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2024年2月3日发(作者:)

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第一讲 词性、句子成分和句型

前言

英语语法分为词法、句法两大部分。词性为词法的重要内容,而句法则基本围绕句子成分和句型展开论述。不同词性的词语法作用不同,只有在理解词性的基础上记住词性,我们才能更好地使用和理解单词。而如果理解并熟练掌握了句子成分和句型,我们便可以轻松看懂并写出长难句。

Part 1词性

英语中有十大词性,分属三大范畴。第一范畴为实义词(Notional Words),包括名词、动词、形容词和副词。第二范畴是与名词词组关系密切的词,包括代词、数词和冠词(代词代替名词词组,数词和冠词帮助构成名词词组)。第三范畴为结构词(Structural Words),也叫功能词,包括介词、连词和感叹词。实词的数量巨大,故为开放型的(Open System);其余的词数量有限,故为封闭型的(Closed System)。

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词性

名词

缩写 意义

表示人或事物的名称

表示动作或状态

表示人或事物的性质和特征

修饰动词、形容词或其他副词

例词

school, rice

句法功能

充当主语、宾语、标语、同位语等

n.

v.

adj.

adv.

第一范畴

动词

形容词

副词

study, see,

充当谓语

be

new, good

very,

quickly

they, you

one, first

a, an, the

of, from

and, but,

when

oh, hello

担任定语、表语、补语等

充当状语

充当主语、宾语、表语、补语等

充当主语等名词成分或帮助构成名词词组

帮助构成名词词组

帮助构成介词词组

起连接作用或用于引导从句

用作插入语

第二范畴第三范畴

代词

数词

冠词

介词

连词

pron.

代替名词或数词

num.

表示数量或顺序

art.

prep.

conj.

表示名词的特指、泛指

表示名词或代词与其他词的关系

连接词与词,词组与词组或者句子与句子

感叹词

interj.

表示说话者的感情

Part 2词形的变化

与汉语的词不一样,英语的词(介词、连词和感叹词除外)随着使用场合的不同都有一定的变化形式。英语中常见的词形变化有以下几种情况:

 可数名词:单数和复数。

e.g. map→maps

 动词:不定式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词

e.g. go→went→gone→going

 形容词、副词:原级、比较级和最高级

e.g. hard→harder→hardest

 代词:主格、宾格、所有格

e.g. I, me, my, mine

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 数词:基数词和序数词

e.g. one, first

 冠词:不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词

e.g. a, an, the, /

Part 3句子成分

从句子的功能结构来分析,英语句子有以下八种成分:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语、同位语。

 主语(Subject)表示句子表述的是“谁”或“什么”,是谓语的陈述对象,通常由名词、代词或与其相当的结构充当。

e.g. The sun rises from the east.

Bell and his brothers invented the telephone.

 谓语(Predicate)说明主语的行为、特征、性质或所处的状态,由动词担任。由一个独立部分充当的谓语被称作简单谓语;由两个或更多的部分构成的谓语被称为复合谓语。

e.g. They have a digital camera. (简单谓语)

This method works effectively. (简单谓语)

Monkeys can climb trees. (复合谓语)

He has devoted all his leisure time to public activity. (复合谓语)

 宾语(Object)表示动词动作的对象或内容,或用于介词后构成介词短语。宾语通常由名词、代词或与其相当的结构充当。

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e.g. My aunt teaches history in a middle school. (名词作宾语)

We can disagree with someone and still respect him. (代词作宾语)

 定语(Attribute)修饰名词,表示其性质和特征,通常由形容词或与其相当的结构担任。

e.g. This is a difficult problem for me.

The building at the top of the hill is a weather station.

 状语(Adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示方式、程度或说者的语气等,通常由副词或与其相当的结构担任。

e.g. We should react calmly in the face of unexpected events.

(表示方式)

John’s wife is very careful about spending money. (表示程度)

 表语(Predicative)说明主语的名称、身份、性质、特征、状态等;通常由名词、代词、形容词或与其相当的结构担任。

e.g. The marketing manager is a crucial position in the company.

