大学英语四级模拟试卷一及参考答案

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2024年3月12日发(作者：)

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大学英语四级模拟试卷一及参考答案

Part I Writing(30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the

topic Choosing an Occupation. You should write at least 120 words following the

outline given below in Chinese:1. 选择职业是一个人要面对的众多难题之一。2. 需要

花时间去选择职业。3. 选择职业时可以向多人寻求建议和帮助。Choosing an

OccupationPart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)

Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly

and answer the questions on Answer Sheet questions 1-7,choose the best answer

from the four choices marked［A］,［B］,［C］and ［D］. For questions 8-10,complete

the sentences with the information given in the We Run Out of

Water?Picture a “ghost ship” sinking into the sand, left to rot on dry land by

a receding sea. Then imagine dust storms sweeping up toxic pesticides and chemical

fertilizers from the dry seabed and spewing them across towns and like

a scene from a movie about the end of the world? For people living near the Aral

Sea in Central Asia, it’s all too real. Thirty years ago, government planners

diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate(provide water

for)farmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size, stranding

ships on dry land. The seawater has tripled in salt content and become polluted,

killing all 24 native species of r large-scale efforts to redirect water

in other parts of the world have also ended in ecological crisis, according to

numerous environmental groups. But many countries continue to build massive dams

and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they

fix. Why? People in many parts of the world are desperate for water, and more people

will need more water in the next

century.“Growing populations will worsen problems with water,” says Peter H.

Gleick, an environmental scientist at the Pacific Institute for studies in

Development, Environment, and Security, a research organization in California. He

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fears that by the year 2025, as many as one  third of the world’s projected 8.3

billion people will suffer from water Water GoesOnly 2.5 percent

of all water on Earth is freshwater, water suitable for drinking and growing food,

says Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Mass.

Two-thirds of this freshwater is locked in glaciers and ice fact, only a

tiny percentage of freshwater is part of the water cycle, in which water evaporates

and rises into the atmosphere, then condenses and falls back to Earth as

precipitation(rain or snow).Some precipitation runs off land to lakes and oceans,

and some becomes groundwater, water that seeps into the earth. Much of this renewable

freshwater ends up in remote places like the Amazon river basin in Brazil, where

few people fact, the world’s population has access to only 12,500 cubic

kilometers of freshwater—about the amount of water in Lake Superior. And people

use half of this amount already. “If water demand continues to climb rapidly,”

says Postel, “there will be severe shortages and damage to the aquatic

environment.”Close to HomeWater woes may seem remote to people living in rich

countries like the United States. But Americans could face serious water shortages,

too especially in areas that rely on groundwater. Groundwater accumulates in

aquifers, layers of sand and gravel that lie between soil and bedrock. (For every

liter of surface water, more than 90 liters are hidden underground.)Although the

United States has large aquifers, farmers, ranchers, and cities are tapping many

of them for water faster than nature can replenish it. In northwest Texas, for example,

over pumping has shrunk groundwater supplies by 25 percent, according to

ans may face even more urgent problems from pollution. Drinking water

in the United States is generally safe and meets high standards. Nevertheless, one

in five Americans every day unknowingly drinks tap water contaminated with bacteria

and chemical wastes, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In Milwaukee,

400,000 people fell ill in 1993 after drinking tap water tainted with cryptosporidium,

a microbe that causes fever, diarrhea and SourceWhere do contaminants

come from? In developing countries, people dump raw sewage into the same streams

and rivers from which they draw water for drinking and cooking; about 250 million

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people a year get sick from water borne developed countries,

manufacturers use 100,000 chemical compounds to make a wide range of products. Toxic

chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes. (Certain

compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, have been banned in the United

States.)But almost everyone contributes to water pollution. People often pour

household cleaners, car antifreeze, and paint thinners down the drain; all of these

contain hazardous chemicals. Scientists studying water in the San Francisco Bay

reported in 1996 that 70 percent of the pollutants could be traced to household

s have been criticized for overusing herbicides and pesticides,

chemicals that kill weeds and insects but that pollute water as well. Farmers also

use nitrates, nitrogen-rich fertilizer that help plants grow but that can wreak havoc

on the environment. Nitrates are swept away by surface runoff to lakes and seas.

