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蒋志行等 基于生物信息学探究系统性硬化-系统性红斑狼疮重叠综合征的病理机制 第 5 期·1023·doi:10.3969/.1000-484X.2023.05.024

基于生物信息学探究系统性硬化-系统性红斑狼疮重叠综合征的病理机制①蒋志行 潘智新 代欣竹 刘冬梅 (中国医科大学附属盛京医院风湿免疫科,沈阳 110022)中图分类号 R593.2 R392.11 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1000-484X(2023)05-1023-06[摘要] 目的:通过生物信息学方法寻找系统性硬化(SSc)和系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的分子联系,探究SSc-SLE重叠综合征的病理机制。方法:从DisGeNET数据库下载两种疾病相关基因,选取存在互作的基因构建蛋白互作网络,提取该网络中最大的连接成分作为子网络命名为SSN,分析拓扑特征,采用MCODE插件挖掘SSN网络的关键基因功能集和功能模块,R软件ClusterProfiler包进行GO和KEGG富集分析。寻找疾病相关lncRNA构建lncRNA-基因调控网络。结果:SSN包含372个代表疾病相关基因的节点,470条代表基因间互作的边。关键基因功能集由CREB3L1、REL、MUC1、TRAF2、LCN2、IKZF3、PIN1、PFDN5、TRIM27、GEM 10个基因构成。MCODE插件发现了2个功能模块,GO分析表明M1模块富集于CXCR趋化因子受体结合、细胞因子受体结合等分子功能,M2模块则富集于CARD结构域结合、泛素−蛋白质转移酶调节活性等。建立了lncRNA-基因调控网络。结论:SSN中关键基因功能集、功能模块和lncRNA-基因调控网络丰富了对SLE和SSc分子病理学联系的认识,为进一步探索SSc-SLE重叠综合征病理机制和干预靶点提供了可靠的研究视角。[关键词] 重叠综合征;系统性硬化;系统性红斑狼疮;分子机制;蛋白质互作网络;功能富集分析Pathological mechanism of systemic sclerosis-systemic lupus erythematosus

overlap syndrome based on bioinformaticsJIANG Zhihang, PAN Zhixin, DAI Xinzhu, LIU Dongmei. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology,

Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, Chinabioinformatics methods, and to explore pathological mechanism of SSc-SLE overlap syndrome. Methods:Disease-related genes were

downloaded from DisGeNET database, interacting genes were mapped into PPI network, and maximum connecting component was

gene set was found by betweenness centrality and degree ranking, and function modules were identified by MCODE plug-in. Cluster⁃Profiler package from R software was used to perform GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. lncRNAs related to diseases were found to

[Abstract] Objective:To find molecular link between systemic sclerosis (SSc) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by

extracted as a protein interaction sub-network, which was named as SSN. Topological characteristics of network were analyzed. Key

construct lncRNA-gene interaction network. Results:SSN contained 372 nodes which represent union of disease-related genes and 470

PIN1,PFDN5,TRIM27 and GEM. Two functional modules were found by MCODE plug-in. GO analysis showed that M1 module was

enriched in CXCR chemokine receptor binding, cytokine receptor binding and other molecular functions, while M2 module was

Conclusion:Key gene set, functional modules and lncRNA-gene interaction network derived from SSN enrich understanding of

molecular pathological link between SLE and SSc, and provide a reliable research perspective for further exploring pathological mecha⁃nism and intervention targets of SSc-SLE overlap ction network;Functional enrichment analysisedges which represent interactions of gene pairs. Key gene set consists of 10 genes:CREB3L1,REL,MUC1,TRAF2,LCN2,IKZF3,enriched in CARD domain binding, ubiquitin-protein transferase regulatory activity, etc.. lncRNA-gene interaction network was built.

[Key words] Overlap syndrome;Systemic sclerosis;Systemic lupus erythematosus;Molecular mechanism;Protein-protein

系统性硬化(systemic sclerosis,SSc)是一种以血管病变和纤维化为特征的系统性自身免疫性风湿①本文受国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(81501408)资助。研究,E-mail:hmujzh@。通信作者及指导教师:刘冬梅,女,博士,副教授,副主任医师,硕士生

导师,主要从事风湿性疾病基础与临床研究,E-mail:1@。病(systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease,SARD),发病率和病死率较高[1]。SSc可能与其他SARD合并为重叠综合征。国内一项单中心回顾性研究显示SSc与系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythemato⁃sus,SLE)重叠在所有SSc重叠综合征中最为常见,占比为27%,发病年龄明显小于其他类型SSc重叠综合征患者[2]。加拿大一项队列研究显示SSc-SLE作者简介:蒋志行,男,在读硕士,主要从事风湿性疾病基础与临床Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.

