Urban Ecology

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2024年5月16日发(作者：)

Urban Ecology & the Architecture of Ecopolis

Cities are at the centre of the storm of ecological destruction. Everything in the biosphere is connected

and cities are part of the global ecosystem. They embody the values of the civilization that produced them.

Industrial civilization has exploited the environment and the community to leave us with cities which suck

their hinterlands dry. City and country are interdependent and each city's hunger for land to feed, house

and fuel its growing population has been exacerbated by industrial colonialism so that cities now spread

across the face of the planet like a cancer.

But cities are the human nest - they are where most of us live. They could reflect the values of life-enhancing,

health-giving cultures. If cities are central to the problem of the ecological crisis they must be central

to its solution. In the last few years a worldwide movement has developed which seeks to create ecological

cities, cities in balance with nature.

Planetary medicine

An ecological city is as much about balance within human society as it is about balance between humans and

nature. An Ecopolis is a brand of eco-city, a package of concepts, ethics and programs for making cities

that are places of ecological restoration. It goes beyond "sustainability" - sustaining what we now have

would be like embalming a patient with a terminal illness. An Ecopolis is about healing.

Fit not fight

The difference between an Ecopolis and a "technopolis" is the difference between a mechanical contrivance

and a living organism. Technology does not make cities - people make cities. Technopolis is founded on the

modernist illusion of economic and technological determinism and is an assault on nature; an Ecopolis is

rooted in the real need to fit human settlement within the patterns of nature and its purpose is restoration

of the biosphere.

Politically, it is decentralised and democratic taking cues from Kropotkin and Bookchin. Socially and

culturally, it reflects the diverse reality of human affairs and the tapestry of life that makes every city

work. Economically, it adopts the premise that economics and ecology are both essentially to do with the

flow of energy and materials through a system and that "value" is a social construct. It talks the language

of economics familiar to Illich, Daly, Max-Neef and Paul Hawkins.

Family tree

The planning principles of an Ecopolis, with its concept of co-evolving cities and regions, branch from

the same philosophical tree as Geddes, Mumford and McHarg. Architectural principles stem from Wright and

the "organics" but locate most of the architecture in the urban ecosystem. William Morris might recognise

the social justice concepts and support for arts and craft and Bruce Goff would probably appreciate the

geometry with its eclectic overlays, but the thrust is determinedly urban, with a nod and a wink to Soleri.

Ecopolis is opposed to sub-urbanity and sentimental ruralism and promotes a return to the measure of human

bodies rather than machines - 10 minutes walk rather than 10 minutes drive.

Though its principles are universal, the architecture and urban form of an Ecopolis is regional, specific

to its place. That place is defined bioregionally, in a search for both biogeophysical and cultural limits.

Recognising that nature conserves us, its design philosophy embraces the Gaia hypothesis of Lovelock and

Margulis and seeks to create architectural and urban entities which display the resilient, self-organising,

dynamic balance of living organisms. Adaptation and evolution are keywords. Seeking synthesis, synergy and

symbiosis, an Ecopolis uses ecology as metaphor and in practice, closing ecological loops, taking care to

complete the water cycle, taking responsibility for sequestering carbon released in its making.

Technology

An Ecopolis employs appropriate technology - unrefined mud is a poor semi-conductor, microchips are poor

building blocks. An adaptable, low technology "platform" is buildable almost anywhere and can weather changes

in the economic or actual climate. Technological sophistication can be added as needed. This strategy can

work in "First" and "Third" world environments making technology transfer, in either direction, simple and

effective. It is important not to build around inappropriate technological dependencies.

Money

Human society based on exploitation will exploit, rather than nurture, nature. Social equity is essential

in an Ecopolis. Social balance depends on appropriate economic foundations. Money does not normally talk

ecologically for reasons for that go to the roots of our culture. Building ecological cities also means

building a culture and economy based on ethical behaviour, social responsibility and "clean" capital to

maintain a non-exploitative relationship with the biosphere. No ecology, no economy - no planet, no profit.

