《研究生英语读写译教程》(第二版)练习参考答案及参考译文

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《研究生英语读写译教程》（第二版）练习参考答案及参考译文

（注：第二版只有第六单元为全新单元，其余单元只是有些调整。）

各单元练习答案

UNIT ONE STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH.

COMPREHENSION

1 He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of

it. (The answer to the second part of the question is open.)

2 Life was tough – he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he

returned coke bottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free

meal…

3 He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in

his calligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh

computer.

4 Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your

future. (What you have learned/experienced might help in your

future career.)

5 He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established

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dismissed him.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him

start over again.

6 He has learned a good lesson from his failure.

7 Do the things we love to do.

8 Open.

9 Open.

10 Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when

we want to do something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.)

VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE

A

1 naively 2 curiosity 3 combination 4 let down 5 vision

6 baton 7 creative 8 mirror 9 trap 10 invention

B

1 drowned out 2 tuition 3 Commencement 4 deposit 5

typography

6 make way for 7 animation 8 intuition 9 destination 10

diverge

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C

1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct

2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense

3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out

4 play writer/playwright, speedwriter, blog writer, letter writer,

editorial writer

5 habitual, textual, accentual, sexual, spiritual, conceptual

6 shocking, stunning, eye-catching, astonishing, striking, dazzling

SPEAKING: Open.

TRANSLATION

A

1热烈的鼓掌 2波涛汹涌的海面 3熟睡 4烟瘾大的人 5油腻而难消化的食物

6烈酒 7悲痛的消息 8沉闷冗长的读物 9〈化〉重水

10他在一家法国银行拥有外国人账户。

11那老实的男孩毫无隐讳地说明了他的行为。

12他突然感到一阵莫明其妙的不安情绪。

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13脚踩两条凳,早晚要坠地（即：脚踏两条船）。

14骄者必败。

15 我们遇到一对从巴黎来的夫妇，他们很有趣。

B 见译文部分。

WRITING

A

1.

I was asked to do the assignment. So I think there are three reasons

for the failure in the experiment.

2.

Although I worked hard to acquire more knowledge, I couldn’t

improve my English.

3.

4.

5.

Though…..

therefore---However

If we compare the number of people who worked in this department

between 2001 and 2003, it only increased from five people to twenty

but the orders were twice more.

6.

We have three ways of recruitment. The first is the recruitment

agency, which we used two years ago. The expenditure was very

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high and the people provided were not very suitable. The second is

online recruitment. We have never used this method before, so we

cannot say this is good or not. However, online recruitment is

risky because of the unbelievable resources of the applicants.

7.

8.

9.

are-is

including---include

has a negative impact,

have a positive and powerful effect

10. There never seems to be anything worth watching on television.

Young people tend to listen to the radio more than older age groups

while older people find it more enjoyable to chat with people of their

age.

UNIT TWO TWO TRUTHS TO LIVE BY

COMPREHENSION

1. According to Rabbi Alexander Schindler, we should hold fast to many

gifts such as beauty, love.

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2. The author exploits the parable of open and closed hand in the very

beginning of the text to control the idea of the whole text. “Life is a

paradox”, because it encourages us to grasp its many gifts although

it predetermines their final disappearance.

3. The author tells the audience his experience in hospital to prove the

fact that people are indifferent to the grandeur of each day, and

nobody sees the beauty of sunlight or responds to it.

4. According to the author, people are reluctant to accept losses and

failures because they think that the world is theirs to command

especially when they are young.

5. Since all of us will perish in the end, we must seek a wider perspective,

viewing our lives as through windows that open on eternity, whereby

to reconcile on life’s paradoxical demands. Though our lives are

finite, our deeds on earth weave a timeless pattern.

6. Life is a process. During the process, we should hold fast to life, but

not so fast that we cannot let go; we must accept our losses, and learn

how to let go.

7. According to the author, we should pursue the ideal, for ideals alone

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invest life with meaning and are of enduring worth.

8. Alexander Schindler encourages the students to exalt above their

personal considerations and to perfect the present world.

9. There is strong religious color in the text. Alexander Schindler asks us

to hold fast to God’s gifts, to be reverent before each dawning day,

to view our lives as through windows that open on eternity, and to

add religion to the humblest of edifices.

10. The author delivers this speech to the university students in order to

teach them how to cope with life’s paradoxical problems in a wise

way, and what to pursue.

VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE

A

1. renounce 2. tender 3. petty 4. relish 5.

gleaned

6. abounds in 7. parable 8. evanescent 9. redeem 10.

sanctuary

B

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1. indifference to 2. Preoccupied 3. redeem 4. clinging to 5.

relentless

6. paradox 7. ordained 8. wanes 9. exalted

10. dawn/have dawned on

C

1. the meaning the opportunity the door happiness the purpose

2. the question the jokes the advertisement the film the

lecture

3. run drive speak sail stick

4. arrival survival refusal approval renewal

5. restless priceless endless homeless aimless

6. widen quicken deepen lengthen shorten

SPEAKING: OPEN

TRANSLATION

A

1成功与否取决于她的努力。2她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。

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3他不抽烟，但他父亲烟抽得很凶

4人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学家们内部分歧过大，其次才是因为外界并不认识历史是一门学科。

5由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易）所造成的种种问题也会增加社会压力。

6只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视机上选看到有远方城市一座图书馆发出的预先录制的一出戏、一堂打高尔夫球的讲课，或者一次物理学演讲。

7只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。

8她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的心情。

9独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。

10新主席有礼貌地前来拜访受害者，获得了他们的一些好感。

B 见译文部分。

TEXT B

READING COMPREHENSION

1. The Chinese view of life and things presented in the passage is

expressed by the best and wisest Chinese minds in their folk wisdom

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and their literature.

