and ambitious entrepreneurs. 毫无疑问，英语的使用更加多样化，不受保护，因为我们的语言受到新兴和雄心勃勃的企业家的干涉。Nevertheless, I prefer seeing English develop as the lingua franca around the world rather than

being suffocated for the sake of so-called purity by some ill-advised legislative process. 然而，我更喜欢看英语作为世界各地的通用语，而不是为了所谓的纯粹被一些不明智的立法程序所扼杀。

From English to Chinglish: The Globalization of Languages

With the 2008 Summer Olympics fast approaching, the Chinese government has taken

measures to clean up any signs of “Chinglish,” the trend of English fused with Chinese. Signs

listing “Deformed Man Lavatory” and “If you are stolen, call the police at once” do not

translate properly to their English-language equivalents of handicap bathrooms and

abduction. Under the “Beijing Speaks to the World” program, a committee supervises the

capital’s transition from Chinese English to American English in hopes of preventing Western

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ridicule for historically bad translations. Restaurant menus, signs, and pamphlets are

undergoing careful inspection, and taxi drivers have even been told their annual licenses will

not be renewed unless they pass a mandatory English test.1However, the phenomena of

English adaptations are not new. Ponglish (Polish English), Singlish (Singaporean English), and

Hinglish (Hindu English) are gaining momentum and popularity abroad.2 By 2020, native

English speakers will make up only 15 percent of the estimated two billion people who will

use or learn the English language. Most conversations in English are between nonnative

speakers. It is estimated that 300 million Chinese read and write in English, but do not

receive enough practice, thus fueling the often-ridiculed practice of Chinglish.3 据估计，中国有3亿人用英语读写，但没有得到足够的练习，因此加剧了经常被嘲笑的中式英语的使用。

The widespread use of English brings up the concern as to how globalization is shaping the

future of languages.英语的广泛使用引起了人们对全球化将如何塑造语言的未来的关注。 An

analysis of linguistic history, the growth of English as the lingua franca, the extinction of

indigenous languages, and the measures that have developed in reaction to this trend will

bring perspective into the evolving—and diminishing—world of languages.

Background into languages

Linguistic groups date all the way back to 3000 B.C. with the origins of languages falling

primarily into Indo-European and Semitic descent. Indo-European groups encompass half of

the world’s dialects, including Hindi, Persian, Norwegian, and English. It is one of the few

language families not confined to one distinct territory because European languages spread

through colonization, to regions such as North and South America, Australia, New Zealand,

and Africa.4它是少数几个不限于一个不同领土的语言体系之一，因为欧洲语言通过殖民化扩散到诸如北美和南美，澳大利亚，新西兰和非洲等地区。

In the Middle East, Semitic languages were derived from a tribal group in southern Arabia.

Important civilizations like Babylonia and Phoenicia were of Semitic origin. Semitic languages

include Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic, and Tingrinya.

The globalization of conquest, trade, and religion created an overlapping of languages, but it

also fortified linguistic divisions in the world. For example, the Roman Empire used

linguistics to spread its influence. However, Rome’s territorial occupations inevitably split

Western Europe into the realms of Romance and Germanic languages. Latin, the language of

Rome, eventually evolved into the modern-day romance languages of Italian, Spanish,

Portuguese, and French, while the Germanic languages of Danish, Swedish, and Dutch

flourished separately. Interestingly English (considered a Germanic language), is a fusion of

this segregation, a product of both Germanic and Romance origins.

English, the new Lingua Franca

Just as the Romans saw the diffusion of their language over seized territory as a mark of

dominance, the modern day equivalent is a language’s label as a lingua franca. 正如罗马人

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将他们的语言在占领地域内的传播看作统治地位的标志，当今相当于将一种语言作为通用语言的标签。

The French language held the title under Louis XIV and remained the lingua franca until after

World War II, when English replaced French for this distinction. English is one of the three

working languages of the United Nations General Assembly and one of the three among the

European Commission. However, the role of English extends beyond diplomacy and is often

referred to as the global lingua franca since it is regarded as such an influential cultural and

economic force thanks to the streamlined distribution of American culture abroad.

Additionally, English is often used in foreign countries due to the mounting tension within

countries to choose one local language over another.

英语经常在国外使用，因为国家内部对于选择一种当地语言而不是另一种语言的紧张局势日益加剧。 For example, Hindi was

declared as the official language of the Indian government in the 1950s, but only one-sixth of

the population speak Hindi natively—the rest of the population use one of 400 different

dialects. English is thus seen as an ethnically neutral choice to avoid the conquest of one

Indian culture over another.5

The same phenomenon is occurring in Iraq: Kurdish officials oppose doing business with the

central government in Arabic and often insist on using English even if they know

Arabic. English thus helps to muffle fears of cultural and political hegemony in both India

and Iraq.6因此英语有助于消除印度和伊拉克对文化和政治霸权的恐惧。

The Death of Languages

Although the emergence of Chinglish and Hinglish does not necessarily pose a threat to the

future of Chinese and Hindi, the standardization of a few languages is responsible for wiping

out smaller, indigenous languages. Approximately half of the world’s languages have gone

extinct in the past 500 years, and studies show that a language dies out every two weeks on

average. In the next hundred years, another half of the world’s 7,000 languages are

predicted to disappear as well. Of the 50 native languages in California, none are taught in

public schools. It was also found that roughly 500 of the world’s languages are spoken by a

population of a less than ten people.7

The disappearance of a language is tied directly to the death of a culture in some cases.

Linguists have estimated that half of the world’s languages do not have a written form.8 For

example, of the 231 endangered languages spoken in Australia, at least 50 of them have

never been written down. History, traditions, and ways of life are passed down orally—with

no text left behind for future generations—the world’s rich diversity will be forgotten.

Efforts to Preserve, Inform, and Adapt

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Different endeavors are emerging in response to globalization and language extinction. 针对全球化和语言消亡的种种努力正在兴起。 The National Geographic has collaborated with

Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Tongues to bring about Enduring Voices. The

project has identified five global “hotspots” where native languages are disappearing most

rapidly (see picture).

