高中英语必修8Unit1 The written wordSection 2 Background

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高中英语必修8Unit1 The written wordSection 2 Background

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Section 2 Background information

I. Some strategies to complete a persuasive writing assignment

Write out the questions in your own words.

•

Think of the questions posed in the assignment

while you are reading and researching. Determine

o

facts

o

any sources that will help you determine their reliability

(as well as for further reference)

o

what prejudices lie in the argument

or values that color the facts or the issue

o

what you think of the author's argument

•

List out facts; consider their importance:

prioritize, edit, sequence, discard, etc.

Ask yourself "What's missing?"

•

What are the "hot buttons" of the issue?

List possible emotions/emotional reactions and recognize them for

later use

Start writing a draft!

Start as close as possible to your reading/research

Do not concern yourself with grammar or spelling

•

Write your first paragraph

o

Introduce the topic

o

Inform the reader of your point of view!

o

Entice the reader to continue with the rest of the paper!

o

Focus on three main points to develop

•

Establish flow from paragraph to paragraph

•

Keep your voice active

•

Quote sources to establish authority

•

Stay focused on your point of view throughout the essay

•

Focus on logical arguments

•

Don't lapse into summary

in the development--wait for the conclusion

•

Conclusion

o

Summarize, then conclude, your argument

o

Refer to the first paragraph/opening statement as well as the

main points

▪

does the conclusion restate the main ideas?

▪

reflect the succession and importance of the arguments

▪

logically conclude their development?

· Edit/rewrite

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to better telegraph your development and conclusion.

II．无否定意义的否定句

英语中的否定句一般都含有否定意义，但有些句型、词组和句子虽然带有否定词却表示肯定含义，这是学生掌握否定句时的难点，下面笔者针对这一难点进行简要的分析。

表示肯定意义的否定句有以下几种情况：

一、含有肯定意义的某些否定句型：

cannot help/choose but （必须，不得不，只能），cannot help doing sth.（忍不住做某事），.（再……也不为过，越……越好）,

（刚……就……），（刚……就……）等。例如：

I cannot help but admit the truth of your remarks, although they go

against my interests. 虽然你的言论违反我的利益，但我不得不承认你说的对。

You cannot be too careful with your work. 工作越仔细越好。

Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop. 我们刚开始就被叫停。

No sooner had we sat down than we found it was time to go. 我们刚刚坐下就发现该走了。

二、某些带有否定词的词组表示肯定意义：

in no time（立刻，马上，一下子），none other than（正是，除……之外无其它）， nothing but (只不过是，仅仅）等。

He ate the cake in no time. 他一下子就把蛋糕吃掉了。

The man was none other than my husband. 那个人（不是别人）正是我的丈夫。

We could see nothing but water. 我们只看见一大片水。

三、双重否定句中两个否定成分相互抵消，通常最终表达肯定的意思。

常见的有以下几种:

1. 由not 加上含有否定意思的词或句子构成。例如：

We were not unprepared for the disappointment. 我们对失望也不是没有思想准备。

2. 否定词加上without 短语。例如：

He wouldn’t attend the lecture without being invited. 要是不邀请他的话，他是不会参加这个讲座的。

3. 否定词后跟关系词引导的含否定意义的从句。例如：

There is nobody who takes no care of football matches in this city. 在这座城市，人人都关心足球比赛。

4. 否定词no, not, never, seldom 等后面跟until / till 或unless 引导的状语。例如：

She didn’t arrive until 6 o’clock. 她六点才到。

四、含有形容词或副词比较级的否定句表示更强烈的肯定。

Nothing is more valuable than health. 没有什么比健康更宝贵了。（实际意义：健康是最宝贵的。）

五、某些修饰性疑问句（如否定疑问句）表达肯定的意思。

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Who doesn’t know the earth is round? 谁不知道地球是圆的呢？（实际意义：人人都知道地球是圆的。）

III. Biography of John Keats

Background and awakening to literature (1795-1817)

John Keats was born in Finsbury Pavement near London on October 31st,

1795. The first son of a stable-keeper, he had a sister and three brothers, one

of whom died in infancy. When John was eight years old, his father was killed

in an accident. In the same year his mother married again, but little later

separated from her husband and took her family to live with her mother. John

attended a good school where he became well acquainted with ancient and

contemporary literature. In 1810 his mother died of consumption (= a

serious disease of the lungs), leaving the children to their grandmother.

The old lady put them under the care of two guardians, to whom she made

over a respectable amount of money for the benefit of the orphans. Under the

authority of the guardians, he was taken from school to be an apprentice （学徒）to a surgeon. In 1814, before completion of his apprenticeship, John left

his master after a quarrel, becoming a hospital student in London. Under the

guidance of his friend Cowden Clarke he devoted himself increasingly to

literature. In 1814 Keats finally sacrificed his medical ambitions to a literary

life.

