新标准大学英语综合教程第二册翻译(重点词汇、句子)

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Unit 1 Are You a 1960s Type Student?

If you can remember anything about the 1960s, you weren't really there," so the saying

goes. It may be true for those who spent their college years in a haze of marijuana smoke.

But there is one thing everyone remembers about the 1960s: Going to college was the most

exciting and stimulating experience of your life.

有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。

In the 1960s, California's colleges and universities had transformed the state into the

world's seventh largest economy. However, Berkeley, the University of California's main

campus, was also well-known for its student demonstrations英 [ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn and

strikes, and its atmosphere of political radicalism英 [ˈrædɪkəlɪzəm. When Ronald Reagan

ran for office as governor of California in 1966, he asked if Californians would allow "a

great university to be brought to its knees by a noisy, dissident英 [ˈdɪsɪdənt] minority英

[maɪˈnɒrəti]". The liberals英 [ˈlɪbərəl] replied that it was the ability to tolerate noisy,

dissident minorities which made universities great.

20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德·里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。

On university campuses in Europe, mass/ socialist or communist movements/ gave rise

to/ increasingly/ violent clashes between the establishment and the college students, with

their new and passionate commitment to freedom and justice. Much of the protest was

about the Vietnam War. But in France, the students of the Sorbonne in Paris managed to

form an alliance[əˈlaɪəns] with the trade unions and to launch a general strike, which

ultimately brought about the resignation英 [ˌrezɪgˈneɪʃn] of President de Gaulle.

在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投人到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。

It wasn't just the activism that characterized student life in the 1960s. Everywhere, going

to college meant your first taste of real freedom, of late nights in the dorm or in the Junior

Common Room, discussing the meaning of life. You used to have to go to college to read

your first forbidden book, see your first indie英 [ˈɪndi] film, or find someone who shared

your passion, for Jimi Hendrix or Lenny Bruce. It was a moment of unimaginable freedom,

the most liberating英 [ˈlɪbəreɪt] in your life:

20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米·亨德里克斯或兰尼·布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。

But where's the passion today? What's the matter with college? These days political, social

and creative awakening seems to happen not because of college, but in spite of it. Of course,

it's true that higher education is still important. 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。 For example, in the UK, Prime Minister

Blair was close to achieving his aim of getting 50 per cent of all under thirties into

college by 2010 (even though a cynic英 [ˈsɪnɪk] would say that this was to keep them off

the unemployment statistics). Yet college education is no longer a topic of great national

importance. Today, college is seen as a kind of small town from which people are keen to

escape. Some people drop out, but the most apathetic stay the course because it's too much

effort to leave.例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。

Instead of the heady atmosphere of freedom which students in the1960s discovered,

students today are much more serious. The British Council has recently done research into

the factors which help international students decide where to study. In descending order

these are: quality of courses, employability prospects, affordability, personal security issues,

lifestyle, and accessibility. College has become a means to an end, an opportunity to

increase one's chances on the employment market, and not an end in itself, which gives you

the chance to imagine, just for a short while, that you can change the world.

没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。

The gap between childhood and college has shrunk, and so has the gap between college

and the real world. One of the reasons may be financial. In an uncertain world, many

children rely on their parents' support much longer than they used to. 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。Students leaving university in the 21st century simply cannot afford to set up their

own home because it's too expensive. Another possible reason is the communications

revolution. Gone are the days when a son or daughter rang home once or twice a term.

Today students are umbilically linked to their parents by their cell phones. And as for

finding like-minded friends to share a passion for obscure literature or music, well, we have

the Internet and chat rooms to help us do that.

21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。

"Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,

But to be young was very heaven!"

Wordsworth may have written these lines about the French Revolution; but they were also

true for the students of the 1960s. So why aren't they true for the students of today?

