守护神农架

14

守护神农架

The Conservation of Shennongjia

—————

作者：李立欣 Li Lixin

翻译：庄驰原 Zhuang Chiyuan

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世界上罕见的原始森林之一，也是中国首个被联合国教

遗产三大保护制度共同录入名录的遗产地。神农架宛如

色，使它成为绚烂多姿的原生态旅游胜地。

神农架地处湖北省西北部，被誉为“地球之肺”,是

科文组织人与生物圈自然保护区、世界地质公园、世界

一幅绝美的水墨画卷，虽经历了开发、再开发及再利用，

但所幸，今天我们依然留住了它那最耀眼的底色——绿

Located in the northwest of Hubei Province,

Shennongjia, one of the rare primitive forests in the

world, is hailed as the “Lungs of the Earth.” It is also

the first heritage site in China to be concurrently

listed in three major protection systems: the

UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme,

the Global Geoparks Network, and the World

Heritage Site. The scenery there resembles a stunning

Chinese ink painting. Despite several rounds of

development and exploitation, fortunately, today we

still retain its most enchanting base color — green,

making it a splendid and diverse destination for eco-

tourism.

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粗犷开发利用之

“

殇

”

The Tragedy of Ill-Planned

Development and Exploitation

时，曾架木为梯以助攀援、架木为屋以避风寒、架木为

坛跨鹤升天，神农架由此得名。千百年来，人们依靠神

未曾经历大规模的开发和利用。

相传，华夏始祖之一的炎帝神农氏在此地采尝百草

农架的丰饶物产养家糊口，生生不息。神农架山峦叠嶂，

沟壑纵横，河谷险峻，地貌复杂，在20世纪50年代之前

According to legend, one of the forefathers of

Chinese civilization, the Yan Emperor Shennong,

named the place after his activities in this area. While

sampling hundreds of herbs here, he is said to have

erected ladders from wood to aid in climbing, erected

shelters from wood to protect against the wind

and cold, and erected a wooden altar to ascend to

heaven on a crane. Shennongjia (with jia meaning “to

erect”) derives its name from these legendary events.

For thousands of years, people have relied on the

abundant natural resources of Shennongjia to sustain

their livelihoods, thriving generation after generation.

However, this area, characterized by its overlapping

mountains, crisscrossing ravines, perilous valleys,

and complex terrain, had remained largely untouched

and undeveloped until the 1950s.

开始对神农架进行开发。1970年，国家设立“神农架林

区”，这是中国唯一以“林区”命名的省辖行政区。神农

架因林建区，借林而兴，开启了“木头经济”时期。回

忆起当年的粗犷式开发，神农架国家公园管理局工作人

时向神农架腹地推进，路修到哪里，就砍伐到哪里。”不

20世纪60年代，由于国家建设需要大量木材，人们

头经济”时期。但采矿造成了山体裸露，又引发了次生

地质灾害，开采被迫停止。人们说，“靠山吃山，靠水吃

水”，但神农架人守着一座“金山”却依然在受穷。

员张建兵说：“近万名工人响应号召，从南北两个方向同

久后，人们意识到砍伐森林会对生态环境造成严重的破

流来发电。但因河流发电会对神农架的地质地貌和水系

造成严重破坏，小水电的开发也停止了。此后，人们又

坏，于是转向大力发展小水电，利用神农架境内317条河

通过开采神农架矿产资源来发展经济，由此进入了“石

In the 1960s, due to China’s large timber demand

for construction, development began in Shennongjia.

In 1970, the state established the Shennongjia

Forestry District, the only administrative region in

China named after a forest area. The prosperity of

timber industry marked the beginning of the “timber

economy” period in Shennongjia. Reflecting on

the rough development of that era, Zhang Jianbing,

a staff member of the Shennongjia National Park

Administration, said, “Nearly ten thousand workers

responded to the call of the nation and went into

the heart of Shennongjia from both the south and

north. Wherever the roads were built, that’s where

the trees were felled.” But it was soon realized

that this deforestation was causing severe damage

to the ecological environment. As a result, there

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保护型旅游开发之

“

变

”

The Transformation Towards

Conservation-Oriented Tourism

人工修复为辅”的理念，开始了修复保护与旅游开发并

区”。1990年，神农架加入联合国教科文组织世界生物圈

为了留住青山碧水，神农架人秉承“自然修复为主，

举的发展阶段。1982年，“神农架自然保护区”成立，

不久后，升级为国家级“森林与野生动物类型自然保护

保护区网。2000年，神农架全面停止天然林采伐——林

场工人们放下伐木刀，变身护林员，守护这里的野生动

植物。至此，神农架实现了由木头经济、石头经济向保

护型旅游经济发展的历史性转变。

was a shift towards developing small hydropower

projects, utilizing the 317 rivers in Shennongjia for

electricity generation. But this too was stopped, as

the hydroelectric development severely damaged

Shennongjia’s geological features and water

systems. Subsequently, people shifted to a “stone

economy,” mining Shennongjia’s mineral resources.

However, this exposed the mountainsides and

triggered secondary geological disasters, leading

to the cessation of mining activities. When the

old saying goes, “Live by the mountains and eat

from the mountains, live by the water and drink

from the water,” the irony is that despite living

amidst abundant natural resources, the people of

Shennongjia still faced poverty.