Too many nitrates “over enrich” these bodies of water, encouraging the buildup

of algae, or microscopic plants that live on the surface of the water. Algae deprive

the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire

body of ’s the Solution?Water expert Gleick advocates conservation and

local solutions to water-related problems; governments, for instance, would be

better off building small-scale dams rather than huge and disruptive projects like

the one that ruined the Aral Sea. “More than 1 billion people worldwide don’t have

access to basic clean drinking water,” says Gleick. “There has to be a strong push

on the part of everyone—governments and ordinary people—to make sure we have a

resource so fundamental to life.” caused the Aral Sea to shrink?

［A］The rivers flowing into it have been diverted.

［B］Farmers used its water to irrigate their farmland.

［C］Government planners over-pumped its water.

［D］High temperature made its water badly construction of massive

dams and irrigation projects .

［A］does more good than harm

［B］solves more problems than what they created

［C］does more harm than good

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［D］brings more water to people than chief causes of water shortage

include .

［A］population growth and water waste

［B］water pollution and dry weather

［C］water waste and pollution

［D］population growth and water ans could suffer from greatly

serious water shortages?

［A］living in rich areas

［B］living in big cities but poor condition

［C］depending on groundwater

［D］bearing high standards of safe drinking water in is the main pollutant

in developed countries?

［A］Untreated toxic chemicals from manufacturers.

［B］Raw sewage into rivers and streams.

［C］Herbicides and pesticides used by farmers.

［D］Household cleaners poured down the does algae make threats to life

of a body of water?

［A］By covering the whole surface of the water.

［B］By competitively using oxygen life in water needs.

［C］By living more rapidly than other life in water .

［D］By releasing hazardous chemicals into ing to Gleick, who should

be responsible for solving water-related problems?

［A］government and housewives.

［B］farmers and manufacturers.

［C］ordinary people and manufacturers.

［D］government and every person.8. According to Peter H. Gleick, by the year 2025,

as many as of the world’s people will suffer from water thirds of

the freshwater on Earth is locked developed countries, before toxic

chemicals are released into rivers and lakes, they should be treated in order to

avoid.

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Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long

conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked

about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only

once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read

the four choices marked ［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］, and decide which is the best answer.

Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the

centre.11.［A］Wait for the sale to start.

［B］Get further information about the sale.

［C］Call the TV station to be sure if the ad is true.

［D］Buy a new suit.12.［A］He doesn’t think that John is ill.

［B］He thinks that perhaps John is not in very good health.

［C］He is aware that John is ill.

［D］He doesn’t think that John has a very good knowledge of physics.13.［A］Before

six.［B］At six.［C］After six.［D］After seven.14.［A］It is bigger.［B］It has

a prettier color.

［C］It has a larger yard.［D］It is brighter.15.［A］Australian and American.

［B］Guest and host.

［C］Husband and wife.［D］Professor and student.16.［A］1∶30.［B］11∶00.［C］

9∶30.［D］10∶00.17.［A］He prefers staying at home because the bus is too late.

［B］He prefers staying at home because he doesn’t like to travel.

［C］He prefers taking a bus because the plane makes him nervous.

［D］He prefers traveling with the woman.18.［A］He thinks she should visit her cousin.

［B］Her cousin doesn’t visit very often.

［C］Her cousin is feeling a lot better today.

［D］He doesn’t think her cousin has been at home ons 19 to 22 are based

on the conversation you have just heard.19.［A］Two different types of bones in the

human body.

［B］How bones help the body move.

［C］How bones continuously repair themselves.

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［D］The chemical composition of human bones.20.［A］They defend the bone against

viruses.

［B］They prevent oxygen from entering the bone.

［C］They break down bone tissue.

［D］They connect the bone to muscle tissue.21.［A］They have difficulty identifying

these cells.

［B］They aren’t sure how these cells work.

［C］They’ve learned how to reproduce these cells.

［D］They’ve found similar cells in other species.22.［A］To learn how to prevent

a bone disease.

［B］To understand differences between bone tissue and other tissue.

［C］To find out how specialized bone cells have evolved.