2. Chinese poets and scholars present a view of life through their

common sense, their realism and their sense of poetry.

3. The nature of Chinese philosophy is an idle philosophy born of an idle

life.

4. The Chinese philosopher’s waking life is characterized by a

dream-world quality, and he sees the happenings and his own efforts

as futile.(or useless)

5. The highest ideal of Chinese culture is represented by a sense of

detachment toward life and high-mindedness.

6. The sense of detachment toward life results in the sense of freedom,

love of vagabondage, pride and nonchalance.

7. “Wake up and live” implies that a wise proportion of Americans

dream the hours away.

8. The national mind of Chinese is so racially different and historically

isolated that new answers to the problems of life, new methods of

approaches and new posing of problems are expected.

9. For most people, the Chinese mind is intensely practical, hard-headed;

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for the lovers of Chinese art, it is profoundly sensitive; and for a smaller

proportion of people, it is poetic and philosophical.

10. The Chinese as a nation has survived for four thousand years because

the Chinese have a light, an almost gay philosophy rather than an

efficient life.

UNIT THREE

A FEW WORDS FOR LOSING

COMPREHENSION

1 Because sport is mainly about “astonishing salaries, hugely lucrative

endorsements, television contract using numbers one is more

accustomed to seeing in textbooks on astronomy”.

2 Because even the great winners finally lose.

3 There is always a feeling of sadness after the game.

4 Life for many athletes was much downhill.

5 It means the rank or status of the team. （球队排名）

6 Human limitations might bring some sad situations.

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7 Some people are naturally gifted, but others are not.

8 He would “fight” fearlessly, but he didn’t want it to be a “suicide

attack”.

9 Open.

10 Open.

VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE

A

1 lucrative 2 mortal 3 instill 4 wind up 5 prowess

6 cowardly 7 cultivated 8 identified with 9 surmount 10 intact

B

1 inglorious 2 fraught 3 cultivated 4 groomed 5 outset

6 lucrative 7 tournament 8 intact 9 hang around 10 lapse into

SPEAKING: OPEN

TRANSLATION

A

1晚上在参加宴会，出席音乐会，观看乒乓球表演之后，他得起草最后公报。

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2这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。

3遗憾的是，过去我们总的目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及各个具体目标时，意见就不一致了，因而也就根本不能采取什么行动。

4我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。

5他们的主人，又是割啊，又是倒啊，又是上菜啊，又是切面包啊，又是说啊，又是笑啊，又是敬酒啊，忙个不停。

6如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？

7 欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。

8 勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。

B 见译文部分。

UNIT FOUR THE FUTURE OF BOOKS

COMPREHENSION

1. Umberto Eco classifies memory into three types: organic memory

represented by human brain; mineral memory represented by clay

tablets, obelisks and electronic memory of today’s computer; and

vegetal memory represented by the first papyruses and books made

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of paper.

2.

According to Umberto Eco, the libraries function as the places for

conservation of books and have been the most important way of

keeping our collective wisdom.

3.

“Universal brain” means a place where we can retrieve what we

have forgotten and what we still do not know.

4. According to paragraph 2, humans invent libraries because they know

that they do not have divine powers, but they try to do their best to

imitate them.

5. In the computer and Internet era, libraries should not be abolished

because they should survive as museums conserving the past.

6. Compared with reading on a computer screen, reading printed books

is the better way for us to read carefully, to speculate and to reflect

about what we are reading.

7.

Compared with computers, books have brought a lot of conveniences

to humans computers can’t: books still represent the most

economical, flexible way to transport information at a very low cost;

books travel with you and at your speed; it is a valuable instrument

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and the best companions for a shipwreck.

8.

Two industrially exploited inventions are as follows: one is printing on

demand, namely, every book will be tailored according to the desires

of the buyer; the other is the e-book which is useful for consulting

information.

9.

“The idea that a new technology abolishes a previous one is

frequently too simplistic.” What the author means is that there are a

lot of new technological devices that have not made previous ones

obsolete, that in the history of culture it has never been the case that

something has simply killed something else. Rather, a new invention

has always profoundly changed an older one.

10.

In the computer and internet era, people fear the physical

disappearance of books and printed material; but printed books have

a future because computers encourage the production of printed

material.

VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE

A

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1. organic 2. designate 3. emulate 4. abolish 5.

speculated

6. shipwreck 7. manuscript 8. masterpiece te 10.

contribute to

B

1. option 2. flexible 3. reproduce 4. preservation

retrieve

6. divine 7. diffuse 8. on the verge of 9. browse

memory

C

1. poverty errors enemies a possibility inequality

2. a group an organization a club an association a tribe

3. act for answer for stand for long for prepare for

4. eyepiece timepiece showpiece seapiece centerpiece

5. predictable preschool prewar previous preliminary

6. reproduce revise remove review rewrite

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5.

10.

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SPEAKING: OPEN

TRANSLATION

A

1 凡是犯了错就应勇于承认。

2没有下雪，但叶落草枯。

3人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。

4读书只能给智能提供知识的材料，思想才能把我们所读的东西变成自己的。

5仍然具有这种信念，普通的人要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。

6她的黑发蓬蓬松松地飘拂在前额上，脸是短短的，上唇也是短短的，露出一排闪亮的牙齿，眉毛又直又黑，睫毛又长又黑，鼻子笔直。

B 见课文译文

Unit five Scientists, scholars, knaves and fools

Comprehension

1(a).

What relationship between science and the humanities can you

learn from the first paragraph?

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To some degree, science and the humanities have the same concern: The

question raised by science is the most important that can be asked in

philosophy and religion. In his book

Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge,

Wilson shows how various fields of inquiry, and especially the humanities

and sciences, intersect with each other.

1(b). Do you think science and religion can be reconciled?

(Open.)

2(a). What criteria does Author apply when distinguishing science from

pseudoscience?