·1024·中国免疫学杂志2023 年第 39 卷

重叠综合征患者较少出现弥漫性皮肤受累、钙质沉着和毛细血管扩张等皮肤表现,但更常出现肺动脉高压、雷诺现象等症状[3]。因此,深入理解SSc-SLE重叠综合征的病理机制有助于与单纯SSc区分,为临床干预和流行病学研究提供便利。SSc-SLE重叠综合征同时具有SSc和SLE临床表现,同时满足两种疾病的分类标准,提示其发病机制可能存在联系。法国一项以家庭为单位的病例对照研究显示:相较于无SSc患者家庭,有SSc患者家庭其家庭成员更易患SLE[4]。提示SSc和SLE可能具有共同遗传基础。随着生物信息学发展,蛋白互作( protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络正成为疾病分子机制研究的有力工具。通过PPI网络鉴定出的功能基因或蛋白簇可用于观察两种高度相关疾病的基因或蛋白相互作用,有助于寻找SSc和SLE的共同致病机制,为SSc-SLE重叠综合征分子机制研究提供了宝贵思路。长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lnc-RNA)作为许多疾病病理的关键角色,参与多种重要生物学和免疫学过程,在自身免疫性疾病中的作用也越来越受到重视。近年研究发现,部分lncRNA异常表达与SSc患者组织纤维化、血管平滑肌细胞肥大和慢性炎症相关,并影响SLE发生发展及个体易感性[5-6]。因此,lncRNA-基因调控网络构建可用于挖掘SSc-SLE重叠综合征潜在治疗靶点。本研究通过构建疾病基因网络筛选出SSc和SLE的共享基因和相关蛋白,构建PPI网络,识别并分析网络中的关键基因功能集和功能模块,利用公共数据库构建lncRNA-基因调控网络,为探索SSc-SLE重叠综合征的病理机制提供了可靠视角。作的基因作为构成网络的基因集。采用Cytoscape将这些基因集映射至总体PPI网络,提取新网络的最大连接成分作为PPI子网络,命名为SSN(SSc and

SLE associated protein interaction sub-network)。为发掘该网络的功能模块,采用MCODE插件(Degree

cutoff=3,K-score=3,最大深度为100)进行进一步挖掘,MCODE可基于拓扑结构生成MCODE功能模块,识别各高度连接区域的功能。1.2.2 不同疾病网络的拓扑特征分析 为描述网络中SSc和SLE相关蛋白互作功能联系,对SSN进行拓扑特征分析,对网络中各节点的度数、介数、中位数和拓扑系数分别进行分析,通过不同子网络拓扑属性框图进行显示。同时筛选网络中介数和度数综合得分(betweeness centrality and degree ranking,BDRank)占总体得分前10的基因作为网络关键功能基因集,BDRank=Bi/Bn+Di/Dn。1.2.3 lncRNA-基因调控网络构建 确定lncRNAs对疾病相关基因的调控关系后,将lncRNA调控节点添加到网络主要功能模块作为模块基因调控因子,构建lncRNA-基因调控网络。1.2.4 富集分析 采用软件包ClusterProfiler对关键功能基因集和SSN中得分较高的功能模块进行0.05为差异有统计学意义。GO功能富集分析及KEGG通路富集分析[10],P<2 结果

2.1 SSN网络构建和拓扑属性分析 为说明SLE和SSc基因的功能联系,构建了1个SLE和SSc的PPI子网络(SSN,图1)。该网络由来自DisGeNET的疾病相关基因和来自HuRI的PPI数据构成,共包含1 材料与方法

1.1 材料 通过DisGeNET(https://et.因[7];通过LncACTdb(2.0)(http:///)数据平台下载979个SSc与1 883个SLE相关基net/LncACTdb/)数据库下载与各功能模块基因转录mRNA存在显著(P<0.05)内源性竞争RNAs[8]。(competing endogenous,ceRNA)关系的48个lnc-1.2 方法 1.2.1 SSc和SLE相关PPI子网络 从HuRI数据库(http:///)获得总体PPI网络,包含9 064个蛋白和64 006个蛋白相互作用[9]。收集并整合SSc和SLE相关基因,选取存在互372个节点,470条边,基因是两种疾病的相关基因,连接的边代表基因相互作用。为分析SSN的拓扑特征,计算了网络中的度数、介数、拓扑系数以及聚类系数(图2),SSc和SLE共享基因网络度数分布明显不同于单一疾病基因网络(P<0.01)。与度分布相似,共享基因网络聚类系数分布和拓扑系数分布与两种单一疾病网络差异显著(P<0.01),但网络间介数并无显著差异。2.2 关键节点富集分析 为分析SSN的关键节点,选取网络中BDRank前10的基因(图3A)作为关键功能基因集,对其进行KEGG通路分析和GO富集分析,发现这些基因在分子功能方面富集于核受体活性、转录因子活性、直接配体调控序列-特异性DNACopyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.