［D］To create artificial bone ons 23 to 25 are based on the conversation

you have just heard.23.［A］A new fuel for buses.

［B］The causes of air pollution.

［C］A way to improve fuel efficiency in buses.

［D］Careers in environmental engineering.24.［A］Her car is being repaired.

［B］She wants to help reduce pollution.

［C］Parking is difficult in the city.

［D］The cost of fuel has increased.25.［A］A fuel that burns cleanly.

［B］An oil additive that helps cool engines.

［C］A material from which filters are made.

［D］An insulating material sprayed on engine partsSection BDirections:In this

section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear

some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After

you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked

［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2

with a single line through the e OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on

the passage you have just heard.26.［A］From three to five months.［B］Three months.

［C］Five months.［D］Four months.27.［A］Watch traffic.［B］Obey commands.

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［C］Cross streets safely.［D］Guard the door.28.［A］Three weeks. ［B］Two weeks.

［C］Four weeks. ［D］Five e TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage

you have just heard.29.［A］Two to four times.［B］Four to six times.

［C］Four to eight times.［D］Six to ten times.30.［A］Sleeping pills made people

go into REM sleep quickly.

［B］People had more dreams after they took sleeping pills.

［C］People became angry easily because they didn’t take sleeping pills.

［D］Sleeping pills prevented people from going into REM sleep.31.［A］People dream

so as to sleep better.

［B］People dream in order not to go into REM sleep.

［C］Because they may run into difficult problems in their dreams.

［D］Because in their dreams they may find the answers to their e

ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32.［A］A sales

representative.［B］A store manager.

［C］A committee chairperson.［D］A class president.33.［A］To determine who will

graduate this year.

［B］To discuss the seating arrangement.

［C］To choose the chairperson of the ceremonies.

［D］To begin planning the graduation ceremonies.34.［A］Their names, phone numbers

and job preference.

［B］The names and addresses of their guests.

［C］The names of the committee they worked on last year.

［D］Their dormitory name, address and phone number.35.［A］In an hour.［B］Next

week.

［C］In one month.［D］Next n C

Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage

is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When

the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks

numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered

from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks,

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you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points

in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should

check what you have the English (36)system, students take three very

important examinations. The first is the eleven-plus, which is (37) at the age of

eleven or a little past. At one time the (38)or (39) shown on the eleven-plus would

have (40)if a child stayed in school. Now, however, all children continue in (41)

schools, and the eleven-plus determines which courses of study the child will follow.

At the age of fifteen or sixteen, the students are (42)for the Ordinary (43)of the

General Certificate of Education. (44). Once students have passed this exam, they

are allowed to specialize, so that two thirds or more of their courses will be in

physics, chemistry, classical languages, or whatever they wish to study at greater

length. (45). Even

at the universities, students study only in their concentrated area, and very few

students ever venture out-side that subject again. (46).

Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required

to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following

the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each

choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter

for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not

use any of the words in the bank more than ons 47 to 56 are based on the

following ng habits in the United States have changed greatly in the

last quarter of the 20th century. Early in the 1900s most American towns and cities

had a Main Street. Main Street was always the 47 of a town. This street was lined

on the both sides with many48 businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look

at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. In addition,

some shops offered49 . There shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe repair

stores, and barber or hairdressing shops. But in the 1950s, a change began to50

place. Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street while too few parking places

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were51 to shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with

interest at the open spaces outside the city limits. Open space is what their car

driving

customers52 . And open space is what they got when the first shopping centre was

built. Shopping centers, or rather malls,53 as a collection of small new stores

away from crowded city centers. Attracted by hundreds of free parking space,

customers were drawn away from 54areas to outlying malls. And the growing55of

shopping centers led in turn to the building of bigger and better stocked stores.

By the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities

themselves. In addition to providing the 56 of the stop shopping, malls were

transformed into landscaped parks, with benches, fountains, and outdoor

entertainment.［A］designed ［F］convenience ［K］cosmetics［B］take ［G］services

［L］started［C］heart ［H］fame ［M］downtown［D］needed ［I］various ［N］available

［C］though ［H］popularity ［M］cheapnessSection B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some

questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked

［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］.You should decide on the best choice and mark the

corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the e

OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following e is one of the most

challenging elements of the international marketplace. This system of learned

behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly

shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes,

manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions.