In para.2, the author mentions five diagnostic features as the criteria to

distinguish science from pseudoscience: repeatability, economy,

mensuration, heuristics and consilience.

2(b). Some label Acupuncture, Qigong, and Chinese Medicine as

pseudoscience. Do you agree? Open.

3(a). What point does Author make in paragraph 4 and paragraph 5?

The author gives the topic sentence "The work of real science is hard

and often for long intervals frustrating" at the beginning of para.4.

3(b). How does he backup his viewpoint?

In para.4, the author lists and analyses the reasons why it’s hard. In

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Para.5, the author develops the point by drawing on his own experience

and quoting.

3(c). What example and quote does he use?

The example is from his own experience of counseling new Ph.D.'s in

biology.

The quotation is from Percy Bridgman: "The scientific method is doing

your damnedest, no holds barred."

4. Paragraph 6-8 discuss original discovery. How do these paragraphs

relate to one another?

Para.6 first introduces the topic sentence "Original discovery is

everything" and then explains how the priority of making original

discovery defines the process of scientific research.

Para7 and para.8 are about the importance of original discovery and

they are related by two sentences of the same structure which introduce

two opposite conditions and thus form a sharp contrast (make an

important discovery, and ...; Fail to discover, ).

5(a). According to Alfred North Whitehead, why do scientists learn what

they need to know while remaining poorly informed about the rest of

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the world?

It’s because scientists are mainly concerned about making discovery.

They have to concentrate on the part that is needed in the discovery

while ignoring the rest.

5(b). What does the greeting question "What are you working on" reveal?

It reveals the fact that what they are doing are of the same nature

(making discoveries) and scientists are quite aware what is common

among them.

6(a). Will scientists content themselves with the discoveries they have

made? Why?

No, they won't. Scientists who have already made some important

discoveries are always strongly motivated and they are ready to set new

goals and make continuous efforts.

6(b). What's the difference between scientists and scholars in

humanities?

According to Wilson, their research is of different nature: for scholars in

the humanities the most valuable work is interpreting and explaining

the existing factual knowledge while for scientists original discovery is

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everything.

7. Can scientists be defined as a social group with a set of beliefs,

characters and motivations peculiar to them?

No, they can't. No particular beliefs, characters and motivations can be

identified as the defining features. (See Para. 9-11)

8(a). In what sense is scientific research an art?

There is no limitation on how to make a discovery. Scientists enjoy the

freedom of applying different thinking skills and styles just like an artist.

8(b). What scientists should do in order to be highly successful?

A scientist who wants to achieve great success should not be afraid of

trying new research areas where no previous research can be referred to

and he has to decide everything by himself in the exploration.

8(c). According to the author, what intelligence level does normal science

require? Why?

The author mentions it as optimum intelligence: On the one hand he

should have the adequate intelligence which allows him to do some

basic scientific research; on the other, his intelligence level should not

be above the one for normal science, otherwise, he would find the

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mediocre work intolerably boring.

9(a). What advice does the author give to the novice scientists?

The author gives a lot of advice in the last paragraph. It's mainly about

how to do scientific research and how to make your work known to and

accepted by other scientists.

9(b). Suppose you have the plan to pursue academic study, what

difficulties do you think you would have?

(Open.)

10. Paraphrase the following figurative sentences:

a. Science is the sword in the stone that humanity finally pulled.

Science is the tool that the human race finally possesses. It has great

potentials and is believed to empower and benefit mankind.

b. They spread out like foragers on a picket line, each alone or in small

groups probing a carefully chosen, narrow sector.

Similar to those who scatter around the rope along which horses are

tied and begin to search widely for food or provisions, scientists, with

particular research tasks in their minds, either working individually or

cooperating with others, are desperate to make discoveries.

c. They are fellow prospectors pressing deeper into an abstracted world,

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content most of the time to pick up an occasional nugget but dreaming

of the mother lode.

Like those who work together to search for minerals, they push

themselves forward and explore deeply into their research areas. They

feel satisfied whenever there is a clue to their research, but they would

not stop moving forward until real breakthroughs are made.

d. Some are as stolid as tax accounts in April.

Just like the tax accounts taxpayers generally receive in April, some

scientists are not very easily aroused or excited. They tend to act in a

businesslike way.

e. To be highly successful the scientist must be confident enough to steer

for blue water, abandoning sight of land for a while.

A scientist who wants to achieve great success should have trust in his

own abilities and be keen on doing pioneering work which is full of risks

and uncertainties, without any help from previous research.

Vocabulary and structure

A

1) diagnostic 2) at most 3) spreading out 4) elitists 5)

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driven

6) set foot on 7) at large 8) utilitarian 9) for its own sake

10) ethos

B

1) sift 2) Admittedly 3) diagnostic 4) counseled

notwithstanding

6) steer 7) probed 8) presumptuous 9) strewn with

follows up

C

1) ambition, objective, success, goal, victory

2) treasure, collector, critic, gallery, work

3) acquire, apply, broaden, extend, improve

4) experimental, natural, medical, behavioral, social

5) symmetry, parasite, pregnancy, science, gene

6) presumptuous, gregarious, generous, courageous, ferocious

7) productive, reclusive, compulsive, decisive, exclusive

8) marine, merge, oceanic, soil, plot, division

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5)

10)

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SPEAKING: OPEN

TRANSLATION

A

1、 我没有得到这样一个机会。

2、 他并不愚笨，仅仅是无知而已。

3、 如果他不通知我，我就不去。

4、 他无权签订这种合同。

5、 虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。

6、 他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。

7、 今天下午学生统统要交作业。

8、它的意义和重要性，不管怎样强调，也不算过分。

9、她有礼貌地默认了她显然不懂得的事情。

10、威尔先生是个矮小、骨瘦如柴的人，黑头发、灰眼睛，脸上总挂着一丝微笑，谁都知道这笑容是伪装的。

B 见课文译文

UNIT SIX ANTHROPOLOGISTS ON THE FRONT LINES

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Reading comprehension

1. Some anthropologists were criticized for their involvement in military

actions.

