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The Control Unit

The control unit is the functional unit that takes the responsibility for

supervising the operation of the entire computer system. In some ways,it is

analogous to a telephone switchboard with intelligence because it makes the

connections between various functional units of the computer system and calls

into operation each unit that is required by the program currently in

operation.

The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their

type or decodes them. It than breaks each instruction into a series of simple

small steps or actions. By doing this,it controls the step-by-step operation

of the entire computer system.

The Arithmetic/Logic Unit

The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the

computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into

the ALU by the control unit ,and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or

logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction.

Arithmetic operat ions include adding,subtracting,multiplying,and

dividing. Logic operations make a comparison and take action based on the

results.For example,two numbers might be compared to determine whether they

are equal. If they are equal,processing will continue;if they are not

equal,processing will stop.

Registers

A register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the

control unit are to used to keep track of the overall status of the program

that is running. Control unit registers store information such as the current

instruction,the location of the next instruction to be executed,and the

operands of the instruction. In the ALU,registers store data items that are

added,subtracted,multiplied,divided,and compared. Other registers store the

results of arithmetic and logic operations. An important factor that affects

the speed and performance of a processor is the size of the registers.

Technically,the term word size (also called word length) describes the size

of an operand register,but it is also used more loosely to describe the size

of the pathways to and from the processor. Currently,word sizes in general-

purpose computers have a wide range of bits. If the operand registers of a

processor are 16 bits wide,the processor is said to be a 16-bit processor.

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