千阳不同苹果品种成熟期淀粉染色图谱的建立

千阳不同苹果品种成熟期淀粉染色图谱的建立

摘 要

陕西省千阳县是我国重要的苹果生产地之一，其地理位置、气候条件极适宜苹果的

种植。千阳地区目前主栽品种为富士系、金冠系、嘎拉系等，种植苹果已经成为千阳县

农民收入的重要来源。然而近几年，由于不科学、不适时的采摘，导致千阳县的苹果产

业遭受了巨大的经济损失。为此本研究以淀粉-碘染色法为基础，建立千阳县不同苹果

品种成熟期的淀粉染色图谱，以期为千阳地区的科学采收提供一定的理论依据，降低因

苹果的不当采收而造成的经济损失。

本试验以千阳县南寨镇西北农林科技大学千阳苹果试验站种植的‘金冠’、‘乔纳金’、

‘富士’和‘澳洲青苹’4个苹果品种为供试材料，于2016年8月1日至2016年12月1日，

在4个苹果品种理论成熟期前1个月左右开始采收，采收间隔2-7 d，直至苹果淀粉基

本水解完为止，样品当天带回实验室测定硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、着

色率、淀粉指数以及内源乙烯含量，同时制定4个苹果品种成熟期的淀粉染色图谱。结

果显示：

（1）随着采收期的延长，‘金冠’、‘乔纳金’、‘富士’和‘澳洲青苹’4个苹果品种的硬

度、可滴定酸含量逐渐降低，可溶性固形物含量逐渐升高，内源乙烯含量呈先上升后下

降的趋势，‘乔纳金’与‘富士’苹果随着采收期的延长果实着色率逐渐升高。

（2）在整个采收期，‘金冠’、‘乔纳金’、‘富士’和‘澳洲青苹’4个苹果品种的淀粉指

数与苹果硬度、可溶性固形物含量以及可滴定酸含量呈极显著相关性（p<0.01），其中

苹果淀粉指数与硬度、可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关（p<0.01），与可溶性固形物含量

呈极显著正相关（p<0.01）；‘乔纳金’与‘富士’苹果淀粉指数与着色率成极显著正相关

（p<0.01）。

（3）制作了4个苹果品种成熟期的碘-淀粉染色图谱，并将染色等级分为1~8（图

3-6）。结果表明：研究制作的‘金冠’、‘乔纳金’、‘富士’和‘澳洲青苹’苹果的碘-淀粉染色

图谱，对千阳地区4个苹果品种的科学采收可提供一定的理论参考依据。建议千阳地区

用于冷库长期贮藏的苹果，‘金冠’苹果应在平均淀粉等级为4左右时采收，即08-31（盛

花后141 d）前后采收；‘乔纳金’苹果应在接近4时采收，即08-29（盛花后136 d）前

后采收，‘富士’ 苹果淀粉染色等级接近6，即10-12（盛花后179 d）前后采收，‘澳洲

青苹’苹果淀粉等级为3，即09-30（盛花后166 d）前后采收；气调长期贮藏或者采后

短期贮藏1-2月内准备上市的苹果可在此基础上适当早采或晚采1周左右。根据实际采

后用途，对照制作的淀粉-碘染色图谱确定相应科学的采收期。

关键词：苹果；采收成熟度；淀粉指数；淀粉染色图谱

ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARD STARCH IODINE TEST OF

DIFFERENT APPLE CULTIVARS AT MATURITY IN QIANYANG

ABSTRACT

Shanxi province is one of the largest apple production bases of China. There has a very

suitable geographical location and climatic conditions in Shanxi province for apple planting.

The main planting of apple in Qiangyang area is Fuji, Golden Delicious, Gala and so on.

What is more, apple product has become more and more important source of income for the

farmers in Qianyang area. However, in recent years, unscientific picking make Qianyang area

apple suffer a huge economic losses. In order to reduce product of apple economic losses

caused by improper picking , we established different apple starch iodine staining map under

the method of starch iodine staining to provide a theoretical reference for the Qianyang area

of scientific apple picking.

We conduct an experiment with 4 apple varieties (‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Fuji’

and ‘Granny Smith’) from Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Qianyang Apple

planting place. And the research from 2016-08-01 to 2016-12-01, we pick apples of four

apple varieties at one month before the time of theory maturity, and we harvest apples every

2-7 days. Apple samples send to laboratory immediately to measure physical signs (hardness,

the soluble solid, the titratable acid content, coloring rate, starch index and internal ethylene

content) and make 4 apples mature starch graphs later. Results show:

(1) With the extension of the harvest time, the contents of firmness and titratable acid

of the ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’ have decreased, and the

contents of soluble solids has increased, the content of internal ethylene increased first and

then decreased. The coloring rates of apple of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Fuji’ have increased gradually

with the extension of harvest time.

(2) In our study, the apples starch index of ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Fuji’ and

‘Granny Smith’ have significantly correlated with its hardness, soluble solid and titratable

acid content (p<0.01), the starch index was significant negative correlation with the hardness

and titratable acid content (p<0.01) and significant positively correlation with soluble solids

(p<0.01). ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Fuji’ have positively correlated between starch index and the fruit

coloring rate (p<0.01).

(3)We established the iodine starch staining pattern in the maturity period of 4 apple

cultivars and divided into 1~8 grade (Figure 7). The results show that: Based on the research

result of Golden Delicious and ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’ iodine starch