2. Because CIA wants them to collaborate with the U.S. government’s

war on terror. The role social scientists play in the war is too early to

assess though some reports show they succeeded in reducing attacks

from the Taliban.

3. Montgomery McFate is a navy anthropologist. She is an advocate of

the collaboration. Roberto Gonzalez is an associate professor of

anthropology at San Jose State University and leading member of the

Network of Concerned Anthropologists. He think in this kind of

collaboration anthropology will become just another weapon.

4. “Subject” means a person who is subjected to experimental or other

observational procedures; “fervent petitioning” refers to the earnest

and formal request AAA received from some of its members to ban the

involvement in the collaboration.

5. They find it difficult to be loyal to two communities.

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6. Because civilian anthropologists have experienced ethical dilemmas,

they would not fully cooperate in military actions. Washington needs

social scientists trained in the agency’s own unique culture. But David

Price argues that social scientists thinking in an agency-like way would

not be as helpful as civilian anthropologists.

7. First, it’s difficult to build a military education system to train experts

in the social sciences. Second, it takes longer to train them when

compared to training general officers.

8. The Administration did not take the experts’ advice very seriously.

Vocabulary and structure

A.

1. expel 2. full-fledged 3. fared 4. Colossal 5.

Compromised

6. voluntary 7. anonymity 8. in-house 9. self-sufficient 10.

besotted

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B.

1. pilot 2. unwittingly 3. ad hoc 4. smack of 5. spike

6. soak up 7. certify 8. qualms 9. downright 10.

outreach

C.

1. atheist 2. lyrics 3. colloquialism 4. counterpart

anti-heroine

6. self-regulation 7. undermine 8. Pentagon 9. pitfall

general

SPEAKING: OPEN

TRANSLATION

A

1他父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。

2 谈判时，我会感到紧张。一紧张，我就吃东西。

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5.

10.

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3 由于受季风影响，夏威夷一年四季如春。夏天到冬天昼夜温差很小。

4 八月中旬,修理组人员在骄阳下工作。

5 他发现自己在竭力抑制损伤灵魂的苦涩。

6 我把椅子挪过去坐下，开始两脚分开，但我突然觉得这样显得不尊重，太不拘礼节，便把两膝并拢，把双手随便地放在膝盖上。

B 见译文部分。

UNIT SEVEN ENTROPY

COMPREHENSION

1. It is a precise measure of the amount of disorder.

2. Things around her -- The car, the refrigerator, teeth, windows, baby

sitter, hair, the house, her glasses, and her son’s shoes – all seemed

to get out of order.

3. Entropy can only increase, and can not be destroyed. The road to

disorder is a one-way street.

4. Examples in para.4

5. Water at the same level can not work no more, because the energy

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has defused and driven away into chaotic caldron of randomness that

can do us no possible good. (students can also quote refrigerator as

an example)

6. If couples do not patch small things up, they are doomed to fall apart;

relationships may worsen between nations once they lose

opportunities to work out solutions to conflicts.

7. False. It is possible but not easy since creating order in one corner of

the universe always creates more disorders somewhere else.

8. The answer is open. (students are supposed to indicate the price of

combating entropy.)

9. Like anything else, abilities deteriorate when we stop applying our

energies to them.

10. Our world is becoming more complex; our efforts to keep it in order

would be much harder. Entropy is avoidable but which means

consistent efforts. But not many people would consistently contribute

their efforts.

VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE

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A

1 get the better of 2 instinctively 3 chaotic 4 avalanche 5

random

6 combat 7 uneven 8 mechanics 9 collision 10 out of

control

B

1. got the better of 2. Randomly 3. back on track 4. Preoccupied

5. Defuse

6. catch 7. Congregated 8. Futility 9. coincidence 10.

well-oiled

C

1 waste treatment, waste disposal, waste management, waste

classification, waste gas/water

2 turn down, put down, crack down, beat down, knelt down

3 give up, get up, back up, make up, stir up, put up

4 down payment, downtown, downturn, downtime, down tank

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5 untangle, undress, unlock, unloose, untie, unpick, undo

6 irresponsibility, irrationality, irreducibility, irreligion, irregularity

SPEAKING: OPEN

TRANSLATION

A

1人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。

2 那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家最容易看得出来的。

3 光射入了它能透过的几乎所有地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了阴影。

4 她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。

5 他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。

6一天，匹普外出在阴冷的荒原上游荡时，一个魁梧、凶狠的男子把他吓了一跳。这个男子威胁他，让他立即为他送些食物来。

7 还不等我决定是谈还是不谈，我就看出来了，说也罢，沉默也罢，我的任何行动都不过是徒劳。

8 俄国最大的进攻开始于6月22日，这是为了配合英美军队在西线的进攻。

B 见译文部分。

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第二部分：各课参考译文

课文A 译文

第一单元

标题有各种翻译，包括“物有所不足，智有所不明”，以及“饥渴求知，虚怀若愚”，或直译“保持饥饿，保持愚蠢”。（请各位同仁指正）

1 斯坦福是世界上最好的大学之一，今天能参加各位的毕业典礼，我备感荣幸。我从来没有从大学毕业，说句实话，此时算是我离大学毕业最近的一刻。今天，我想告诉你们我生命中的三个故事。

2 第一个故事，是关于串起小小的点点。（原文为“connecting the dots”漂亮的字体是用高级的算法把点连在一起的，如专于此的Adobe公司的PostScript字体——译注）