To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and

interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be

learned; its interpretation comes only through most complicated

problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot

learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world

on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world

around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonald’s. In some cases, globalization

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is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from

other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual

cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to

an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance

or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that

rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness. Fortune examined

the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or

more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share

an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built

their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These

principles are to know your adversary, know your audience, and know your

ing to the passage, which of the following is true?

［A］All international managers can learn culture.

［B］Business diversity is not necessary.

［C］Views differ on how to treat culture in business world.

［D］Most people do not know foreign culture ing to the author, the

model of Pepsi.

［A］is in line with the theories that the business is business the world around

［B］is different from the model of McDonald’s

［C］shows the reverse of globalization

［D］has converged cultural two schools of thought.

［A］both propose that companies should tailor business approaches to individual

cultures

［B］both advocate that different policies be set up in different countries

［C］admit the existence of cultural diversity in business world

［D］both A and article is supposed to be most useful for those.

［A］who are interested in researching the topic of cultural diversity

［B］who have connections to more than one type of culture

［C］who want to travel abroad

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［D］who want to run business on International ing to Fortune,

successful international companies.

［A］earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas

［B］all have the quality of patience

［C］will follow the overseas local cultures

［D］adopt the policy of internationalizationPassage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based

on the following are people in Italy who can’t stand soccer. Not all

Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those

individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions

baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight

outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens.

They tell you it’s a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, and

gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football

because there’s the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems

abstract, cool, silent, still. On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives,

replays, close-ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding

it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you

may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the

game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won’t do it for ,

for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch

him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He

does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still,

so passive. But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman

goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or brings the glove to a point in front of him,

takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field

to check his first baseman’s position. Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing

happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent

must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than

listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with

one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed

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of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement

and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chorus

and passage is mainly concerned with .

［A］the different tastes of people for sports

［B］the different characteristics of sports

［C］the attraction of football

［D］the attraction of who don’t like baseball may complain that.

［A］it is only to the taste of the old

［B］it involves fewer players than football

［C］it is not exciting enough

［D］it is pretentious and looks author admits that.

［A］baseball is too peaceful for the young

［B］baseball may seem boring when watched on TV

［C］football is more attracting than baseball

［D］baseball is more interesting than stating “I could have had my

eyes closed.” the author means (4th paragraph last sentence).

［A］the third baseman would rather sleep than play the game

［B］even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no

difference to the result

［C］the third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with

eyes closed all the time and do his work well

［D］the consequence was so bad that he could not bear to see can safely

conclude that the author.

［A］likes football［B］hates football

［C］hates baseball［D］likes baseball

Part Ⅴ Cloze (15 minutes)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are

four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］on the right side of the paper. You

should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding

letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the won the World

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Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics

like the new play?67 an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets68 the

details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to69 the

news. Newspapers have one basic70 , to get the news as quickly as possible from

its source, from those who make it to those who want to71 it. Radio, telegraph,

television, and 72inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the

development of magazines and other means of communication.73 , this competition

merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means

of communication to improve the74and thus the efficiency of their own

more newspapers are75 and read than ever before. Competition

also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers76

of the latest news, today’s newspapers77 and influence readers about politics and

other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’economic

choices78 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very79 .

Newspapers are sold at a price that80 even a small fraction of the cost of production.