To preserve the green mountains and clear

waters, the people of Shennongjia have adhered

to the concept of “focusing on natural restoration

with human-induced restoration as a supplement,”

initiating a development phase that balances

restoration and protection with tourism development.

In 1982, the “Shennongjia Nature Reserve” was

established, and it was soon upgraded to a national-

level “Forest and Wildlife Type Nature Reserve.”

In 1990, Shennongjia joined the UNESCO World

Network of Biosphere Reserves. By 2000, Shennongjia

completely halted the logging of natural forests — the

lumberjacks put down their saws to become forest

rangers, protecting the local wildlife and flora. So far,

Shennongjia has achieved a historic transition from

a wood and stone-based economy to a conservation-

oriented tourism economy.

叔家走亲戚时，能看到叔叔狩猎捕获的狼、豹、熊等野

一个村庄宣讲到另一个村庄，从一个山坡巡视到另一个

据一位网友回忆，20世纪80年代，他去神农架叔

生动物，还能吃到一些野味；但到了90年代就很少再有

人捕猎野生动物了。这离不开护林员的努力——他们从

山坡，用行动转变村民的观念。渐渐地，村民也意识到，

只有守住绿色的森林，才能给生活在这里的3 000多种植

民也从曾经的狩猎者转变为森林的守护者。

物、1 000多种动物提供良好的栖息环境。由此，很多村

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A netizen recalled that in the 1980s, when

visiting his uncle’s house in Shennongjia, he could

see wild animals like wolves, leopards, and bears

that his uncle had hunted and even taste some game

meat. However, by the 1990s, the hunting of wild

animals had greatly reduced. This change was largely

attributed to the efforts of the forest rangers — they

traveled from village to village, patrolling from

one hillside to another, changing villagers’ mindset

through their actions. Gradually, the villagers realized

that maintaining the green forests was essential for

providing a good habitat for over 3,000 species of

plants and more than 1,000 species of animals living

there. As a result, many villagers transformed from

hunters into protectors of the forest.

游客们呼吸着饱含负氧离子的空气，沿着九曲十八弯山

一边聆听着优美动人的传说，一边感受着原生态旅游独

有的奇幻魅力。

多年来，神农架采取的保护型旅游开发已见成效。

守护生态家园之

“

韧

”

The Persistent Protection of the

Ecological Homeland

多，囊括了东到日本中部、西达喜马拉雅山、北抵漠河、

南至西双版纳范围内的诸多动植物种类，是世界上中纬

度地区植被最完整的地区之一。为了守护这一珍稀的生

创造了神农架40多年无火灾发生的奇迹。

命家园，森林守护者们凭借坚韧不拔的毅力，通过经年

神农架总面积为3 253 平方千米，其中动植物种类繁

累月的不懈努力，在高科技信息化管护网络的助力下，

路心情舒畅地漫行，移步换景，欣赏沿途的奇树、奇花、

奇洞、奇峰，领略大自然造就的奇迹与生命之美。人们

Over the years, the conservation-oriented tourism

development adopted in Shennongjia has shown

positive results. Visitors breathe air rich in negative

ions, leisurely stroll along the winding mountain roads

with “nine bends and eighteen turns,” experiencing

changing landscapes at every step. They admire the

extraordinary trees, flowers, caves, and peaks along the

way, appreciating the miracles and beauty of life created

by nature. While listening to beautiful legends, people

experience the unique enchantment of ecotourism.

Shennongjia covers an area of 3,253 square

kilometers, hosting a diverse range of flora and fauna.

It includes species found from central Japan in the

east, the Himalayas in the west, Mohe in the north,

and Xishuangbanna in the south, making it one of the

most complete vegetation areas in the world’s mid-

latitudes. To protect this rare habitat, forest rangers

have demonstrated unwavering determination and

relentless effort over the years. Assisted by a high-

tech, information-based management network, they

have achieved the remarkable feat of averting any fire

incidents in Shennongjia for over 40 years.

心负责人通过北斗导航巡护手机向巡山的护林员询问情

一个监测点。在这里，空中有无人机，山上有监控，路

神农架自然保护区的网络监控中心全年无休。中

况，当听到“这里一切正常”的回复时，便立刻转接下

上有火警探测头，林内有巡护，人人都是护林员。为了

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更快地促进生态修复，神农架湿地、林地及腹

地的原住民们作出了极大的牺牲，他们移居

至96%。

至异地，无怨无悔。在所有人的共同努力下，

神农架的森林覆盖率得以很好地恢复，提升

The network monitoring center of the

Shennongjia Nature Reserve operates year-

round. The person in charge communicates

with patrolling forest rangers using

smartphones equipped with the Beidou

Navigation System. Upon receiving a

response of “all good,” they immediately

switch to the next monitoring point. In

Shennongjia, drones patrol the skies,

cameras keep watch on the mountains, fire

alarm detectors line the roads, and rangers

roam the forests — everyone contributes

to forest protection. To further expedite

ecological restoration, the indigenous

residents of Shennongjia’s wetlands, forests,

and hinterlands made significant sacrifices.

They relocated without complaint or regret.

Thanks to everyone’s collective efforts, the

forest coverage in Shennongjia has been

restored to an impressive 96%.

The dedication and hard work of these forest protectors

have left future generations with a green oasis, a homeland with

a tenacious ecological system, for the harmonious coexistence

of humans and nature.

人与自然和谐共处的生态家园。

森林守护者们的坚守和努力为子孙后代留下了一片绿洲，一片