3 我在里德大学呆了6个月就退学了，但之后仍作为旁听生混了18个月后才最终离开。我为什么要退学呢？

4 17岁时，因为年幼无知，我选择了一所和斯坦福一样昂贵的大学，我的父母都是工人阶级，他们倾其所有资助我的学业。在6 个月之后，我发现自己完全不知道这样念下去究竟有什么用。当时，我的人生漫无目标，也不知道大学对我能起到什么帮助，所以我决定退学。我相信车到山前必有路。当时作实用文档

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这个决定的时候非常害怕，但现在回头去看，这是我这一生所做出的最正确的决定之一。从我退学那一刻起，我就再也不用去上那些我毫无兴趣的必修课了，我开始旁听那些看来比较有意思的科目。

5 这件事情做起来一点都不浪漫。因为没有自己的宿舍，我只能睡在朋友房间的地板上；可乐瓶的押金是5分钱，我把瓶子还回去好用押金买吃的；在每个周日的晚上，我都会步行7英里穿越市区，到Hare Krishna教堂去吃我一周里唯一的一顿大餐。那顿餐的味道美极了。我跟随好奇心和直觉所遇见的和做的事情，事后证明大多数都是极其珍贵的经验。我举一个例子：

6 那个时候，里德大学提供了全美国最好的字体学课程。整个校园的每一张海报，每一个抽屉上的标签，都是漂亮的字体。我选择了一个字体学班，想学学如何能够做得到。在这个班上，我学习了各种衬线和无衬线字体，如何改变不同字体组合之间的字间距，以及如何做出漂亮的版式。那是一种科学永远无法捕捉的充满美感、历史感和艺术感的微妙，我发现这太有意思了。

7 当时，我压根儿没想到这些知识会在我的生命中有什么实际运用价值；但是10年之后，当我们的设计第一款Macintosh电脑的候，这些东西全派上了用场。我把它们全部设计进了 Mac，这是第一台可以排出好看版式的电脑。如果当时我大学里没有旁听这门课程的话，Mac就不会提供各种字体和等间距字体。

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8 当然我在念大学的那会儿，不可能有先见之明，把那些生命中的点点滴滴都串起来；但10年之后再回头看，生命的轨迹变得非常清楚。所以，你要坚信，你现在所经历的将在你未来的生命中串联起来。你不得不相信某些东西，你的直觉，命运，生活，因缘际会……正是这种信仰让我不会失去希望，它让我的人生变得与众不同。

9 我的第二个故事是关于爱与失去。

10 我是幸运的，在年轻的时候就知道了自己爱做什么。在我20岁的时候，就和沃兹在我父母的车库里开创了苹果电脑公司。我们勤奋工作，只用了10年的时间，苹果电脑就从车库里的两个小伙子扩展成拥有4000名员工，价值达到20亿美元的企业。而在此之前的一年，我们刚推出了我们最好的产品 Macintosh电脑，当时我刚过而立之年。然后，我就被炒了鱿鱼。一个人怎么可以被他所创立的公司解雇呢？这么说吧，随着苹果的成长，我们请了一个原本以为很能干的家伙和我一起管理这家公司，在头一年左右，他干得还不错，但后来，我们对公司未来的前景出现了分歧，于是我们之间出现了矛盾。由于公司的董事会站在他那一边，所以在我30岁的时候，就被踢出了局。我失去了一直贯穿在我整个成年生活的重心，打击是毁灭性的。

11 在头几个月，我真不知道要做些什么。我觉得我让企业界的前辈们失望了，我失去了传到我手上的指挥棒。我成了人人皆知的失败者，我甚至想过逃离实用文档

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硅谷。但曙光渐渐出现，我还是喜欢我做过的事情。在苹果电脑发生的一切丝毫没有改变我，一个比特（bit）都没有。虽然被抛弃了，但我的热忱不改。我决定重新开始。

12 我当时没有看出来，但事实证明，我被苹果开掉是我这一生所经历过的最棒的事情。成功的沉重被凤凰涅槃的轻盈所代替，每件事情都不再那么确定，我以自由之躯进入了我整个生命当中最有创意的时期。

13 在接下来的5年里，我开创了一家叫做NeXT的公司，接着是一家名叫Pixar的公司，并且结识了后来成为我妻子的曼妙女郎。Pixar制作了世界上第一部全电脑动画电影《玩具总动员》，现在这家公司是世界上最成功的动画制作公司之一。后来经历一系列的事件，苹果买下了NeXT，于是我又回到了苹果。我和劳伦斯也拥有了美满的家庭。

14 我非常肯定，如果没有被苹果炒掉，这一切都不可能在我身上发生。对于病人来说，良药总是苦口。生活有时候就像一块板砖拍向你的脑袋，但不要丧失信心。热爱我所从事的工作，是一直支持我不断前进的唯一理由。你得找出你的最爱，对工作如此，对爱人亦是如此。工作将占据你生命中相当大的一部分，从事你认为具有非凡意义的工作，方能给你带来真正的满足感。而从事一份伟大工作的唯一方法，就是去热爱这份工作。如果你到现在还没有找到这样一份工作，那么就继续找。不要安于现状。

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15 我的第三个故事是关于死亡。

16 在17 岁的时候，我读过一句格言，好像是：“如果你把每一天都当成你生命里的最后一天，你将在某一天发现原来一切皆在掌握之中。”这句话从我读到之日起，就对我产生了深远的影响。在过去的33年里，我每天早晨都对着镜子问自己：“如果今天是我生命中的末日，我还愿意做我今天本来应该做的事情吗？”当一连好多天答案都否定的时候，我就知道做出改变的时候到了。