Researchers of Enduring Voices seek to understand the geographic dimensions of language

distribution and determine how the diversity is linked to biodiversity.9 Many of the

indigenous people have different ties and perspective on nature that science has not tapped

into thus far.许多当地人对自然有着不同的联系和观点，而科学迄今尚未开发出来。

To help spread awareness of such a wide range of languages and the cultures, people are

bridging the gap to continue building a global village.为了帮助宣传这种广泛的语言和文化，人们正在弥合差距，继续建设一个地球村。 For example, the website Global

Voices aims to “aggregate, curate, and amplify the global conversation online” through

tapping into international blogs, podcasts, and other user-sharing platforms that are not the

English-language media.10全球之声的网站旨在通过利用国际博客，播客和其他不是英语媒体的用户共享平台“汇总，策划和扩大全球对话在线”。

Naturally, with the interaction of various languages that utilize different phonetics and

syntax structures, it is not surprising that the adaptation of English to other languages will

lead to many hybrid languages that do not necessarily have “proper” English grammar and

that emphasize different tones and intonations that are unique to the home languages.

通过采用有着不同的语音和语法结构的各种语言的互动，英语改变成其他语言会产生很多不一定有“正确的”英语语法的混合语，这强调了本土语言所特有的不同的声调和语调，这是不足为奇的。

In different regions of China, sounds that begin words with “th” are often pronounced as the

letters f, v, t, or d because it is easier to pronounce.11

Linguists believe that cultures will soon come to identify with these language fusion, in a

phenomena known as “glocal English,” and incorporate the blend with local roots.12 The

transformations could potentially lead to new languages in the future, leading to a trend

counter to the one seen with native languages.

Conclusion

As English continues to grow as the global standard for communication, changes to the

language are inevitable. Just as American scholar John McWhorter noted, “There is no such

thing as a society lapsing into using unclear or illogical speech—anything that strikes you as

incorrect in some humble speech variety is bound to pop up in full bloom in several of the

languages considered the world’s noblest.”13

emergence of Chinglish, among other languages, and the efforts to rid the city of

Chinese English are short term adjustments, but in the long run it would not be surprising to

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see the normalization of blended languages.

中式英语从其他语言的脱颖而出，和摆脱中式英语的努力是短期调整，但长期看来，看到混合语言的规范化不足为奇。

Languages are unique to cultural and historical context, and preserving what is left of the

world’s linguistic heritage and witnessing the emergence of new ones are both important in

expanding the linguistic melting pot. 语言对文化和历史背景来说是独一无二的，保留剩下的世界语言遗产，见证新的语言的出现，都在扩大语言大熔炉的过程中至关重要。

The Not So Wonderful World of Disney

.However, does Disney stand for pure and innocent entertainment, or does it carry alternative

motives that seem to be well-hidden from the public eye? Many critics argue that Disney

productions have the ability to affect American children and families through their insensitive麻木不仁的 portrayal描写 of certain aspects of society and culture. 然而，迪士尼是代表纯粹的无辜的娱乐，还是它带有似乎隐藏在公众眼中的替代动机？ 许多批评者认为，迪斯尼的作品有能力通过对社会和文化某些方面的不敏感的描述来影响美国儿童和家庭。

Critics mark the idea of negative social influences as one of Disney’s most ubiquitous普遍存在的

problems. 批评者认为消极的社会影响是迪斯尼最普遍存在的问题之一the quantitative 数量的disproportion不相称 of male characters in Disney animated films needs to be addressed处理

if we expect children to be able to relate to appropriate role models” 如果我们期望孩子能够与适当的榜样建立联系，则需要解决迪斯尼动画电影中男女角色的数量不平衡的问题. the

prevalence流行 of males in villainous邪恶的 roles should be analyzed for its potential negative

impact on children and their relationships with caring male ‘adults’ 应对男性在邪恶角色的普遍性对儿童和与他们相关的成年男性关系存在的潜在的负面影响进行分析.

there is a large significance that lies in the social vulnerabilities surrounding males and females in

Disney films. 在迪士尼电影中，男性和女性所表现出的社会弱点存在着很大的意义。

Disney leaves no room for imaginations in kids, because they load their productions with

predetermined已决定的 thoughts and opinions targeted towards childrens.他们在他们的作品中加载了针对儿童的预定想法和意见。

The producers of Disney use the idea of innocence to downplay低估 any criticisms because ”

innocence plays a complex role in the Disney Company’s attempt to market its self-image to the

American public”. 迪斯尼的制作者使用天真的想法来淡化任何批评，因为“天真在迪斯尼公司向美国公众推销其自我形象的尝试中扮演着复杂的角色”。

For as long as Disney has been alive, critics have discovered loopholes漏洞 in the system that

deserve proper examination. 只要迪士尼还存在，评论者在其系统中发现的漏洞就应该得到适当的检查。

ONCE NAMED as one of the top-20 ‘Builders and Titans’ of the 20th century by Time Magazine,

Walt Disney (1901-1966) was a visionary with staying power who dedicated his life to the pursuit

of entertaining and educating the public.沃尔特·迪斯尼（1901-1966）是一个富有远见的梦想家，他致力于追求娱乐和教育公众 Disney assumed many roles over his 45-year career:

cartoonist, filmmaker, technological innovator, TV celebrity, Hollywood studio mogul, and

realestate tycoon. While his story is one of entrepreneurial success, success never came easily to

him. More than once, Disney drove his company to the brink of bankruptcy in pursuit of

technological innovation and product perfection. Among bankers and competitors, he earned a

reputation for being reckless, difficult and irresponsible. Part of this came from his unique view of

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risk and return, which defied the short-term outlook of his investors. 其中一个原因是他对风险和回报的独特视角，而这个视角让他的投资者们无法看到短线效益Throughout his difficulties,

he had confidence in his own abilities and those of his staff to achieve the desired results where

others saw only disaster. Disney’s persona combined nostalgia for small-town American values

with faith in the potential of modern science and technology to transform our lives.迪斯尼的个性中同时混合了美国小城镇怀旧的价值观和对现代科学技术能够改变我们生活的信心。 He

was a cheerleader for hard work, rugged individualism, optimism, dream fulfillment, and the

greatness of America. His success can be attributed to several key business principles.