“幸福啊，活在那个黎明之中，．年轻更是如进天堂！

华兹华斯的诗句说的可能是法国大革命，但是对于20世纪60年代的大学生而言，这样的诗句同样真实生动。可是为什么对于如今的大学生来说，它们就不真实了呢？

Unit 3 Stolen Identity

Catch Me If You Can

“Frank never went to pilot school, medical school, law school, ... because he's still in high

school.”

That was the strapline of the 2002 film Catch Me If You Can, which tells the story of Frank

Abagnale, Jr. (Leonardo DiCaprio), a brilliant young master of deception who at different

times impersonated a doctor, a lawyer, and an airplane pilot, forging checks worth more

than six million

dollars in 26 countries. He became the youngest man to ever make the FBI’s most-wanted

list for forgery. Hunted and caught in the film by fictional FBI agent Carl Hanratty (Tom

Hanks), Abagnale later escaped. He eventually became a consultant for the FBI where he

focused on white-collar crime.

It's a great film, but could it happen in real life? In fact, Catch Me If You Can is based on

the true story of Frank Abagnale, whose career as a fraudster lasted about six years before

he was caught, who escaped from custody英 [ˈkʌstədi] three times (once through an

airplane toilet), and who spent a total of six years in prison in France, Sweden and the US.

He now runs a consultancy advising the world of business how to avoid fraud. He has

raised enough money to pay back all his victims, and is now a multi-millionaire.

Since 2003, identity theft has become increasingly common. Few people could imagine

how important things like taking mail to the post office and not leaving it in the mailbox for

pickup, shredding documents instead of throwing them out with the trash, even using a pen

costing a couple of bucks, have become to avoid life-changing crimes.

More and more people are becoming anonymous英 [əˈnɒnɪməs] victims of identity theft.

We spend many hours and dollars trying to recover our name, our credit, our money and

our lives. We need to look for different ways to protect ourselves. We can improve our

chances of avoiding this crime, but it will never go away.

It's not just a list of do's and don'ts, we need to change our mindset. Although online

banking is now commonplace, there's a significant group of people in the country — the

baby boomers, 15 per cent of the population —who still prefer to use paper. What's more,

30 per cent of cases of fraud occur within this group. A check has all the information about

you that an identity thief needs. If you use a ballpoint pen, the ink can be removed with the

help of a regular household chemical and the sum of money can be changed. More than 1.2

million bad checks are issued every day, more than 13 per second.

Check fraud is big business ... and growing by 25 per cent every year. Criminals count on

our mistakes to make their jobs easier. So how can we prevent identity theft before it

happens to us?

Take a few precautions. Don't leave your mail in your mailbox overnight or over the

weekend. Thieves wait for the red flag to go up, so they can look through your outgoing

mail for useful personal information or checks. Use a gel pen for checks and important

forms, the ink is trapped in the fiber of the paper, and it can’t be removed with chemicals:

Also, shred or tear up all documents which contain personal information before you put

them in the trash.

Remember that there are plenty of online opportunities for thieves to create a false identity

based on your own. We’re all aware of the risks to personal information on computer

databases by hacking and Trojan horses. But choosing someone and doing a Google search

can also yield large amounts of personal information, and so can online social networking

sites such as MySpace, Facebook and Bebo. And just as we take our pocketbook with us

when we leave the office to go to the bathroom, it's also worth logging off your computer to

avoid opportunistic theft.

Finally, if you get robbed in a more traditional way — in the street—canceling your

credit cards is obviously the first thing to do. But don't forget that even after they’re

reported lost, they can be used as identification to acquire store cards ... and you get the

criminal record.

Identity fraud can go on for years without the victim’s knowledge. There is no escaping the

fact that right now fraudsters are finding identity crime all too easy. If you haven’t had your

identity stolen, it's only because they haven’t got to you yet. Your turn will come.