He soon got acquainted with celebrated artists of his time, like Leigh

Hunt, Percy B. Shelley and Benjamin Robert Haydon. In May 1816, Hunt

helped him publish his first poem in a magazine. A year later Keats published

about thirty poems and sonnets printed in the volume "Poems".

Productive Years (1817-1821)

After receiving scarce, negative feedback, Keats travelled to the Isle of Wight

on his own in spring of 1817. In the late summer he went to Oxford together

with a newly-made friend, Benjamin Bailey. In the following winter, George

Keats married and emigrated to America, leaving the brother Tom to the

John's care. Apart from helping Tom against consumption, Keats worked on

his poem "Endymion". Just before its publication, he went on a hiking tour to

Scotland and Ireland with his friend Charles Brown. First signs of his own

fatal disease forced him to return prematurely, where he found his brother

seriously ill and his poem harshly criticized. In December 1818 Tom Keats

died. John moved to Hampstead Heath, were he lived in the house of Charles

Brown. While in Scotland with Keats, Brown had lent his house to a Mrs

Brawne and her sixteen-year-old daughter Fanny. Since the ladies where still

living in London, Keats soon made their acquaintance and fell in love with the

beautiful, fashionable girl. Absorbed in love and poetry, he exhausted himself

mentally, and in autumn of 1819, he tried to gain some distance to literature

through an ordinary occupation.

Illness and Death (1820-1821)

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An unmistakable sign of consumption in February 1820 however broke all his

plans for the future, marking the beginning of

what he called his "posthumous life". He could

not enjoy the positive resonance （共鸣） on the

publication of the volume "Lamia, Isabella

&c.", including his most celebrated odes. Keats

died in Rome on the 23rd of February, 1821. He

was buried on the Protestant Cemetery, near the

grave of Caius Cestius. On his desire, the

following lines were engraved on his

tombstone: "Here lies one whose name was writ

in water.”

IV. Chapter I of Great Expectations

My father's family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name

Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer

or more explicit than Pip. So, I called myself Pip, and came to be

called Pip.

I give Pirrip as my father's family name, on the authority of

his and my sister, --Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the

blacksmith. As I never saw my father or my mother, and never

saw any likeness of either of them (for their days were long before the days of

photographs), my first fancies regarding what they were like were unreasonably

derived from their tombstones. The shape of the letters on my father's, gave me an

odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. From the

character and turn of the inscription, "Also Georgiana Wife of the Above," I drew a

childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. To five little stone

lozenges （菱形）, each about a foot and a half long, which were arranged in a neat

row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little brothers of

mine,--who gave up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in that universal struggle,

--I am indebted for a belief I religiously entertained that they had all been born on

their backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets, and had never taken them out in

this state of existence.

Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound,

twenty miles of the sea. My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of

things seems to me to have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towards

evening. At such a time I found out for certain that this bleak place overgrown with

nettles was the churchyard; and that Philip Pirrip, late of this parish, and also

Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and buried; and that Alexander,

Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and Roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were also

dead and buried; and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected

with dikes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes;

and that the low leaden line beyond was the river; and that the distant savage lair from

which the wind was rushing was the sea; and that the small bundle of shivers growing

afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip.

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"Hold your noise!" cried a terrible voice, as a man started up from among the

graves at the side of the church porch. "Keep still, you little devil, or I'll cut your

throat!"

A fearful man, all in coarse gray, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat,

and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been

soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and

stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered, and glared, and

growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin.

"Oh! Don't cut my throat, sir," I pleaded in terror. "Pray don't do it, sir."

"Tell us your name!" said the man. "Quick!"

"Pip, sir."

"Once more," said the man, staring at me. "Give it mouth!"

"Pip. Pip, sir."

V. How To Read a Poem Out Loud

We know that a poem will live or die depending on how it is read. Here are a few

basic tips:

Read the poem slowly. Reading a poem slowly is the best way to ensure that the

poem will be read clearly and understood by its listeners. Learning to read a poem

slowly will not just make the poem easier to hear; it will underscore (强调) the

importance in poetry of each and every word. A poem cannot be read too slowly, and

a good way for a reader to set an easy pace is to pause for a few seconds between the

title and the poem's first line.

Read in a normal, relaxed tone of voice. It is not necessary to give the poems a

dramatic reading as if from a stage. The poems are mostly written in a natural,

colloquial style and should be read that way. Let the words of the poem do the work.

Just speak clearly and slowly.

Obviously, poems come in lines, but pausing at the end of every line will create a

choppy (波浪起伏的) effect and interrupt the flow of the poem's sense. Readers

should pause only where there is punctuation, just as you would when reading prose,

only more slowly.