1. Know What You Value and Why Walt and his older brother Roy started the Disney Brothers

Cartoon Studio together in Hollywood, California in 1923 with a core set of conservative

middle-American moral principles that included honesty, truth, respect for others, fellowship and

optimism, and a belief in the heroic capabilities of humankind. They continually integrated their

company’s operating culture into this moral framework, which was informally codified as ‘The

Disney Way’. 他们不断将这种道德体系与公司的经营文化融合在一起，这种融合被非正式地称为“迪斯尼之路” Disney always believed it was a mistake to compromise core business values

to increase profits. His longer-term, more integrated approach to measuring the profitability of

value creation put him in conflict with others他的长期的、更综合的方法来衡量价值创造的卓越远见，使他与其他人相冲突 – including, at times, his own brother – who measured returns

within shorter time periods. One corollary of his longer-term perspective was his unique

understanding of the relationship between quality and economic value. Disney believed that

people valued quality, could recognize it, and would reward businesses that were able to produce

to higher standards. His appreciation that business success is achieved by profitably delivering

value to customers was not unlike the later formulation of ‘the marketing concept’ by management

theorists Peter Drucker and Theodore Levitt. 他认为真正的商业成功是通过向客户传递价值实现的，这与管理理论家Peter Drucker和Theodore Levitt后期形成的“营销理念”不同。In order

to ‘give the customer what he wants’, Disney relied to a considerable degree on product testing

and research, both formal and informal, by observing the reactions of his film audience and

Disneyland guests.

//// When Roy Disney became chairman of the board following his brother’s death in 1966, he was

asked to comment on the secret of the company’s success. He answered: “It’s no secret. We’ve

always tried to manage by our values because when you know what your values are,

decision-making is easier.”

2. Demonstrate the Courage of Leadership By striving to live by a set of moral values consistent

with the pursuit of his own rational self-interest, Disney was able to act with confidence and

assurance, and was perceived by others as a man of high personal integrity通过一系列与追求自己的理性自我价值相一致的道德价值观念的生活，迪斯尼做任何事情都有信心和把握，因此被其他人视为一个有高度完整人格的人 – an important component of leadership. He was often

asked about leadership in press interviews. “Leadership implies a strong belief in something,” he

noted. “It may be a cause, an institution, a political or business operation in which a man takes

active direction by virtue of his faith and self-assurance. And, of course, leadership means a group,

large or small, which is willing to entrust such authority to a man – or a woman – in judgment,

wisdom, personal appeal 个人魅力and proven competence.” He also spoke of courage as an

integral part of leadership: “Courage is the main quality of leadership, in my opinion. Usually it

implies some risk – especially in new undertakings. Courage to initiate something and to keep it

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going – pioneering and adventurous spirit to blaze new ways, often, in our land of opportunity.”

3. Don’t Compromise Quality Disney was a perfectionist who believed that high standards were

both achievable and an indication of moral virtue. Operating to the highest standards was good for

business because it promoted the creation of long-term economic value. 运营达到最高标准对企业有利，因为它促进了长期经济价值的创造。To cite just one example, after portions of Snow

White and the Seven Dwarfs had been completed, one of the film’s animators created a special

walk for Dopey that put the character out of step with the other dwarfs. Upon realizing that this is

exactly how Dopey should be animated, Disney had each scene with the character re-animated,

even though the picture was already running over its projected budget. Owing to setbacks such as

this, many expected the film, the first-ever animated full-length feature cartoon, to be a failure.

Instead, Snow White became the top-grossing picture in history upon its debut in December, 1937.

The success of the film helped Disney promote the discipline of building a high performance

business culture that would contribute to his company’s future triumphs. 这部电影的成功帮助迪士尼推动了建立高端企业文化的原则，对公司未来的成功起到了重要的作用

4. Money Is Always A Means, Never An End For Disney, profit was primarily a means to

achieving bigger and more meaningful ambitions. “All I know about money is that I have to have

it to do things,” he stated. “I regard it merely as a medium for financing new ideas. I neither wish

nor intend to amass a personal fortune. Money – or, rather the lack of it to carry out my ideas –

may worry me, but it does not excite me. Ideas excite me.” His investment in Disneyland

expressed his investment philosophy: it cost $17 million to open in 1955, far in excess of the

original estimate of $1.7 million. 它在1955年成立，投资了1700万美元，远远超过原来估计的170万美元。 Each year, Walt and his brother continued to pour the profits back into the

development, seeing it as money well spent. 沃尔特和他的兄弟继续把利润投入到发展中，认为这钱花的值得。By the time Walt died, the Disneyland theme park represented a total

investment of over $126 million. In discussing the attributes that made Walt Disney a successful

entrepreneur, Ward Kimball, one of his colleagues, observed: “If you want to know the real secret

of Disney’s success, it’s that he never tried to make money. He was really more concerned with

the end result than the money. If it made money, fine. He felt that if you put your heart into a

project and if you were a perfectionist, people would automatically like it.”

5. Exceed Customer Expectations Disney was always looking for opportunities to dazzle through

technical innovation. If synchronized sound was a possibility, silent movies weren’t good enough;

if colour film was available, black and white was below standard. He was driven to innovation by

his boredom of repetition, his curiosity about new technology, and his romantic belief that

scientific advances could be used to better humankind. For Disney, the only real constraints faced

by humankind were the laws of nature and the limits of our imaginations. When it came to

building Disneyland, he was unusually customer-driven by the standards of the time. “With

everything I do, I keep a practical eye toward its appeal to the public,” 我对公众的呼吁保持务实的眼光 he said. He required his artists and designers to observe guests as they moved through

the park and seek out opportunities for improvement. Disney designer and author John Hench

stated that “To design most effectively for our guests, we learned that we had to observe them up

close, waiting in lines with them, going on rides with them, eating with them. Walt insisted on this.

Going out into the park taught us how guests were being treated and how they responded to

sensory information, what worked and what didn’t. We got an idea of what was going on in their

minds.”