窃取的身份

“弗兰克从未上过飞行学院、医学院、法学院„„因为他还在上高中。”

这是2002年的电影《有种来抓我》的剧情简介。影片讲述了小弗兰克·阿巴格纳尔（莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥饰演）的故事。影片主人公是一位聪明绝顶的年轻骗术大

师，曾在不同时间扮演医生、律师和飞行员的角色，在26个国家伪造了价值600万美元以上的支票。他成了联邦调查局有史以来伪造罪头号通缉令名单上最年轻的通缉犯。在影片中，阿巴格纳尔被虚构的联邦调查局特工卡尔·汉拉提（汤姆·汉克斯饰演）追捕，但后来逃脱了。他最终成了联邦调查局专攻白领犯罪的顾问专家。

《有种来抓我》是一部很棒的电影，但影片中的事情会在现实生活中发生吗？其实，《有种来抓我》是根据弗兰克·阿巴格纳尔的真实故事改编的，他的行骗生涯持续了大约六年；被抓后，曾三次逃脱监管（有一次是从飞机的厕所逃走的）；在法国、瑞典和美国的监狱中总共度过了六年时光。他现在经营一家咨询事务所，为企业界提供防造假咨询。他挣到了足够的钱，赔付了所有的受害者，如今已是大富豪。

2003年以来，身份盗窃案变得越来越常见。很少有人会想象到，为了预防这种改变人生的犯罪，采取一些预防措施有多么重要，比如把邮件拿到邮局去寄而不是丢在信箱里等人来取、把文件切碎而不是直接把它们连同垃圾一道扔出去，甚至使用几美元一支的（特效）笔等等。

越来越多的人正在成为身份盗窃案的无名受害者。我们花费许多时间和金钱，去努力挽回我们的姓名、我们的信用、我们的钱和我们的生活。我们需要想方设法来保护自己。我们可以减少此类犯罪的机会，但是它永远不会消失。

这不仅仅是要求我们列一份“该做”和“不该做”事项的清单，我们还需要改变心态。虽然网上银行现在很常见，但国内有一大群人—即占人口15％的生育高峰时期出生的一代人—还是更喜欢用纸。而且，30%的诈骗案都发生在这群人当中。支票上有身份盗贼所需的你的全部信息。如果你用圆珠笔，笔迹可以用一般的家用化学药品除去，钱数可以更改。每天发出的空头支票高达120万张以上，平均每秒13张以上。

支票造假是个大产业„„每年以25％的速率增长。犯罪分子指望我们犯错误，好让他们更容易得手。那么我们怎样才能防患于未然呢？

采取一些预防措施。不要把你的邮件留在邮箱里过夜或过周末。小偷就等着看你家信箱的小红旗（注：在美国，信箱上插上小红旗表示有邮件需要投递），以便通过你要投递的邮件找寻有用的个人信息或支票。要用签字笔填写支票和重要表格，（因为）签字笔的墨水会渗进纸张的纤维中，无法用化学药品除去。还有，切碎或撕碎含有个人信息的所有文件，然后再把它们丢进垃圾桶。

记住，网上有大量机会可以被小偷利用。他们根据你的身份伪造假身份。我们都知道黑客行为和木马软件对电脑数据库中个人信息的威胁。但是在谷歌上搜索某人也会透露大量个人信息，在线社交网站（如“我的空间”、“相册”和“毕波”）也一样。正如我们离开办公室去厕所时要随身带上钱包一样，离开电脑时也应该注销你的电脑以防临时起意的盗窃。

最后一点，假如你遭遇较传统方式的抢劫一比如在大街上一挂失你的信用卡显然是要做的第一件事。但是别忘了，即使挂了失，信用卡也可以用作身份证件来获得购物卡„„那你就有了犯罪记录。

身份伪造可以肆行多年而不为受害者所知。一个无法回避的事实是：现在的诈骗者觉得身份犯罪简直是太容易了。如果你的身份尚未失窃，那只是因为他们还没有对你动手。就会轮到你的。

Making the headlines

1 It isn't very often that the media lead with the same story everywhere

in the world. Such an event would have to be of enormous international

significance. But this is exactly what occurred in September 2001 with the

terrorist attack on the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York.