蒋志行等 基于生物信息学探究系统性硬化-系统性红斑狼疮重叠综合征的病理机制 第 5 期·1025·

结合、类固醇受体激素活性(图3B),生物过程方面主要集中于细胞对营养物质的反应、趋化因子产生的调节、趋化因子的产生(图3C),在细胞组分中主要影响核染色质、核染色体(图3E)。KEGG通路分析表明,这些基因在黏着连接、丙型肝炎和致病性大肠杆菌感染通路中显著富集(图3D)。2.3 功能模块构建及功能富集分析 为进一步研究SLE和SSc的共同病理,采用Cytoscape软件MCODE插件检测SSN中的紧密连接区域,发现了

Note:N, of nodes and edges; red nodes indicate SLE-related

genes; blue nodes indicate SSc-related genes; half red; half blue

nodes indicate genes shared by two diseases; radius of nodes is

proportional to their degrees.2个最重要的功能模块,各功能模块均包含了疾病相关基因的子网络及相互作用(图4A)。GO富集分析研究各功能模块基因的功能(图4B),M1模块分子功能主要集中于CXCR趋化因子受体结合、细胞因子受体结合、cAMP应答元件结合、信号模式识别受体等,M2则集中于CARD结构域结合、泛素-蛋白质转移酶调节活性等。图1 SSc和SLE相关PPI子网络(SSN)Fig.1 SSc and SLE associated PPI sub-network (SSN)Note: gene network extracted from SSN, red nodes indicate

SLE-related genes, blue nodes indicate SSc-related genes and

B.U test results of betweenness centralities between different net⁃rent networks; D.U test results of degree distribution between dif⁃ween different networks. *. P<0.05; **. P< red and half blue nodes indicate shared genes of two diseases;

works; C.U test results of clustering coefficients between diffe-ferent networks; E.U test results of topological coefficients bet-Note: nodes indicate SLE-related genes, blue nodes indicate

node size increases with node rank; 10 enriched GO terms

of molecular function; 10 enriched GO terms of biological

process; icantly enriched pathway in KEGG pathway enri-chment analysis; 10 enriched GO terms of cell -related genes, purple indicates shared genes of two diseases,

图2 SSN网络拓扑属性箱式图图3 关键基因及富集分析结果Fig.2 Topological attribute box diagrams of SSNFig.3 Key genes and enrichment analysis resultsCopyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.

·1026·中国免疫学杂志2023 年第 39 卷

2.4 lncRNA与基因相互作用对疾病的影响 构建的调控网络中,AL590617.2、AC005076.1、AC004687.1、AL645728.1、AL731537.1、NNT-AS1、ENSG、AC016747.1、DLG5-AS1、AC02-7031.2、H19共11个lncRNA直接作用于模块共享基因ANKS1A;同时,LMNTD2-AS1、KDM4A-AS1、ZIM2-AS1、AC004943.2、LINC00963、SLFNL1-AS1、AC092384.3、MALAT1、MRPL20-AS1、XIST、SNHG12、LINC00894、BX284668.6、SNHG7、AP005230.1、SLFNL1-AS1、LINC00963共17个lncRNA可能通过影响其靶基因转录进而影响相邻共享基因IL-16表达(图5)。3 讨论