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6. Minds Create Value, So Treat Them With Respect From the time Disney started his first

animation business, he set out to create a family atmosphere for those who worked for him. As the

business grew, he quickly recognized his shortcomings as an animator, and drew upon the ideas

and cooperation of his staff to achieve his goals. He often stated “there is no corner on brains,”

meaning that each individual has the potential for creative thinking and for the development of

breakthrough ideas. Disney, who saw his own role as leader and coach, was known to solicit ideas

from everyone from bankers to restaurant waiting staff. In his acceptance speech for the Showman

of the World Award in 1966, Disney paid tribute to his 3,000 employees, many of whom had been

with the company for over 30 years. “They take pride in the organization which they helped to

build. Only through the talent, labour and the dedication of this staff could any Disney project get

off the ground.” 只有通过人才，劳动力和工作人员的全力奉献，迪斯尼项目才能顺利开始。

He added, “You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful place in the world, but it

requires people to make the dream a reality.”

7. Let Creativity Work For You Disney developed specific processes to capture creative ideas and

transform them into things of value. “There was much more to his success than a blind faith in

intuition,” writes author and art curator Christopher Finch. “He knew that for intuition to mean

anything it had to be implemented, and that this demanded a combination of stringent analysis and

sheer hard work, backed up by the practical talents of the artists with whom he surrounded

himself.” 他知道要令直觉有意义，必须让它实现，这需要一系列严密的分析和绝对的努力，并且有他身边那些艺术家的真正的才华作为支撑。 Disney understood that freewheeling

creativity without imposed structure has little value; discipline is required to convert creativity

into business value. All of his projects started with economic research. If the findings were

favourable, “Disney proceeded with planning, which could take months or years. Sketches and

models were prepared and carefully analyzed. Everything was mapped out before Disney would

signal the go-ahead,” writes Bob Thomasin Building a Company. Disney formed his own

company in 1952, WED Enterprises, to explore the concept of a new kind of amusement park that

eventually became Disneyland. With the help of one of his artists, he produced a sketch of the

park. As the concept progressed, WED was charged with all aspects of creating the final product,

every square foot of which was engineered to appeal to the senses. 随着概念的发展，WED负责制作最终产品的所有方面，每平方英尺都要设计到吸引感官的程度。In the end, Disney

converted an orange grove south of Los Angeles into what became known as ‘the happiest place

on earth’. It was a premise of Disney’s that every aspect of a Disney park – like every frame of his

films – should make a contribution to the overall story. Disney strove for total integration of ideas

and execution. 迪士尼致力于创意和执行完全融合。

8. Think Deeply and From All Directions Disney often spoke in interviews about how much time

he spent developing his ideas. Often he would reflect on them for years, building, refining,

adapting, sharing them with others, incorporating input, and eventually realizing his audacious

goals. Disney dreamed about the future, and then planned how to connect his vision with reality in

a practical manner. At the same time he was inspiring his artists, ‘Imagineers’ and executives to

create the future, he was negotiating with business partners, industry leaders, and governments to

clear the path to achieving his goals. To be effective, Disney had to consider the impact of his

work from many perspectives. Long-term success in business requires the ability to understand the

value drivers of multiple constituent groups from multiple points of view. Disney used a number

of concrete methodologies, including sketches, ‘storyboards’ and threedimensional mock-ups, to

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develop a critical understanding of his ideas. He stated, “When we consider a new project, we

really study it – not just the surface idea, but everything about it.”

In closing For over four decades, Walt Disney delivered products that fired the imaginations of his

audience and filled them with optimism about the future. While he did not always see eye to eye

with his investors and bankers, he was fortunate to have a business partner who shared his core

values and believed in his dreams. In a century filled with the horror of two World Wars, Disney

represented a countervailing force of joy and optimism. His work demonstrates that business and

technology can be aimed at fulfilling shared desires, dreams and values. In the end, Disney took it

upon himself to assume a leadership role, as ‘uncle’ to the world, and the world was – and still is –

a better place for it.

IN SEARCH OF SERENDIPITY 寻找偶遇

It means more than a happy coincidence. And it's under threat from the internet. Ian Leslie

explains ... 伊昂·莱斯利解释：偶遇不止是一种幸运的巧合，它正受到互联网的威胁……

From INTELLIGENT LIFE magazine, January/February 2012

One day in 1945, a man named Percy Spencer was touring one of the laboratories he managed at

Raytheon in Waltham, Massachusetts, a supplier of radar technology to the Allied forces. He was

standing by a magnetron, a vacuum tube which generates microwaves, to boost the sensitivity of

radar, when he felt a strange sensation. Checking his pocket, he found his candy bar had melted.

Surprised and intrigued, he sent for a bag of popcorn, and held it up to the magnetron. The

popcorn popped. Within a year, Raytheon made a patent application for a microwave oven.

1945年的一天，在马塞诸塞州沃尔瑟姆市雷神公司（一间为二战盟军提供雷达技术的供应商）所属的一个实验室里，一名叫培西·史宾赛的主管正在做例行检察。他当时站在一台磁控管旁边。磁控管是一种产生微波的真空管，用来提高雷达灵敏度。他突然有一种奇妙的感觉。在检查之后，他发现裤子口袋里的一块巧克力融化了。这件事让他感到很是惊奇，也激起了他的好奇心，他派人去买了一袋爆米花，把它放在磁控管旁边。结果这袋爆米花成功膨化了。一年之内，雷神公司就申请了微波炉的专利。

The history of scientific discovery is peppered with breakthroughs that came about by accident.

科学发现的历史充满了各种偶然的突破。The most momentous was Alexander Fleming’s

discovery of penicillin in 1928, prompted when he noticed how a mould that floated into his Petri

dish killed off the surrounding bacteria. Spencer and Fleming didn’t just get lucky. Spencer had

the nous and the knowledge to turn his observation into innovation; only an expert on bacteria

would have been ready to see the significance of Fleming’s stray spore. As Louis Pasteur wrote,

“In the field of observation, chance favours only the prepared mind.”