17 提醒自己行将入土是我在面临人生中的重大抉择时，最为重要的工具。因为所有的事情——外界的期望、所有的尊荣、对尴尬和失败的惧怕——在面对死亡的时候，都将烟消云散，只留下真正重要的东西。在我所知道的各种方法中，提醒自己即将死去是避免掉入畏惧失去这个陷阱的最好办法。人赤条条地来，赤条条地走，没有理由不听从你内心的呼唤。

18 大约一年前，我被诊断出癌症。在早晨7：30我做了一个检查，扫描结果清楚地显示我的胰脏出现了一个肿瘤。医生告诉我，几乎可以确定这是一种不治之症，顶多还能活3至6个月。大夫建议我回家，把诸事安排妥当，这是医生对临终病人的标准用语。我整天都想着诊断结果。那天晚上做了一个切片检查，我打了镇静剂，结果是一非常罕见的、可以通过手术治疗的胰脏癌。我接受了手术，现在已经康复了。

19 这是我最接近死亡的一次，我希望在随后的几十年里，都不要有比这一次更实用文档

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接近死亡的经历。在经历了这次与死神擦肩而过的经验之后，我能够更肯定地告诉你们死亡对我来说只是一个纯粹的理性概念。

20 没人想死。即使想去天堂的人，也是希望能活着进去。死亡是我们每个人的人生终点站，没人能够成为例外。生命就是如此，因为死亡很可能是生命最好的造物，它是生命更迭的媒介，送走耋耄老者，给新生代让路。现在你们还是新生代，但不久的将来你们也将逐渐老去，被送出人生的舞台。

21 你们的时间有限，所以不要把时间浪费在别人的生活里。不要被条条框框束缚。不要让他人的观点所发出的噪音淹没你内心的声音。最为重要的是，要有遵从你的内心和直觉的勇气，它们可能已知道你其实想成为一个什么样的人。其他事物都是次要的。

22 在我年轻的时候，有一本非常棒的杂志叫《全球目录》（The Whole Earth

Catalog），它被我们那一代人奉为圭臬。那是在60年代末期，个人电脑、桌面发排系统还没有出现，所以出版工具只有打字机、剪刀和宝丽来相机。这本杂志有点像印在纸上的Google，但那是在Google出现的35年前；它充满了理想色彩，内容都是些非常好用的工具和了不起的见解。

23 在《全球目录》快无疾而终的时候，他们出版了最后一期。在最后一期的封底有一张清晨乡间公路的照片。在照片下面有一排字：Stay Hungry. Stay

Foolish.这是他们停刊的告别留言。我总是以此自诩。现在，在你们毕业开实用文档

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始新生活的时候，我把这句话送给你们。

24 Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

25 谢谢大家。

第二单元

生活的两条真理

抓紧,然后松手：理解这一悖论，你就站在智慧的大门口。

亚历山大•M•辛德勒

1 生活的艺术就是知道何时抓紧与何时放手。因为生活就是一条悖论：它迫使我们牢牢抓住许多礼物，虽然注定到头来还是要放弃。古代的犹太大师曾经这样说过，“一个人握紧拳头来到这个世界，可是当他死的时候，手就松开了”。开始我们抓紧，最终我们必须放弃。

2 当然我们应该抓住生活，因为生活是奇妙的，美从上帝创造的世界的每个小孔中迸发出来。我们知道生活就是这样，可是往往回首往事时才认识到这条真理，当我们记起过去时，突然意识到往事不再。

3 我们记得逝去的美，消蚀的爱。可是我们更痛苦地记得，当美绽放时我们却没有看到，也没有以爱回报我们得到的爱。

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4 最近的一次经历再次教给我这个道理。严重的心脏病发作后，我被送到医院，被精心地护理了几天。那不是一个令人愉快的地方。除了自己的疼痛和恐惧，噪音不绝于耳：医生和护士跑动的脚步声，痛苦的呻吟声和哭喊声，在那些天有两次出现了死亡的舞蹈和哮吼，然后是突然失去亲人的人们的哭泣。

5 一天早上，我必须做些附加检查，做检查的机器在医院尽头对面的一栋楼里，因此我不得不躺到带轮子的小床上被推着穿过庭院。

6 当我们从我的住院单元出来时，阳光照到了我身上。我的体验就是这么回事。只是阳光，然而它是多么美丽——多么温暖，多么闪耀，多么灿烂啊！

7 我看看是否还有其他人也珍视这金色的阳光，可是每个人都来去匆匆，多数人的眼睛盯在地上。于是我记起我过去一直多么频繁地漠视每天的壮观，太关注琐事，有时乃至蝇头小事，而没有对每天的辉煌做出反应。

8 从那次经历中拾得的感悟就跟经历本身一样平凡无奇。生活的礼物是珍贵的——可是我们对此太不以为意了。桑顿•威尔德在他的一部伟大作品，不朽的《我们的城镇》中道破这一要点。在剧中，一个年轻妇女生孩子时死掉，但允许返回尘世一天。她选择十六岁生日作为她想重温的日子。但是当她在熟悉的地方露面时，她发现每个人都太忙而不能欣赏那天的奇景。甚至连她的父母都没有注意到她，因此她要求回到属于她的地方。

9 难道这不是折磨我们的疾病吗？我们是盲目的，对世界无处不在之美大都视实用文档

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而不见。我们漫步在无知的屏障中；我们践踏爱我们的那些人的感情；我们耗费时间，好像可以活上一百万年，总是任由一个接着一个以自我为中心的激情摆布。我们对我们的善多么不经意，直到太晚而来不及。就像鸟儿，只有当羽毛伸展在天空，美丽才得以张扬；我们的祝福只有飞翔时，才会让人高兴。