Appropriate "invisible" economic and social structures must be laid before the first physical foundations.

Community

Top-down, bureaucratically-driven visions of future cities fail because they do not engage the community

in their creation.

The role of the citizen is paramount in the movement towards ecological cities. Just as supportive clients

are necessary for innovation in architecture, so ecologically conscious, democratically active citizens

are essential for innovation in urbanism. Building eco-cities means building community support for change.

The "Ecopolis" proposition is that tension between the imperative for change and the need for security can

translate into creativity by promoting community-driven development. This is being demonstrated by the

Halifax EcoCity Project.

Choice

An Ecopolis provides the means for ordinary people to address the full range of ecological, social and economic

issues simply by choosing where they live. Buying or renting a home, office or workshop in an Ecopolis is

not just a real estate deal, it means becoming part of a healthy living organism. Financial, management

and political structures are dealt with as well as the more obvious environmental trappings associated with

energy efficient, climate responsive, non-toxic design.

Politics

As Cherie Hoyle, my partner in love, life and work puts it - Architecture is politics. An Ecopolis is about

creating a three-dimensional expression for the politics of human-scaled, decentralised, society living

in harmony with itself and the world.

Celebrating the gravity of the situation

Nature does not negotiate, a species doesn't get a second chance. Architecture must comply with the biological

demands of ecosystems as much as it must respond to the physics of construction and laws of gravity. An

Ecopolis celebrates being human within the rigorous limits of our biosphere.

Life is a balance of opposites. An uncomplicated response to this simple, ancient philosophy can create

a rich and profoundly satisfying architecture. An Ecopolis balances old with new, order with spontaneity,

heavy with light, enclosure with open-ness, high tech with low, regionalism with universality. This cannot

be sprung from nothing, it needs a place, people and time. The challenge is to distill the essence of it

all for workable schemes in our industrial, consumer civilisation. The goal of an urban organic architecture

is a glittering prize.