其中影响最深远的要数1928年亚历山大·弗莱明发现青霉素。当时他注意到飘入培养皿内的霉菌杀死了周围的细菌。史班赛和弗莱明并不只是运气好罢了。史班赛有把该意外观察转变为一项创新发明的知识和机敏，而只有细菌专家才能看出弗莱明那些不请自来的孢子的重要性。诚如路易斯·巴斯德说过“在观察领域内，机会只青睐有准备的头脑”。

The word that best describes this subtle blend of chance and agency is “serendipity”. It was coined

by Horace Walpole, man of letters and aristocratic dilettante. Writing to a friend in 1754, Walpole

explained an unexpected discovery he had just made by reference to a Persian fairy tale, “The

Three Princes of Serendip”. The princes, he told his correspondent, were “always making

discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things which they were not in quest of…now do you

understand Serendipity?” These days, we tend to associate serendipity with luck, and we neglect

the sagacity. But some conditions are more conducive to accidental discovery than others.

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英语中这种描述偶然机遇和人为因素的微妙混合被叫做西林迪普（serendipity）。这是作家兼贵族业余艺术家的霍雷斯·瓦尔波尔取的名字。在1754年的给友人的一封信内，瓦尔波尔为了解释他刚刚的一个意外发现，引用了一个波斯童话《西林迪普的三王子》。他在信中这么提到，那三位王子“总是有新的发现，不管是无意的还是有意的，而发现的事物又不是他们本来所寻找的……现在你明白西林迪普的意思了吧？”今天，我们常把其和运气联系起来，而忽略了其中人为的因素。但是满足某些条件会更易于产生意外发现。

Today’s world wide web has developed to organise, and make sense of, the exponential increase in

information made available to everyone by the digital revolution, and it is amazingly good at

doing so. If you are searching for something, you can find it online, and quickly. But a side-effect

of this awesome efficiency may be a shrinking, rather than an expansion, of our horizons, because

we are less likely to come across things we are not in quest of. 但是这种惊人的效率的一个副作用就是我们的视界不但没有扩大，反而缩小了，因为我们和自己并没有在找的事物偶遇的机会变小了。

万维网经历了逐渐的发展，现在已将数字革命带给所有人的那些成级数增加的大量信息组织起来，并让人们可以理解这些信息，令人惊讶的是，万维网很擅长这个工作。如果你要搜索什么事物，那你可以在网上很快地找到。

When the internet was new, its early enthusiasts hoped it would emulate the greatest serendipity

machine ever invented: the city. The modern metropolis, as it arose in the 19th century, was also

an attempt to organise an exponential increase, this one in population. Artists and writers saw it as

a giant playground of discovery, teeming with surprise encounters. The flâneur was born: one who

wanders the streets with purpose, but without a map.

早在互联网还是一个新鲜玩意儿的时候，其早期拥护者希望它能仿效世界上曾发明过的最好的制造偶遇的机器：城市。现代大都市在19世纪兴起也是对人口级数增长进行组织的结果。艺术家和作家把都市看成一个巨大的发现场地，充满了意外的偶遇。漫游者开始出现了，这些人在街道上有目的地散步，却没有明确方向。

Most city-dwellers aren’t flâneurs, however. In 1952 a French sociologist called Paul-Henry

Chombart de Lauwe asked a student to keep a journal of her daily movements. When he mapped

her paths onto a map of Paris he saw the emergence of a triangle, with vertices at her apartment,

her university and the home of her piano teacher. Her movements, he said, illustrated “the

narrowness of the real Paris in which each individual lives”.

不过，大多数城市居民都不是漫游者。1952年法国一位叫保罗·亨利·雄巴德劳维的社会学家要求一位学生每天都记录下她当天的行踪。当雄巴德劳维把这位学生的路程图放在巴黎地图上时他看到的只是一个三角形，三个顶点分别为她的公寓，学校以及她钢琴老师的家。雄巴德劳维提出，她的移动表明了“个人实际生活中的巴黎是多么狭窄”。

To some degree, the hopes of the internet’s pioneers have been fulfilled. You type “squid” into a

search engine, you land on the Wikipedia page about squid, and in no time you are reading about

Jules Verne and Pliny. But most of us use the web in the manner of that Parisian student. We have

our paths, our bookmarks and our feeds, and we stick closely to them. We no longer “surf” the

information superhighway, as it has become too vast to cruise without a map. And as it has

evolved, it has become better and better at ensuring we need never stray from our virtual triangles.

从某种程度上来说，互联网先锋们的希望已经满足了。你在搜索引擎上打入“乌贼”，马上就会被带入维基百科讲述乌贼的页面，没过多久你已经在阅读关于儒勒·凡尔纳和普林尼的文章了。但是我们中的大多数人使用互联网的方式类似于那位巴黎学生。我们有自己的路径，自己的收藏，自己的馈送，我们和它们亲密无间。我们不再在信息高速公路上“漫游”了，

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它已经过于巨大，无法不借助导向而自行游览。而且随着它逐渐进化，它越来越擅长保证我们不会偏离自己的虚拟三角。

Google can answer almost anything you ask it, but it can’t tell you what you ought to be asking.

Ethan Zuckerman, director of the Centre for Civic Media at Massachusetts Institute of Technology

and a long-time evangelist for the internet, points out that it doesn’t match the ability of the

printed media to bring you information you didn’t know you wanted to know. He calls the front

page of a newspaper a “discovery engine”: the lead story tells you something you’re almost

certain to be interested in—the imminent collapse of the global economy, or Lady Gaga’s latest

choice of outfit—and elsewhere on the page you learn that revolution has broken out in a country

of whose existence you were barely aware. Editors with an eye for such things, what Zuckerman

calls “curators”, are being superseded by “friends”—people like you, who probably already share

your interests and world view—delivered by Facebook. Twitter is better at leading us to the

interests of people beyond our social circle, but our tendency to associate with others who think in

similar ways—what sociologists call our “value homophily”—means most of us end up with a

feed that feels like an extended dinner party. 推特微博可以更好地让我们接触到自己社交圈子以外的人的兴趣，但是我们还是有倾向于和自己想法相似的人相互结交的天性。社会学家称其为人类的“价值类聚”，这意味着我们中大多数获得的信息流就好像是一个延长的晚餐聚会一样。