The main81 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The82in selling

advertising depends on a newspaper’s value to advertisers. This83 in terms of

circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends84on the work

of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment85 in a

newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper ’

s value to readers as a source of information 86 the community, city, country, state,

nation, and world—and even outer space.67.［A］Just when［B］While

［C］Soon after［D］Before68.［A］to give［B］giving

［C］given［D］being given69.［A］gather［B］spread

［C］carry［D］bring70.［A］reason［B］cause

［C］problem［D］purpose71.［A］make［B］publish

［C］know［D］write72.［A］another［B］other

［C］one another［D］the other73.［A］However［B］And

［C］Therefore［D］So74.［A］value［B］ratio

［C］rate［D］speed75.［A］spread［B］passed

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［C］printed［D］completed76.［A］inform［B］be informed

［C］to informed［D］informed77.［A］entertain［B］encourage

［C］educate［D］edit78.［A］on［B］through

［C］with［D］of79.［A］forms［B］existence

［C］contents［D］purpose80.［A］tries to cover［B］manages to cover

［C］fails to cover［D］succeeds in81.［A］source ［B］origin

［C］course［D］finance82.［A］way［B］means

［C］chance ［D］success83.［A］measures［B］measured

［C］is measured［D］was measured84.［A］somewhat ［B］little

［C］much［D］something85.［A］offering［B］offered

［C］which offered［D］to be offered86.［A］by ［B］with

［C］at［D］aboutPart Ⅵ Translation(5 minutes)

Direction: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the

Chinese given in ’s a man at the reception desk who seems very

angry and I think he means (想找麻烦). didn’t you tell me you could lend me

the money? I (本来不必从银行借钱的).89.(正是由于她太没有经验) that she does not

know how to deal with the situation.90.I (将做实验) from three to five this

this can’t be settled reasonably, it may be necessary to (诉诸

武力).

参考答案及解析Part I Writing

【写作思路】

本文是一篇关于择业的议论文。短文需要说明慎重择业相当重要，并提出多种指导择业的方

法。【参考范文】

Choosing an OccupationOne of the most important problems a young person faces is

deciding what to do. There are some people, of course, who from the time are six

years old “know” that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the

majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career

until somebody or something forces us to face the ng an occupation

takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide

what you would like to do. You may find that you will have to take special courses

单词不用背

句典翻译机

高考状元的学习方法

to qualify for a particular kind of work, or you may find out that you will need

to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular

ately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in

making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally

qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can

talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen

and to offer II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)

【全文翻译】

我们会陷入水资源枯竭的困境吗？

想象一只“幽灵船”沉入了沙土中，任其留在干旱的沙土中腐烂掉。再想象沙尘暴从干旱的

海床上席卷起有毒的杀虫剂和化肥，呼啸着穿过城镇和村庄。看起来像关于世界末日的电影

中的一个场景？对于居住在中亚咸海附近的居民而言，这一切都是真实的。30 年前，为了

灌溉（提供水）农田，政府部门的规划专家们改道了引水入海的河流。结果，咸海缩小为原

来的一半，船只也搁浅在干旱的沙土上。海水受到污染，其盐

含量增到了三倍，导致24 种土生土长的鱼类灭绝。根据众多环保组织的调查，世界其他地

方与此类似的大规模的改道努力也是以生态危机而告终的。尽管建造大坝和灌溉系统创造的

问题要比它们解决的问题多，但是许多国家仍然继续这样的项目。为什么呢？世界许多地方

的人都非常需要水；而且，随着人口的增长，下个世

纪将有更多的人需要更多的水。来自于太平洋发展、环境和安全研究所（the Pacific

Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security）的环境科学家Peter

H. Gleick 说，“不断增长的人口将会进一步恶化缺水问题”。该研究所是位于加利福尼亚

的一个研究机构。他担心，到2025 年，在

83 亿世界预计人口中，将有三分之一的人口面临缺水问题。水去了哪里？来自位于马塞诸

塞州阿默斯特的全球水政策项目的Sandra Postel 主任认为，地球上只有2.5%的水是适合

饮用和种植食物的淡水，其中的三分之一属于冰川和冰盖。事实上，只有极小比例的淡水是

水循环的一部分。在水循环中，水蒸发后上升到大气中，然后凝结并以降水

的形式（雨或雪）回落到地球上。一些降水流经陆地进入湖泊和海洋，另一些渗入地球变成

地下水。大部分这样的再生淡水最后积聚在诸如巴西亚马逊河流域这样很少有人居住的偏远

地方。事实上，世界人口能获得的淡水仅有12，500 立方千米——相当于Superior湖的湖

水量，其一半已为人类所使用。Postel

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本文标签： 人口沙土世界淡水问题