(名词作表语)

You look smart in your new suit. (形容词作表语)

 补语(Complement)补充说明主语(被动语态)或宾语(主动语态),说明其动作、名称、特征、状态等。补语由名词、动词、形容词等担任。宾补与宾语一起构成复合宾语。

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e.g. They painted the fence white. (形容词作宾补)

Mr. Brown encouraged his son to become a journalist. (动词作宾补)

We all consider it a challenging task. (名词作宾补)

 同位语(Appositive)对主语、表语、宾语等进行解释,使其更加具体。同位语通常由名词、代词、数词或与之相当的词充当。

e.g. John’s uncle is a teacher, a physics teacher. (与表语同位)

The mobile phone, a very useful tool, is very popular

nowadays. (与主语同位)

Exercise 1指出下列句中黑体部分的词性以及充当的成分

1. He is a teacher of English.

Our new teacher is English.

2. They promise to meet our needs.

He needs to buy some ice cream.

3. Only if you buy the ticket will you be allowed to come in.

He was the only foreigner present.

4. A grand meeting will be held in this square.

They bought a square table.

5. The red flags wave in the winds.

A great wave sank the ship.

6. Mr. Wang works very hard.

This is a hard question.

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7. We are close friends.

These shops close at five.

The summer vacation is drawing to a close.

8. He speaks English very well.

Well, we have arrived home.

He is not feeling well today.

She always drinks the water from that well.

9. Mike runs very fast.

This is a fast car.

They will fast tomorrow.

10. We consider your opinions quite right.

In China, traffic keeps to the right.

I’m glad you guessed right.

Part 4句子种类

根据用途分类:

 陈述句(Statement):陈述一件事或一种看法。

e.g. The earth turns round the sun.

A mouse is a small gray animal.

 疑问句(Question):询问或怀疑一个情况。有以下四种:

i. 一般疑问句(General Question)。

e.g. Do you like pop music?

ii. 特殊疑问句(Special Question)。

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e.g. Who is that gentleman?

iii. 选择疑问句(Alternative Question)。

e.g. Would you like to have tea or coffee?

iv. 反意疑问句(Tag Question)。

e.g. Your uncle used to shoot movies, didn’t he?

 祈使句(Imperative):提出请求或发出命令。

e.g. Don’t break your mother’s heart!

Don’t be naughty, children.

 感叹句(Exclamation):对人或事物的性质、程度或内容等表示感叹。通常用what和how引导。what引导的中心词是名词的感叹句,how引导的中心词是动词、形容词和副词的感叹句。

e.g. What lovely weather it is!

How lovely the weather is!

根据结构分类:

 简单句(Simple Sentence):只包含一个主谓结构的句子。

e.g. The man knocked at the door.

 并列句(Compound Sentence):包含两个或多个完整的主谓结构(用并列连词或“;”连接)的句子。

e.g. The man knocked at the door but no one answered.

The man knocked at the door; no one answered.

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 主从句(Complex Sentence):由一个主句(Main Clause)和一个或几个从句(Sub-clause)构成的句子:

e.g. As soon as he arrived at the house, the man knocked at the

door.

注:引导从句的词是连接词(用于名词从句)、关系词(用于定语从句)或从属连词(用于状语从句)。

Part 5基本句型

英语简单句概括起来有五种基本句型。换言之,除了there be句型以外,英语中任何一个简单句必然属于其中的一种。

 主+系+表(SVP)。

e.g. Everyone is an artist.

Your suggestion sounds reasonable.

 主+谓(SV)。

e.g. The rain finally stopped.

The tension is building up.

 主+谓+宾(SVO)。

e.g. He studied Chinese history.

They want to take up French next semester.

She believes that she can pass the examination.

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 主+谓+宾+补(SVOC)。

e.g. He expected his son to become a lawyer.

Peter thinks this matter (to be) urgent.

They call Thomas a lazy boy.

 主+谓+间宾+直宾(SVOiOd)。

e.g. The professor gave Lucy some useful advice.

(=The professor gave some useful advice to Lucy.)

Elizabeth bought her Mom a fancy birthday present.

(=Elizabeth bought a fancy birthday present for her Mom.)

Exercise 2判断下列句子的种类(即:简单句、并列句还是主从句),并说出加粗谓语动词的结构(即:SVP, SV, SVO…)

1. The Chinese didn’t know about Europe before the Opium War.

2. I haven’t got the dictionary at hand but I’ll show it to you later.

3. The earth has only one satellite and we call it the moon.

4. I looked in all directions but could not see any house anywhere.

5. I said nothing about it because of his wife being there.

6. A qualified teacher should not only teach his students lessons

but also teach them how to become good citizens.

7. The microscope makes objects appear many times larger than

they really are.

8. Don’t go away; the meeting isn’t over yet.

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9. People usually don’t understand the value of health until they

have lost it.

10. I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school

in a suburb of London.

11.

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本文标签: 名词表示词性宾语