谷歌可以回答你问的几乎一切问题，但是它不会告诉你你应该问什么。伊桑·祖克曼是麻省理工学院的公民媒体中心的主管，也是长期以来的互联网支持者，他指出传统印刷媒体能带给你那些你不知道自己想知道的信息，而互联网还没有做到这一点。他把报纸的头版称为一个“发现引擎”，头条报道告诉你一些你几乎一定会感兴趣的新闻，像是全球经济之将倾，或是女神卡卡的最近衣着等等，而头版上的其它新闻可以告诉你在一些你都不知道存在的国家里发生的革命。祖克曼认为有这种慧眼的编辑（他称其为“图书馆馆长”），现在正在被脸谱网提供的“好友”取代，这是一个像是你我这样的群体，其兴趣，世界观可能本已差别不大。

One reason why television viewing has held up relatively well, defying predictions of its demise,

is that, compared with the internet, it is good at serendipity. Danny Cohen is in charge of BBC1,

Britain’s most-viewed channel. He told me that a new programme on a difficult or obscure subject

can still inherit a substantial audience from a popular show. This is, in some ways, a mysterious

phenomenon. “I could understand it when changing the channel meant getting off the sofa,” says

Cohen. “But now?” Despite remote controls and far more channels, we still willingly succumb to

the choices of the broadcasting curators.

和很多预测不符，看电视这一行为并没有消亡，其仍然很受欢迎的一个原因在于和互联网相比，电视更善于创造偶遇。英国最多人观看的电视台，BBC一台的负责人丹尼·柯亨告诉我一个受欢迎的节目结束后接上一个主题较为艰涩难懂或是不为人知的新节目之后，还是有想当数量的观众会不转台继续观看。这在某种角度来看是一个神秘现象。柯亨说过：“在必须从沙发上站起来换台的时代我还能理解这一趋势，但是现在呢？”尽管我们有遥控器和多得多的频道，我们仍然心甘情愿地让电视台决定我们观看的节目。

Cohen worries that even as the volume of media has grown exponentially, “our propensity to

explore it is diminishing”. Driven by the needs of advertisers keen to hit ever more tightly

delineated targets, today’s internet plies us with “relevant” information and screens out the rest.

随着广告商需要对准描述越来越精确的个人，今天的互联网强制灌输大量“相关”信息，把所有其它信息都屏蔽掉了。Two different people will receive subtly different results from Google,

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adjusted for what Google knows about their interests. Newspaper websites are starting to make

stories more prominent to you if your friends have liked them on Facebook. We spend our online

lives inside what the writer Eli Pariser calls “the filter bubble”.

柯亨担心即使随着媒体内容级数增长，“我们探索这些内容的倾向在逐渐减弱”。两个不同的人在谷歌上搜索同样的内容会得到有着微妙差异的结果，谷歌根据其兴趣对搜索结果已经进行了调整。如果你的好友在脸谱网上标出喜欢某新闻，新闻网站会把它们放在更显眼的位置吸引你。我们在线的时间现在都生活在作家艾利·普雷舍所谓的“过滤泡泡”的内部。

To escape it, we can leave our screens and walk outside. But some of our most serendipitous

spaces are under threat from the internet. Wander into a bookshop in search of something to read:

the book jackets shimmer on the table, the spines flirt with you from the shelves. You can pick

them up and allow their pages to caress your hands. You may not find the book you wanted, but

you will walk out with three you didn’t. Amazon will have your book too, but its recommendation

engine doesn’t even come close to delivering the same stimuli. Similarly, a librarian isn’t as

efficient as a search engine, his memory isn’t nearly as capacious, but he may still be better at

making suggestions to a reader in search of—well, something.

要想逃离它，我们必须离开电脑屏幕，走到外面去。但是即使现实生活中一些最充满偶遇的空间也受到互联网的侵袭。漫步进入书店寻找读物：书套在桌子上闪着亮光，书脊在架子上挑逗着你。你可以拾起书，轻抚其页面。你可能找不到你想要的书，但你离开时会带走三本原来不想要的书。亚马逊也会有你要的书，但是它的推荐引擎完全不能提供类似的刺激。同样的，图书管理员效率不如搜索引擎，他的记忆力更是远远不如，但是对于那些想要找什么书刊翻一翻的读者来说他提出的建议可能仍然要比搜索引擎好很多。

But there is a reason why Amazon is successful and bookshops are closing: in a world of infinite

choice, efficiency is hard to resist. The pleasures of the bookshop or the library are easily

outgunned by the knowledge that we can order or download a book instantly, or find the

information we’re looking for within seconds. Serendipity, on the other hand, is, as Zuckerman

says, “necessarily inefficient”. It is a fragile quality, vulnerable to our desire for convenience and

speed. It also requires a kind of planned vagueness. Digital systems don’t do vagueness very well,

and our patience with it seems to be fading.

但是亚马逊这么成功，而书店正在关闭是有原因的：在有无限选择的一个世界里，效率的魅力是很难抵抗的。书店或图书馆给予的愉悦很容易就会被我们可以即时购买下载一本书，或是在几秒内找到想要的信息这些知识所掩盖。另一方面，如祖克曼所说，偶遇“必然是低效率”的。它是一种脆弱的事物，在我们对方便和速度的渴望面前不堪一击。它也需要一种故意的模糊感。数字系统可不太擅长模糊，我们对其的耐心似乎也在消减。

Google’s aim is to organise the world’s information and democratise access to it. But when

everyone can get the same information in more or less the same way, it becomes harder to be

original; innovation thrives on the serendipitous collision of ideas. Zuckerman told me about a

speech on serendipity he recently gave to an audience of investment managers. As he started on

his theme he feared he might lose their attention, but he was pleasantly surprised to find that they

hung on every word. It soon became clear why. “In finance, everyone reads Bloomberg, so

everyone sees the same information.” Zuckerman said. “What they’re looking for are strategies for

finding inspiration from outside the information orbit.”