It is probably not exaggerated to say that from that moment the world was

a different place.

世界各地的媒体都以头条报道同一新闻的情形并不很常见。 这样的事件得具有巨大的国际影响力。 但是这正是2001年9月恐怖分子袭击纽约世贸中心双塔之后发生的情形。 从那一刻起世界改变了模样，这样说也许并不夸张。

2 But it is not just the historical and international dimension that

made 9/11 memorable and (to use a word the media like) newsworthy. It was

the shock and horror, too. So striking, so sensational, was the news that,

years after the event, many people can still remember exactly where they

were and what they were doing when they first heard it. They can remember

their own reactions: For many people across the globe their first instinct

was to go and tell someone else about it, thus providing confirmation of

the old saying that bad news travels fast.

但是，使9/11值得纪念并（用媒体喜欢的话来说）具有新闻价值的不仅仅是它的历史性和国际性。 还有震惊和恐惧。 这一消息极度震撼，极具爆炸性。事发多年以后，许多人还能清楚地记得他们第一次听到这一消息时身在何处、当时正在做什么。 他们能记得自己的反应：对世界各地的许多人来说，他们的第一本能

是去把这一消息告诉别人。这就证实了那句老话：“坏事传千里”。

3 And so it is with all major news stories. I remember when I was at

primary school the teacher announcing pale-faced to a startled class of

seven year olds

President Kennedy

is dead. I didn't know who President

Kennedy was, but I was so upset at hearing the news that I went rushing

home afterwards to tell my parents (who already knew, of course). In fact,

this is one of my earliest memories.

一切重大新闻都是如此。 我记得上小学的时候，老师脸色煞白地向一班吃惊的七岁孩子通报说，肯尼迪总统死了。 我并不知道肯尼迪总统是谁，但是我听到这一消息后非常不安，后来就跑回家去告诉了父母（当然，他们已经知道了）。

事实上，这是我最早的记忆之一。

4 So what exactly

is news? The objective importance of an event is

obviously not enough —there are plenty of enormous global issues out there,

with dramatic consequences, from poverty to global warming—but since they

are ongoing, they don't all make the just international, but odd, unexpected,

and (in the sense that it was possible to identify with the plight of people

caught up in the drama) very human.

那么，新闻到底是什么？ 一个事件光有客观重要性显然还不够——世界上有大量全球性的大问题，都会造成戏剧性的后果，从贫困问题到全球变暖问题——但由于它们都是进行中的，并不都会在同一天成为头条。对比之下，9/11不仅具

有国际性，而且奇特怪异、出人意料，还（可能使读者对身陷那场悲剧中的人们的痛苦感同身受，从这个意义上讲）极具人性。

5 Odd doesn't mean huge. Take the story in today's

China Daily about

a mouse holding up a flight from Vietnam to Japan. The mouse was spotted

running down the aisle of a plane in Hanoi airport. It was eventually caught

by a group of 12 technicians worried that the mouse could chew through wires

and cause a short circuit. By the time it took off the plane was more than

four hours late.

奇特怪异并不意味着重大。 就拿今天的《中国日报》上关于一只老鼠延误了一架从越南飞至日本的航班这条消息为例吧。 在河内机场有人发现那只老鼠在一架飞机的过道里奔跑。 它最终被12 名技术人员合力逮住，他们怕它会咬破电线，造成短路。 飞机晚点了四个多小时才起飞。

6 Not an event with momentous international consequences, you might

say, (apart from a few passengers arriving late for their appointments in

another country), but there are echoes of the story across the globe, in

online editions of papers from Asia to America, via Scotland (Mouse chase

holds up flight, in the

Edinburgh Evening News).