10 因而这就是生活对我们自相矛盾要求的一极：不要太忙而忽视生活中的奇观和敬畏之事。每个黎明之前要心怀虔诚，拥抱每个小时，抓住金子般的分分秒秒。

11 抓住生活……可是不要抓得太紧而不能放手。这是生活这枚硬币的第二面，生活悖论的对立面：我们必须接受损失，学会如何放弃。

12 这是不太容易学到的教训，特别当我们年轻，以为世界掌握在我们手中，无论我们满怀激情、全力渴望什么，都能够，不，都将是我们的。但是后来生活推进，让我们面对现实，我们渐渐而确定地明白了第二条真理。

13 在生活的每个阶段，我们都得承受损失——并在这个过程中成长。只有我们从子宫降临并失去它的庇护之后，才开始独立的生命。我们进入一系列学校，然后离开父母和童年的家。我们结婚、生孩子，然后不得不让他们离开我们。我们面对父母与配偶的辞世。我们还得面临自身力量逐渐或迅速衰减。最后，就如松手和握紧的寓言所示：我们必须面对自身不可避免的死亡，可以说，实用文档

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失去我们自己，失去我们过去的或者梦想的一切。

14 在著名的犹太教哈西德教派大师班勒姆临死之际，他的夫人伤心地哭着，于是他责备道：难道你不知道我们被赋予生命，只是为了让我们可以学会如何去死吗？在放弃的艺术上，生命是伟大的老师。注意到这条真理不仅仅公正合理。这就是智慧的大门。松手和握紧的寓言让我们面对生活悖反的要求：首先我们被命令去紧紧抓住生活，欣赏生活的每一件礼物。然后我们被要求学会如何放弃这些礼物。

15 但是，我们为什么要顺从于自相矛盾的要求呢？既然美丽一瞬即逝，为什么还要制造美的东西？既然我们所爱的那些人最终要离我们而去，为什么我们还要用心去爱？

16 为了解决这个悖论，我们必须寻找更宽阔的视野，透过永恒的窗户看待生活。我们一旦这么做，就会意识到尽管我们的生命是有限的，但是我们在世上的行为却编织出永恒的图案。

17 生命决不只是存在，它是变化，无怨无悔的向前奔流。我们的父母通过我们而延续生命，而我们生命在孩子身上得到延续。我们建立的制度会持续存在，我们将通过它们存在下去。我们创造的美不会由于死亡而暗淡。我们的肉体会消失，双手会干枯，可它们创造的真善美将永世长存。

18 当最崇高的犹太殉道者Chanayo ben Teradyon被《摩西五经》经卷裹着实用文档

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身体在火刑柱上焚烧时，门生目睹到他可怕的痛苦，哭喊道：“我们的大师，我们的老师，您看到了什么？”他回答道：“我看见羊皮纸卷在燃烧，但是经卷上的文字，它们在天堂翱翔。”

19 不要耗费生命积聚终将成土成灰的东西。与其追求物质，不如追求理想，因为唯独理想能赋予生命以意义，并具有永久的价值。

20 一所房子加上爱就是一个家。一座城市加上正直就是一个社会。一堆红砖加上真理就是一所学校。最简陋的大厦加上信仰就是一座神殿。在人类无尽的努力之上加上正义就是文明。把这些放到一起，在当下的不足之上加以提升，加上人类得到救赎的前景，永远无争无求，你们就有了一个闪耀着绚丽的希望之光的未来。

第三单元

为赛败美言几句

约瑟夫·爱泼斯坦

（本文作者根据自己孩童时期的经历反思了体育运动在生活中的意义，并得出结论，在人生的课堂中，“挫败的懊恼”胜过“胜利的狂喜”。 ）

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1 有一次，某人与以制作《体育纵横》(Wide World of Sports) 节目而闻名遐迩的唐.奥尔迈尔 (Don Ohlmeyer) 接触时，说他想提一个问题，后者马上打断他的话答道：“如果你问的是有关体育的事，答案就是‘金钱’”。近几十年来，体育不仅在美国，而且在全世界，似乎总是离不开这些：令人咋舌的高薪、财源滚滚的产品代言人签单和人们更常见于天文学教科书中的数字的电视合同。

2 但我个人一直认为，真正的体育故事其实讲的是失败。体育运动，通常是竞技运动，是一项即使那些伟大的胜者、传奇似的运动员也最终难逃败北下场的一种活动，即使没有其他原因，最终都会因为身体已力不从心，再也无法完成那些得心应手、曾使他们出类拔萃、不同凡响的作为而败出。篮球明星迈克尔.乔丹 (Michael Jordan) 或许是我们这个时代活着的运动员中最著名的一位了，如今却再也不能在他深爱的篮球赛场上拼杀了，看上去，我不说是个悲剧性人物，但是个令人感伤的人物。体育中，甚至胜者也经常是败者，因为体育与生活一样，风风光光退场的人并没有那么多。

3 但对普通的美国男孩来说 — 女孩也一样 — 尽管竞技体育可以发达肌肉、灌输纪律，幸运的话，还会锻炼一下品质，但最终离开拼搏过的赛场时免不了黯然神伤。从统计数字上看，大多数体育项目似乎“生来”就有失败的因素。如果一名职业篮球运动员比赛中只有一半的投篮未中，就算是高命中率实用文档

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了。而一名冰球运动员35次射门两次中的，便可以享受一个辉煌之夜了。50多年来，没有一位职业棒球运动员能保持约40%的击球成功率。

4 我的书桌上有一些1955年南卡罗来纳州金斯特里市 (Kingstree, South

Carolina) 中学橄榄球队队员的照片，它们是在该队打过球的我的一位朋友最近寄来的。光是他们怪怪的名字，我们说花钱买票看他们的比赛也值当。照片上各个摆出姿势，这些身着多少有些过时球衣的是：迈肯奇 (McKenzie)