城市生态与生态城市架构

城市是在生态破坏的风暴的中心。在生物圈中的所有连接和城市是全球生态系统的一部分。他们体现的文明产生它们的

值。利用工业文明的环境和社会留给我们的城市，吸他们的腹地干。国家和城市是相互依存，使殖民主义的城市现在面

对整个地球像一个癌症扩散，每个城市的食品，住房和燃料不断增长的人口对土地的饥饿，已被工业“加剧。

但城市是人类巢 - 他们是我们多数人生活。他们可以反映生活的提高，健康的文化价值观。如果城市的生态危机问题

的核心，他们必须解决的核心。在过去的几年里已开发一个世界性的运动，旨在创建生态城市，城市与自然的平衡。

行星医药

生态城市是在人类社会的平衡，因为它是人类与自然之间的平衡。生态城市是一个生态城市的品牌，一个观念，道德和

方案，为使城市生态恢复的地方包。它超越了“可持续发展” - 维持会像我们现在有什么防腐与身患绝症的病人。是一个

生态城市的愈合。

适合不打

一个生态城市和“科技城市”之间的差异是一个机械的发明和一个活的有机体之间的差异。技术不能使城市 - 人使城市。

科技城市是建立在经济和技术决定论的现代主义幻觉，是对大自然的攻击;生态城市是植根于真正需要适合于人类定居模

式的性质，其目的是生物圈的恢复。

政治上，它是分散的和民主的，采取从克鲁泡特金，并Bookchin的线索。社会和文化，它反映了人类事务的多样化的

现实，使每一个城市工作和生活的挂毯。经济上，它采用经济和生态的前提下，都基本上做到通过一个系统的流动，能

源和材料，是一种社会建构的“价值”。会谈伊里奇，达利，最大Neef和保罗霍金斯熟悉经济学的语言。

家庭树

一个生态城市规划的原则，其概念与合作不断发展的城市和地区，分支机构从格迪斯，芒福德和麦克哈格哲学树一样。

建筑原则源于赖特和“有机”，但定位在城市生态系统的体系结构最。威廉莫里斯可能认识到社会正义的概念，并支持艺

术和工艺和布鲁斯高夫可能会欣赏其不拘一格的重叠的几何形状，但主旨是点点头和眨眼Soleri，毅然城市。生态城市

是反对分文雅和感伤ruralism和促进一个人体测量，而不是机器的回报 - 步行10分钟，而超过10分钟车程。

虽然它的原则是普遍的，一个生态城市的建筑和城市的形式是区域，具体到它的地方。 bioregionally那个地方是指，在

搜索生物地球物理和文化的限制。认识到自然节省了我们，它的设计理念体现洛夫洛克和马古利斯盖亚假说，旨在创造

建筑和城市的实体，显示弹性，自我组织，生物体的动态平衡。适应和进化的关键词。寻求合成，协同和共生的生态城

市使用隐喻和在实践中的生态环境，收盘生态循环，照顾到完整的水循环，同时在其决策中释放的封存碳的责任。

技术

一个生态城市，采用适当的技术 - 不登大雅之堂的泥是一个可怜的的半导体，微芯片是贫穷的建筑块。适应性强，低

技术“平台”是可建在几乎任何地方，可以在经济或实际的气候天气变化。尖端技术，可根据需要增加。这种策略可以在“第

一”和“第三”世界环境技术转让，在两个方向上，简单而有效的工作。重要的是不要围绕不适当的技术依赖。

货币

人类社会的基础上的剥削利用，而不是培育，性质。社会公平是一个生态城市的重要。社会平衡依赖于适当的经济基础。

钱通常不会谈论生态，去我们的文化根源的原因。建设生态城市，同时也意味着建设一个文化和经济的基础上的道德行

为，社会责任和“干净”的资金，以保持与生物圈非剥削关系。没有生态，没有一个经济体 - 没有行星，没有利润。必须

制定适当的“无形”的经济和社会结构之前，首先物理基础。

社区

自上而下，未来城市的官僚驱动愿景失败，因为他们不参与社会，在他们的创作。

公民的作用是在对生态城市的运动是至关重要的。正如支持客户是必要的体系结构的创新，使生态意识，民主活跃的公

民在城市规划创新的重要。建设生态城市的手段建设，改变社会的支持。 “生态城市”的主张是，必须改变和安全可以创

造性转化，促进社区发展的需要之间的紧张局势。这正表明了哈利法克斯生态城项目。

选择

一个生态城市提供了普通老百姓的手段来解决，仅仅通过选择在他们居住的生态，社会和经济问题的全方位。购买或租

用一个生态城市的家中，办公室或车间的不只是房地产交易，这意味着成为一个健康的活的有机体的一部分。财务，管

理和政治结构的处理，以及相关的能源效率，气候反应，无毒设计较为明显的环境派头。

政治

由于切丽霍伊尔，我的爱，生活和工作中的合作伙伴所说的那样 - 建筑是政治。一个生态城市是创建一个三维人规模

的，分散的，在与自身和世界的和谐社会生活的政治表达。

庆祝局势的严重性

自然不谈判，一个物种没有得到第二次机会。架构必须遵守尽可能多的生物与生态系统的要求，因为它必须回应重力的

建设和法律的物理。一个生态城市，庆祝人类在我们的生物圈的严格限制。

生命是一个对立统一的平衡。这个简单的，古代哲学，可以创建一个简单的回应了丰富和深刻满足的架构。一个生态城

市余额与新老，与自发性秩序，重轻，具有开放性，与低，具有普遍性的地区主义高科技的外壳。这不能从没有如雨后

春笋般涌现，它需要一个地方，人们和时间。目前的挑战是提取所有可行的计划，在我们的工业，消费文明的本质。一

个城市的有机建筑的目标是一个金光闪闪的奖。

本文标签： 城市生态社会经济