你也许会说，这并不是具有重大国际影响的事件（除了少数乘客到另一国赴约迟到以外）。但是全球却颇有反响，从亚洲经苏格兰到美洲的电子版报纸都有转载（《爱丁堡晚报》的标题是《捉老鼠延误航班》）。

7 Another element of newsworthiness is immediacy. This refers to the

nearness of the event in time. An event which happened a week ago is not

generally news—unless you've just read about it. "When" is one of the five

"wh" questions traineejournalists are regularly told that they have to use

to frame a news story (the others are "who", "what", "where" and "why");

"today", "this morning", and "yesterday" are probably at the top of the

list of time adverbs in a news report. Similarly, an event which is about

to happen ("today", "this evening" or "tonight") may also be newsworthy,

although, by definition, it is not unexpected and so less sensational.

新闻价值的另一个元素是即时性。 这是指事件发生的时间近。 一周前发生的事件一般来说就不是新闻了——除非你刚刚读到它。 “何时”是受训记者常被教导用以勾勒新闻故事的五个“何”问题之一（其余是“何人”、“何事”、“何地”和“何故”）；今天、今晨、昨天很可能在新闻报道所使用的时间副词中名列前茅。 同样，即将发生的事件（今天、今晚或今夜）也可能具有新闻价值，虽然，从定义上讲，它不出人意外，也就不那么耸人听闻了。

8

When it comes to immediacy, those media which can present news in

real time, such as TV, radio, and the Internet, have an enormous advantage

over the press. To see an event unfolding in front of your eyes is rather

different from reading about it at breakfast the next morning. But TV news

is not necessarily more objective or reliable than a newspaper report, since

the imagesyou are looking at on your screen have been chosen by journalists

or editors with specific objectives, or at least following set guidelines,

and they are shown from a unique viewpoint. By placing the camera somewhere

else you would get a different picture. This is why it is usual to talk

of the "power of the media"—the power to influence the public, more or

less covertly.

说到即时性，能够实时播报新闻的媒体，如电视、广播和互联网，就比报纸的优势大多了。 眼看着事件在你眼前展开与次日早餐时在报上读到它的感觉大不相同。 但是，电视新闻未必比报纸报道更客观或更可靠，因为你在屏幕上看到的图像是经记者或编辑根据特殊的目的，或至少是按照预定指示筛选过的；它们是从一个独特的视点展现给观众的。 如果把摄像机移到别的地方，你就会看到另一番景象。 这就是为什么人们通常会谈到“媒体霸权”——或多或少地暗中影响公众。

9 But perhaps in the third millennium this power is being eroded, or

at least devolvedto ordinary people. The proliferation of personal blogs,

the possibility of self-broadcasting through sites such as YouTube, and

the growth of open-access web pages (wikis) means that anyone with anything

to say—or show—can now reach a worldwide audience instantly.

但也许在第三个千年，这种权力正在减弱，或至少下放给普通民众。 个人博客的大量出现，通过像YouTube这样的网站自我广播的可能性，以及权限开放网页（wiki网）的增长都意味着任何人有任何话要说——或有任何东西要展示——现在都能立刻让全世界的观众看到。

10 This doesn't mean that the press and TV are going to disappear

overnight, of course. But in their never-ending search for interesting news

items—odd, unexpected, and human—they are going to turn increasingly to

these sites for their sources, providing the global information network

with a curiouslylocal dimension

当然，这并不意味着报纸和电视即将在一夜之间消失。 但是，在它们永不休止的搜寻有趣新闻——奇特怪异、出人意外和极具人性的新闻——的过程中，报纸和电视将越来越多地借助网站来收集资料，为全球信息网络提供极具地方色彩的视角。

Unit 7 Are Animals Smarter Than We Think?

动物比我们想象的更聪明吗？

What does an elephant see when it looks in the mirror? Itself, apparently. Previously,

such self-awareness was thought to be limited to humans, primates and the great

celebrities of the world of animal intelligence, dolphins. At first, elephants in studies

with mirrors will explore the mirror as an object. Eventually, they may realize they are

looking at themselves. They will repeatedly touch a mark painted on their heads that

they wouldn't see without the mirror. Diana Reiss of Hunter College believes these are

compelling signs of self-awareness.