Note: functional modules with relatively high scores obtained by

module mining through MCODE plugin in Cytoscape; i⁃cantly enriched GO terms of molecular functions.类型,指在同一患者中同时观察到SSc和SLE两种成了SSc-SLE重叠综合征发病机制的重要环节。本SSc-SLE重叠综合征是SSc重叠综合征的常见疾病表现,推测SSc和SLE的某些共同致病机制构研究构建了一个SSc和SLE相关基因的PPI子网络(SSN),通过对该网络的拓扑特征分析发现,与单一疾病相关基因相比,两种疾病共享基因在网络中表现出独特的拓扑特征,或许是SSc-SLE综合征被认为是一种独立疾病而非并发症的原因[11]。随后选取SSN中BDRank排名前10的基因作为关键基因功能集进行分析,发现PIN1、TRAF2、REL等基因已被证实是治疗SLE的重要靶点,筛选得到的关键基因具有一定意义[12-14]。由此预测在该集合中出现的共享基因(如MUC1)具有作为SSc-SLE重叠综合征关键基因的潜力。GO分析表明关键基因与细胞代谢、DNA修复、趋化因子和细胞因子释放等有关,与以往对SSc和SLE等自身免疫性疾病的认识一致。KEGG通路分析结果则集中于黏着连接和丙型肝炎等通路,前者不但与SSc病理改变有关,通路中的重图4 功能模块及分子功能富集结果enrichment resultsFig.4 Functional modules and molecular functional

要分子β-catenin也在SLE患者效应B细胞和效应T细胞分化中发挥关键作用,后者涉及的细胞质RNA传感通路(RIG-Ⅰ/MDA5)则与SLE存在较强的遗传关联[15-17]。本研究采用MCODE插件识别出了SSN的两个Note:lncRNAs and target genes are replaced by triangles and circles re⁃spectively. SSc-related genes are blue, SLE-related genes are red,

lncRNAs are green, and shared genes are half red and half blue.

Straight lines indicate gene-gene interactions, and their thickness

is related to ceRNA count.功能模块,即具有一定生物学功能的高连通度节点组成的子网络,对各模块包含的基因进行GO分析得到了这些模块的分子功能概况。如M1富集于趋化因子受体结合,包含CXCL9和CCL4L2两个核心基因。前者在SLE发病机制中起重要作用,并被认定为局限性硬皮病的生物标志物[18-19];后者是银屑图5 各功能模块lncRNA-基因调控网络Fig.5 lncRNA-gene interaction network for each moduleCopyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.

蒋志行等 基于生物信息学探究系统性硬化-系统性红斑狼疮重叠综合征的病理机制 第 5 期·1027·

病中促炎细胞皮肤募集的关键因素,可能在SSc和SLE皮损中发挥作用[20]。M2富集于CARD结构域结合、泛素-蛋白质转移酶调节活性和eph受体结合等功能,其中共享基因IL-16表达不但与SLE疾病活动度显著相关,还可反映SSc患者皮肤硬化程度[21-22]。研究还发现IL-16表达与肺血流量改变呈负相关[23]。考虑到有报道称SSc-SLE重叠综合征患者较少出现SSc皮肤表现,且更常出现肺动脉高压症状,IL-16可能在其病理机制中扮演重要角色,有望成为潜在治疗靶标[3]。表观遗传学在各种自身免疫性疾病中越来越受重视,因此,本研究也预测了潜在lncRNA与靶基因的关系,寻找与各功能模块基因存在相互作用的lncRNA,这些lncRNA-基因调控网络不仅可观察基因-基因的相互作用,还可发现lncRNA-基因在SLE和SSc中的调控对,如模块2中,linc00963同时调控SSc相关基因EFEMP2、TRIB3和SLE相关基因PPP1R18,其过表达可促进EMT[24]。EMT在SSc发病中发挥重要作用[25]。本研究中,共享基因ANKS1A受11个lncRNA调控,H19和NNT-AS1关联性最强。尽管H19在SSc中的研究还相当匮乏,但已被证实与多种纤维化疾病有关[26]。SLE中,H19表达与SLE疾病活动度呈正相关,并影响Treg增殖和分化[27]。NNT-AS1则是一种新发现的lncRNA,其失调与肿瘤相关,但在SLE和SSc中的作用尚不清楚[28]。本研究构建了SSc和SLE相关PPI网络——SSN,用于探究SSc-SLE重叠综合征病理机制。对该网络进一步进行拓扑特征分析挖掘出的关键基因功能集和功能模块阐明了SSc和SLE的共同病理机制,构建的疾病相关lncRNA-基因调控网络丰富了对lncRNA在介导SSc和SLE共同病理过程中作用的认识,也为开发SSc-SLE重叠综合征新疗法提供了新思路和靶点。参考文献:[1] DENTON C P, KHANNA D. Systemic sclerosis[J].Lancet,2017,390(10103)::10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30933-9.[2] 刘爱春, 贾 园, 左 瑜, 等. 硬皮病重叠综合征患者67例临床及实验室特征分析[J].中华风湿病学杂志,2014,18(12)::10.3760/.1007-7480.2014.12.

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