谷歌的目标是组织全世界的信息，将信息的获取权民主化。但是当每个人或多或少都是以同样方式获取信息时，要拥有创意就越来越难了，创新要借助思想的偶然碰撞才能繁荣。祖克曼告诉我他最近给一群投资经理人进行了一次关于偶遇的讲话。他一开始讲述主题时还担心

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无法抓住观众的注意力，但是他很高兴地发现他们对每个词都听得很投入，这让他很惊讶。很快，他明白了背后的原因。祖克曼说：“在金融界，人人都读彭博网，所以所有人获得的信息都是一样的。他们真正寻找的是在固定信息轨道之外发现灵感的战略”。

The internet has become so good at meeting our desires that we spend less time discovering new

ones. To update the Rolling Stones, you can always get what you want. But you may not get what

you need.

互联网在满足我们的渴望上表现得如此好，以至于我们在发现新渴望上所花的时间越来越少了。滚石乐队的一句歌词可能需要改一改，你可以一直拥有你想要的，但是你想要的可能不是你需要的。

Ian Leslie works in advertising, is the author of "Born Liars" and tweets as @mrianleslie

Illustration by Brett Ryder

The Internet Doesn’t Hurt People — People Do: ‘The New Digital Age’

The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments in human history, at

least comparable in impact to the advent of the printing press and the telegraph. Over two billion

people worldwide now have access to vastly more information than ever before, and can

communicate with each other almost instantaneously, often using Web-connected mobile devices

they carry everywhere. But according to Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, the Internet‟s disruptive

impact has only just begun.

“Mass adoption of the Internet is driving one of the most exciting social, cultural, and political

transformations in history, and unlike earlier periods of change, this time the effects are fully

global,” Schmidt and Cohen write in their new book, The New Digital Age, published Tuesday.

Perhaps the most profound changes will come when the five billion people worldwide who

currently lack Internet access get online. The authors do an excellent job of examining the

implications of the Internet revolution for individuals, governments, and institutions like the news

media. But if the book has one major short-coming, it‟s that the authors don‟t spend enough time

applying a critical eye to the role of Internet businesses — particularly giants like Google and

Facebook — in these sweeping changes.

Schmidt and Cohen, who first met in Baghdad in 2009, are well-situated to document the digital

changes transforming our society, and they spent three years writing the book, which includes

interviews with several prominent figures, including former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger

and WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. Schmidt, a 58-year-old billionaire, was Google‟s CEO for

a decade; he now serves as the company‟s executive chairman. Cohen, a 31-year-old geopolitical

expert, is now director of Google Ideas, the company‟s New York-based “think/do tank.” This

year, Cohen, who earned undergraduate and graduate degrees from Stanford and Oxford, is on the

TIME 100 list of the most influential people in the world. (MORE: Is Broadband Internet Access a

Public Utility?)

In The New Digital Age, the authors aim to provide the most authoritative volume to date that

describes — and more importantly predicts — how the Internet and other new technological

advances will shape our lives in the coming decades and beyond. Schmidt and Cohen paint a

picture of a world in which individuals, companies, institutions, and governments must navigate

two realities, one physical, and one virtual.

At the core of the book is the idea that “technology is neutral, but people aren’t.” By using this

concept as a starting point, the authors aim to move beyond the now familiar optimist vs. pessimist

dichotomy that has characterized many recent debates about whether the rise of the Internet will

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ultimately be good or bad for society. In an interview with TIME earlier this week at Google’s

New York City headquarters, Cohen said that although he and his co-author are certainly

optimistic about many aspects of the Internet, they’re also realistic about the risks and dangers that

lie ahead when the next 5 billion people come online, particularly with respect to personal privacy

and state surveillance.

“We have a fundamental belief that there is no country that’s worse off because the Internet

arrived,” Cohen told TIME. “We don’t believe the Internet makes countries worse. So yes, we’re

optimistic about that, but we’re also realistic about the world’s problems, and we’re determined to

have an honest and frank conversation about the good and the bad that awaits us, where

technology is implicated, and where technology can be a useful tool.”

In developed countries like the United States, Schmidt and Cohen write, the Internet and other

technological advances will make individuals and companies more efficient, increasing

productivity and improving standards of living. Imagine driverless cars, thought-controlled robotic

motion, and “augmented reality,” the likes of which Google has begun testing with its Google

Glass Web-connected spectacles. The rise of 3-D printing — in which designs are downloaded

from the Internet and manufactured on a small scale — could herald the emergence of a new

generation of producers, who will bring “an unprecedented variety to the products used in the

developed world.” 3D打印机的兴起—通过互联网下载设计模型，小规模的生产出产品—预示着新一代生产者的出现，他们将为发达国家带来空前多样化的产品And forget about the

traditional conference call: Meeting participants will be projected as holograms into your home or

office. (MORE: How the „Maker‟ Movement Plans to Transform the U.S. Economy)

In the future envisioned by Schmidt and Cohen, new technologies and information systems will

streamline mundane, everyday tasks: Imagine a refrigerator that automatically orders groceries, or

a washing machine that cleans, dries, and folds laundry, before“algorithmically” recommending

the optimal outfit based on the weather and day of the week. 在未来Schmidt和Cohen设想的新技术和信息系统将简化平凡的日常任务：想象一下，冰箱可以自动调整放置物品的位置，或者洗衣机可以根据本周天气情况，通过“算法”推理，为主人推荐本周最佳着装，然后再完成清洗，甩干和折叠衣物的程序。Robots will vacuum our homes, take out the trash, and

manage the recycling. Haircuts will be automated. Personal schedules and to-do lists will be stored

online and linked to the rest of your devices. Typing itself may soon become a lost art as emails,

terms-papers, articles, and speeches are dictated using the next generation of voice-recognition

software. The automation of everyday chores will leave more time for people to address the most

important tasks, according to Schmidt and Cohen, such as preparing for a key work presentation,

watching an important lecture, attending a child‟s sports game, or simply engaging in what the

authors call a “deep think.” The impact of the Internet, mobile phones and technological

miniaturization in the developing world may be even more profound. Consider the Congolese

fisherwoman who will leave fish on the line in the river until individual orders are phoned in,

rather than bringing her entire catch to market and watching it spoil in the heat. Or the Masai

herder in the Serengeti, who will check market prices and the whereabouts of predators, and

receive spoken answers from his mobile device. Or the young Kenyan inventor who designed a

tiny, pressure-activated electronic chip, that, when placed in a shoe, can charge a mobile phone

with every step.