大象照镜子时到底看到了什么？显然是它自己。以前，人们认为这样的自我意识仅存于人类、灵长类动物以及动物智慧世界的明星—海豚。在这项大象和镜

子的研究里，大象起初只把镜子当作物品来把玩。最后，它们可能意识到它们在镜子里看到了自己。它们会反复触碰画在它们头上的印记，这是一些没有镜子就不可能看见的印记。亨特大学的戴安娜·雷斯认为，这是自我意识的很有力的说明。

Scientists used to believe that animals were like machines programmed to react to

stimuli. They were not considered capable of feeling or thinking, and certainly not of

understanding abstract concepts. However, any dog owner will disagree. They know,

when they see the love in their pet's eyes, that it has feelings. A dog can be trained to

respond to commands and perform useful tasks. It can recognize different people and

make choices about what to eat or which path to take. But does this mean that an animal

is capable of thinking and, if so, can it be proved? Our perceptions of animals are

filtered through our own human understanding of the world and we often project human

feelings and thoughts onto other creatures.

过去，科学家认为动物和机器一样，能根据事先编排好的程序对外界的刺激作出反应。还认为它们不具备感受和思考能力，绝对没有理解抽象概念的能力。但是，养狗的人是不会同意这种看法的。他们在宠物狗的眼睛里看到了爱，知道它有情感。狗能通过训练接受指令做有益的事情。它会认人、选择食物、识别道路。但这是否意味着它有思维能力呢？如果有的话，又如何证实呢？我们对动物的认知是经过过滤的，是建立在人类对世界的理解的基础上的，我们经常把人类的情感和思想投射到其它动物身上。

One of the first scientists to try to investigate the animal mind was the British naturalist

Charles Darwin. In his book The Descent of Man, published in 1871, he questioned

whether higher mental abilities such as self-consciousness and memory, were limited to

human beings. Darwin speculated that human and non-human minds aren't all that

different. Animals, he argued, face the same general challenges and have the same basic

needs as humans: to find food and a mate, to navigate through the sky, the woods or the

sea. All these tasks require the ability to problem-solve and to categorize. 最早研究动物心智的科学家之一是英国博物学家查尔斯·达尔文。在1871年出版的《人类的起源》一书中，他质疑是否只有人类才具有高级思维能力—如自我意识和记忆。达尔文猜测人脑和动物脑没有那么大的差别。他认为，动物和人一样面对相同的常规挑战和相同的基本需求：寻找食物和伴侣，在天空、森林和海洋中旅行时不迷失方向。要完成这些任务，就需要有解决问题和甄别分类的能力。 Birds, for

example, need to be able to distinguish colors so they know when a fruit is ripe, what is

safe to eat and what is not. Knowing the shapes of predators helps them to escape

danger. Having a concept of numbers helps them to keep track of their flock, and to

know which individuals have a mate.

例如鸟类必须有分辨颜色的能力，以确定果实什么时候成熟，什么东西能吃，什么东西不能吃。了解捕食动物的形状能帮助它们避开危险，有数字概念可帮助他们了解本鸟群的情况，了解哪些鸟已有伴侣。

All these skills require, not just instinct, but cognitive ability, argues Irene Pepperberg,

who has worked on animal intelligence since 1977.

从1977年起就从事动物智慧研究的艾琳·佩拍伯格认为，所有这些技巧不仅需要本能，还需要认知能力。

She studied an African grey parrot called Alex from the age of one for 30 years. Parrots

are well-known for their ability to imitate speech and in her experiments; Pepperberg

used this talent to find out about Alex's understanding of the world. Her aim was to

teach him to reproduce the sounds of the English language so that she could then have a

dialogue with him. "I thought if he learned to communicate, I could ask him questions

about how he sees the world."