Use a dictionary to look up unfamiliar words and hard-to-pronounce words. To

read with conviction, a reader needs to know at least the dictionary sense of every

word. In some cases, a reader might want to write out a word phonetically as a

reminder of how it should sound. It should be emphasized that learning to read a

poem out loud is a way of coming to a full understanding of that poem, perhaps a

better way than writing a paper on the subject.

VI. Ode To A Nightingale （节选）

Ode To A Nightingale 夜莺颂

by John Keats

My heart aches and a drowsy numbness pains

My sense as though of hemlock I had drunk

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Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains

One minute past and Lethe-wards had sunk

我的心痛，困顿和麻木

毒害了感官，犹如饮过毒鸩，

又似刚把鸦片吞服，

一分钟的时间，字句在忘川中沉没

'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot

But being too happy in thine happiness --

That thou light-winged Dryad of the trees

In some melodious plot

Of beechen green and shadows numberless

Singest of summer in full-throated ease.

并不是在嫉妒你的幸运，

是为着你的幸运而大感快乐，

你，林间轻翅的精灵，

在山毛榉绿影下的情结中，

放开了歌喉，歌唱夏季。

O for a draught of vintage! that hath been

Cool'd a long age in the deep-delved earth

Tasting of Flora and the country green

Dance and Provencal song and sunburnt mirth!

O for a beaker full of the warm South

Full of the true the blushful Hippocrene

With beaded bubbles winking at the brim

And purple-stained mouth

That I might drink and leave the world unseen

And with thee fade away into the forest dim

哎，一口酒！那冷藏

在地下多年的甘醇，

味如花神、绿土、

舞蹈、恋歌和灼热的欢乐！

哎，满满一杯南方的温暖，

充满了鲜红的灵感之泉，

杯沿闪动着珍珠的泡沫，

和唇边退去的紫色；

我要一饮以不见尘世，

与你循入森林幽暗的深处

Fade far away dissolve and quite forget

What thou among the leaves hast never known

The weariness the fever and the fret

Here where men sit and hear each other groan;

Where palsy shakes a few sad last gray hairs

Where youth grows pale and spectre-thin and dies;

Where but to think is to be full of sorrow

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And leaden-eyed despairs

Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes

Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.

远远的离开，消失，彻底忘记

林中的你从不知道的，

疲惫、热病和急躁

这里，人们坐下并听着彼此的呻吟；

瘫痪摇动了一会儿，悲伤了，最后的几丝白发，

青春苍白，古怪的消瘦下去，后来死亡；

铅色的眼睛绝望着；

美人守不住明眸，

新的恋情过不完明天。

Away! away! for I will fly to thee

Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards

But on the viewless wings of Poesy

Though the dull brain perplexes and retards

Already with thee! tender is the night

And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne

Cluster'd around by all her starry Fays;

But here there is no light

Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown

Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.

去吧！去吧！我要飞向你，

不用酒神的车辗和他的随从，

乘着诗歌无形的翅膀，

尽管这混沌的头脑早已跟随你，

夜色温柔，而月后

正登上她的宝座，

周围是她所有的星星仙子，

但这处那处都没有光，

一些天光被微风吹入幽绿，

和青苔的曲径。

I cannot see what flowers are at my feet

Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs

But in embalmed darkness guess each sweet

Wherewith the seasonable month endows

The grass the thicket and the fruit-tree wild;

White hawthorn and the pastoral eglantine;

Fast fading violets cover'd up in leaves;

And mid-May's eldest child

The coming musk-rose full of dewy wine

The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.

我不能看清是哪些花在我的脚旁，

何种软香悬于高枝，

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但在温馨的暗处，猜测每一种甜蜜

以其时令的赠与

青草地、灌木丛、野果树

白山楂和田园玫瑰；

叶堆中易谢的紫罗兰；

还有五与中旬的首出，

这啜满了露酒的麝香蔷薇，

夏夜蝇子嗡嗡的出没其中。

Darkling I listen; and for many a time

I have been half in love with easeful Death

Call'd him soft names in many a mused rhyme

To take into the air my quiet breath;

Now more than ever seems it rich to die

To cease upon the midnight with no pain

While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad

In such an ecstasy!

Still wouldst thou sing and I have ears in vain--

To thy high requiem become a sod.

我倾听黑夜，多少次

我几乎爱上了逸谧的死亡，

在如此多的沉思之韵中呼唤她轻柔的名，

编织成歌，我无声的呼吸；

现在她更加华丽的死去，

在午夜不带悲伤的飞升，

当你正向外倾泻灵魂

这般的迷狂！

你仍唱着，而我听不见，

你那高昂的安魂曲对着一搓泥土。

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