The authors‟ optimistic-but-realistic orientation is a welcome approach, particularly when it

comes to international affairs. The Internet is not a panacea for solving the world‟s ills, Schmidt

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and Cohen argue, but it can make a huge difference in the lives of billions of people around the

world. Technology can help spark and accelerate revolutionary movements, as it did during the

Arab Spring. But activists on the ground — real people — bear the responsibility and dangerous

work of toppling dictators, and must be prepared to replace autocratic regimes with democratic

governments. “It‟s the people who make or break revolutions, not the tools they use,” Schmidt

and Cohen write. “Building a Facebook page does not constitute a plan; actual operational skills

are what will carry a revolution to a successful conclusion.”

(MORE: Google Fiber Heading to Austin as Cities Race to Boost Web Speeds)

Because no one government, institution, or company controls the Internet, it amounts to “the

largest experiment involving anarchy in human history,” Schmidt and Cohen write. “Hundreds of

millions of people are, each minute, creating and consuming an untold amount of digital content in

an online world that is not truly bound by terrestrial laws.” In this respect, the Internet shares a key

trait with the classic theory of international relations that describes an anarchic, leaderless world.

On the global stage, the most significant impact of the emergence of the Internet will be the

reallocation of power from states and institutions to individuals. 在全球范围来看，互联网的崛起的最重要的影响是权利的再分配，这种再分配体现在从国家和机构到个人层面。“Authoritarian governments will find their newly connected populations more difficult to control,

repress and influence, while democratic states will be forced to include many more voices

(individuals, organizations and companies) in their affairs.”

But this state of anarchy on the Internet comes with a dark side, the authors acknowledge. The

lack of a central authority allows the proliferation of online scams, bullying campaigns,

hate-group websites, and terrorist chat rooms. Unlike traditional media, in which reporters and

editors place a premium on accuracy and context, Internet-based media allow anyone with a

connection to publish inaccurate information, libel, or outright propaganda on a massive scale —

frequently with few consequences to the author. 互联网不同于传统媒体，传统媒体的记者和编辑将报道的准确性和背景放在首位，而上互联网则允许任何人在网上发布不实的消息，诽谤或宣传 —发布者通常无需承担任何后果。(Consider a notorious recent example, when the

Associated Press Twitter account was hacked, and a false message was sent to the news

Organization’s two million followers saying the White House had been attacked and President

Obama had been injured. The message was quickly removed, but not before the stock market

plunged 130 points, wiping out $130 billion in a matter of seconds.)

The emergence of hundreds of millions of potential “citizen journalists” with Internet connections

will fundamentally change the nature of the news media business, the authors write. People all

over the world will become amateur reporters: Remember the man in Abbottabad, Pakistan who

tweeted that a helicopter was hovering overhead the night Osama bin Laden was killed? These

new “correspondents” will play an important role as eyes and ears on the ground, according to

Schmidt and Cohen. The mainstream media, meanwhile, will serve as a “credibility filter,” as its

function “primarily becomes one of an aggregator, custodian and verifier.” The elite will come to

rely even more on the mainstream media for cogent analysis, the authors argue, “simply because

of the massive swell of low-grade reporting and information in the system.”

(MORE: After Austin: Five Reasons You’ll Want Google Fiber in Your City)

Another risk that Schmidt and Cohen identify is “data permanence,” in which our personal

information, from financial and medical data, to our status updates and Tweets, to that photo from

the graduation party you forgot you posted, will live online, often permanently. “This is the first

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generation of humans to have an indelible record,” the authors write. Rarely a week goes by these

days when a private citizen doesn’t find his or her supposedly private information disseminated

widely online. Hackers and online vigilantes routinely “dox” both public and private figures who

provoke their ire, by publishing social security numbers, home addresses, and credit card numbers.

The public will have to demand strict privacy protections from governments and companies, the

authors write, but no information you put online will ever be 100% secure. Data permanence,

coupled with the spread of mobile devices, also has troubling implications for surveillance,

blackmail, and even darker outcomes, in authoritarian states. “Without question, the increased

access to people’s lives that the data revolution brings will give some repressive autocracies a

dangerous advantage in targeting their citizens,” Schmidt and Cohen write. “What little privacy

existed before will be long gone, because the handsets that citizens have with them at all times

will double as the surveillance bugs regimes have long wished they could put in people’s homes.”

Repressive states and other malevolent actors, meanwhile, will use advances in facial and voice

recognition to pick dissidents and protestors out of crowds at demonstrations in order to target

them.

It’s clear from the book that although Schmidt and Cohen believe in the power of the Internet to

improve people’s lives, they aren’t shying away from the potential risks and downsides of billions

of Internet-connected, mobile device-wielding citizens. They’re also clear-eyed about the limits of

technology in the poorest and most violent regions of the world. “You can’t eat a cellphone,”

Cohen told TIME. “It‟s not medicine. If a bullet is being shot in the direction of somebody, it

won‟t stop that. And it doesn‟t stop the police from showing up at your door at 3 o’clock in the

morning. But it is a tremendous source of information to increase the likelihood that those things

won‟t be as devastating.”

The rapid pace of global technological change underscores one of the most important lessons of

the book: the need for interdisciplinary expertise and insight. It is no longer satisfactory for

experts in the discrete fields of technology, business, politics, and international affairs to remain

cloistered in their respective silos. Because technology permeates all of these areas, the next

generation of experts, journalists, and policymakers will need to be well-versed in each, in order to

understand how technology, the catalytic driver of change in today‟s world, is radically

transforming industries, governments, and the age-old dynamic at the heart of political science:

the relationship between the individual and the state. 由于技术已经渗透到各个领域，所以新一代的专家，记者和政策制定者必须精通各个领域的知识，方能理解科技在当今世界可能发挥的真正作用：技术，作为当今世界发展的催化剂，正极大地改变着工业、政府和处于政治学核心 的古老的动态关系，即个人与国家的关系。

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