她研究一只叫“亚历克斯”的非洲灰鹦鹉，从它一岁开始整整研究了30年。鹦鹉以模仿语言的能力著称；在她的实验里，佩拍伯格利用鹦鹉这方面的才能来了解亚历克斯对世界的理解。她的目标是教会它英语，以便能够和它对话。“我想如果它学会如何交流，我就可以问它是如何看待这个世界的了。”

Memory, language, self-awareness, emotions and creativity are key indications of

higher mental abilities. Scientists have, bit by bit, uncovered and documented these

talents in other species. Pepperberg discovered that Alex could count, distinguish

shapes, sizes, colors and materials such as wood, wool and metal. Until recently, only

higher mammals, such as primates, have been thought capable of understanding

concepts of "same" and "different". But parrots, like primates, live for a long time in

complex societies, so abstract mental ability would seem to be a valuable survival skill

for them, too.

记忆、语言、自我意识、情感和创造性是高智力的关键标志。科学家已经一点一滴地揭示并记录了其他物种在这些方面的才能。佩拍伯格发现亚历克斯不仅能够数数，还能分辨形状、大小、颜色及材料（如木头、羊毛和金属）。直到最近，只有高等哺乳动物，如灵长类，才会被认为具有理解“相同”和“不同”这些概念的能力。但鹦鹉和灵长类一样长期生活在复杂社会里，因此抽象的智力对它们而言似乎也同样是有价值的生存技巧。

Darwin argued that animals' minds, like their bodies, have evolved to suit their

environment. He went so far as to suggest that even worms have some hint of

intelligence since he observed them making judgments about the kinds of leaves they

used to block their tunnels. Many scientists in the 20th century dismissed such findings

as unreliable, usually influenced by anthropomorphism英[ˌænθrəpə'mɔ:fɪzəm], in

other words, judging animals by human attributes. However, the pendulum is now

swinging away from thinking of animals as machines without intelligence, and back

towards Darwin's ideas. A wide range of studies on animals suggests that the roots of

intelligence are deep, widespread across the animal kingdom and highly changeable.

达尔文认为，动物的心智和它们的身体一样因为要适应环境而进化了。他甚至说：即便是虫子也有一点点智慧，因为他观察到虫子能判断什么样的叶子适合用来堵它们的洞口。许多20世纪的科学家轻视这些发现，认为它们不可靠，这是受了拟人说的影响，即根据人的特征来判断动物。但是，现在舆论的天平已经不再向那些认为动物像机器一样没有智慧的观点倾斜了，而是向达尔文的观点倾斜。

大范围的动物研究表明：智慧之根在动物界的分布既深又广，变化多端。

People were surprised to find that chimpanzees and other primates were smart. They

make tools. Orangutans英[ɔ:ˌræŋu:'tæn] use leaves as rain hats and protect their hands

when climbing spiky英[ˈspaɪki] trees. Scientists put this down to the fact that primates

and humans share a common ancestor. 人们吃惊地发现黑猩猩及其他灵长类动物都很聪明，它们会制造工具。红毛黑猩猩能用树叶当斗笠挡雨；在爬带刺的树时，它们知道如何保护自己的手。科学家把这种现象归结为灵长类动物和人类拥有共同祖先这一事实。What is surprising them now however, is' that intelligence doesn't

seem to be limited to those species with whom we have a common ancestor. It appears

that evolution can reinvent英[ˌri:ɪnˈvent] similar forms of consciousness in different

species; and that to an astonishing degree, this intelligence is not reserved only for

higher mammals. One vital question is thrown up by the current research: If all this is

true and animals have feelings and intelligence, should it affect the way we humans

treat them?

但是，现在让他们吃惊的是智慧似乎并不仅仅体现在与人同祖的物种身上。进化似乎能够在不同物种身上重新创造出相似的意识形式。令人吃惊的是，这种智慧并非高等哺乳动物的专利。目前的研究提出了一个重大的问题：如果这一切都是真的，如果动物具有情感和智力，这会改变人类对待动物的方式吗？

本文标签： 动物大学世界身份新闻