家的男孩布尔（Bull [公牛]）和雷德（Red [赤色]）、罗兰.伯吉斯 (Roland

Burgess)、尼达姆.威廉斯 (Needham Williamson)、吉米.沃德 (Jimmy

Ward) 以及（我本人最喜欢的名字）巴迪.甘布尔 (Buddy Gamble [好友.赌博]）。 我的朋友告诉我，其中最了不起的一位球员后来当了快餐厨子，另一位沦落为酒鬼，还有一位有个麻烦很大的儿子。他们长大成人后，在力图入睡前，脑海中是否会重现那些中学橄榄球赛，重温那些他们中许多人的生活每况愈下前的辉煌日子吗？

5 毫无疑问，许多人因成功的运动生涯而建立了美好的生活。一个著名的例子该是比尔.布拉德利 (Bill Bradley)。他曾是普林斯顿大学 (Princeton

University) 的篮球明星，后来成为纽约 (New York) 尼克斯队

(Knickerbockers) 的职业球员，之后当选美国参议员，并成为美国总统侯选人。其他明星离开展示高超技巧的运动场，在法律、医学和商界中干得虽不实用文档

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显赫但令人敬佩。体育无疑有助于增强源自经受过考验的一种能够镇静应对压力的能力。

6 我不是成长于南卡罗来纳州的金斯特里市，而是在伊利诺伊州芝加哥市

(Chicago, Illinois) 北部。那时，如果你不是一名相当好的运动员，那你就得言谈机智或想方设法使自己显得颇具魅力或有用处。我们的生活围着体育转，对于我们，季节的名称不是春夏秋冬，而是棒球、橄榄球、篮球和（对某些人来说）网球或田径。作为小男孩，我们生活在学校的体育场上，或是邻近小巷车库外墙上挂着的篮筐周围。在家里，报纸送来时，我们最先阅读的是体育版，研究棒球的击球平均率和各项体育运动中的球队排名。那时，电视机刚刚成为美国家庭家具的组成部分，于是，在时间和家长允许的情况下，我们观看尽可能多的体育赛事和活动。

7 自问世起，竞技运动就有排斥性，教的就是人的局限性的课程。有些孩子天生强于他人。在运动场上临时挑人组队的比赛中，总免不了有令人伤心的局面，有些男孩是最后才被选中的，通常是像流放到西伯利亚那样去棒球场的右外场，或被分配在橄榄球队的内线像采煤工那般干苦累活。体育还会给一个男孩第一个警示，这个世界是不公平的，天赋分配不均：一些男孩比别人跑得快，投得又狠又远，跳得高，事情就是这样。在所有运动项目中，智能性训练经常可以提高技能，但也只到一定限度。那些有体育天赋的孩子 — 每实用文档

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所校园似乎都有一名 — 很少会被那些靠苦练获得技能的人超过。这个世界显然不是一个公平的地方。

8 良好的协调性、速度快，再加上极强的模仿意识，使我能迅速学会年龄较大运动员的动作，我孩童时的体育生活是我最美好的时光。但是，当我进入有4000名学生的芝加哥的一所中学时，好运便到头了。在那里，我很快认识到，我的身材不够高大，无法胜任橄榄球的拼搏，我的球技也没有好到足以打棒球。我倒是参加了一二年级的篮球赛，我还和一名叫鲍勃.斯温森 (Bob

Swenson) 的男孩配对打网球双打，并最终赢得了芝加哥市公立学校联赛

(Chicago Public League) 双打的冠军，不过这种赛事不够激烈，（由乡村俱乐部职业教练训练的更好的选手都去了郊区的学校）。

9 在我青少年时期，我学到了关于自己在竞技体育方面局限性的痛苦的两课。第一，我长不成运动员的良好身材，而是一直像我今天这样，身材较为瘦小。第二，我缺乏真正优秀运动员天生具有的进攻性和体能上的无畏精神。作为运动员，我颇似一名不具备死亡愿望的“神风”飞行员1。我决不是胆小鬼，决不是那时男孩们说的“胆小畏缩”或“紧张失措”的人，但是，如果在赛场上我能避免疼痛，我是绝不介意这样做的。那么我这个运动员剩下的就只有风度了。打网球，我的击球十分潇洒；打篮球，我的跳投弧线优美；在这两项运动中，我掌握了所有的动作。但是，风度也会束缚运动员。一流的运实用文档

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动员通常既有非凡的风度，又随时可以在胜利需要时放弃风度。他们之所以能做到这一点是因为他们竞争性极强，他们要赢。而我们这些被风度束缚的人，归根结底，想要的只是看上去姿态优美。

10 我默默无闻的体育生涯18岁时就算基本结束了。后来，我打了一阵子网球，但越来越没有热情，也谈不上乐趣。我在南方的阿肯色州 (Arkansas) 生活时,在基督教男青年会 (Young Men Christian Association, YMCA) 篮球联赛中打了两三年篮球。40岁以后，我打起了壁球，但一次髋部受伤迫使我放弃了它。我早已放弃体育，坐到舒适的绿椅子上看赛事 — 其次数超过了像我这样自视为有教养的人该看的次数。

11 作为一名体育观探者 — 我不愿意用体育迷这个词 — 我注意到，我不仅同情败者，而且往往几乎完全与败者心心相印。依我看，与胜利相比，体育中的挫败更有份量，其意义也更为深远。俗话所说的胜利的狂喜，挫败的懊恼，但我认为，对于那些经历过这两者的人来说，赛场上的失利更为刻骨铭心。

12 我想到一位投手的手指滑了一下，结果投了个易击球，让对方打出一个越过墙的本垒打；一个（比如说）19岁的年轻人，在一次全国电视转播的大学篮球赛的关键时刻，两罚不中，使其球队在一次重要的锦标赛中惨遭淘汰；一个14岁的女体操运动员，在奥运会平衡木比赛中失足跌落；一位网球选手在面对实力弱于自己的对手时，先是注意力不集中，接着丧失了自信心，进实用文档

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