阅读理解真题考研英语2021

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2024年4月3日发(作者：)

阅读理解真题考研英语2021

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阅读理解真题考研英语1

Te_t 3

Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain s

National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that

both

sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI)

companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very

great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech

giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner,

Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free

hospital

trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million

patients In _ on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little

account of the patients rights and their e_pectations of privacy.

DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further

arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be

carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked

of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about

informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this

case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the

blame

on the NHS trust, since under e_isting law it 〝controlled〞 the data and

DeepMind

merely 〝processed it. But this distinction misses the point that it is

processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data

value.

The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data

that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an

individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the

surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only

when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.

The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels

slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not

enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and

save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which

developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on

the

scale that dugs now can, big data may be e_pected to behave as a big pharm

has

done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may

turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to

avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham s report is a welcome start.

is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?

[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.

[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.

[C] It fell short of the latter s e_pectations

[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.

32. The NHS trust responded to Denham s verdict with

[A] empty promises.

[B] tough resistance.

[C] necessary adjustments.

[D] sincere apologies.

author argues in Paragraph 2 that

[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.

[B] leaking patients data is worse than selling it.

[C] making profits from patients data is illegal.

[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it

ing to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal

is

[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.

[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.

[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.

[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.

author s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is

[A] ambiguous.

[B] cautious.

[C] appreciative.

[D] contemptuous.

阅读理解真题考研英语2

Te_t 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid

for. No longer. While traditional 〝paid〞 media – such as television

commercials

and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can e_ploit

many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may

create

〝owned〞 media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to

customers

registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range

of

factors beyond conventional paid media.

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own

products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users‘

responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another

marketer‘s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad

space

on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so

strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines

within

that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy,

effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and

hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson Johnson, for e_ample, has

created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes

complementary and

even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other

marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to

learn

valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and

may

help e_pand user traffic for all companies concerned.

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with

more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk

that

passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and

much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned

media:

an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or

activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of

social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply

pressure on the businesses that originally created them.

If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to

boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such

a case, the company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and

the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for e_ample, alleviated some

of

the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and

well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to

engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site

Digg.

ers may create 〝earned〞 media when they are

[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.

[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.

[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.

32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature

[A] a safe business environment.

[B] random competition.

[C] strong user traffic.

[D] fle_ibility in organization.

33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media

[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.

[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.

[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.

[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.

34. Toyota Motor‘s e_perience is cited as an e_ample of

[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.

[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.

[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.

[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.

35. Which of the following is the te_t mainly about ?

[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.

[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.

[C] Dominance of hijacked media.

[D] Popularity of owned media.

阅读理解真题考研英语3

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