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2024年1月14日发(作者:)

英语翻译技巧第二节词的翻译

第二节词的翻译

一英汉词义的差异

英语词义灵活,突出表现为一词多义polysemy,英语的词义主要视词的语境(上下文联系和词在句中的搭配关系)而定。相比之下,汉语词义的稳定性就大得多。例如:story在不同的上下文中有不同的词义。

(1)事件、事情、情况、情形:

1) This war is becoming the most important story of this

generation.

2) It is quite another story now.

(2)报导、消息、电讯:

Last December, the Post first reported that probes were

being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to

confirm the story.

(3)内容、内情、真相:

Some reporters who were not included in the session broke

the story. (4)传说、说法:

He’ll be very happy if that st ory holds up.

(5)热门、谎言、有意的渲染:

The story about him became smaller and by and by faded

out from the American television.

(6) 身世、遭遇:

The story of Rita Hayworth is one of the saddest.

(7)情节、案情:

A young man came to Scotti’s office with a story.

作业:

is the last man to come.

is the last man to do it.

is the last person for such a job.

should be the last man to blame.

is the last man to consult.

is the last place where I expected to meet you. 二.英汉词义辨析法

任何一个词都可能有三个词义:一是结构词义,二是涉指词义,三是情景词义。因此,辨析词义也必须从这三个范畴入手。

(一)从词形结构析出词义

1. 大批英语词都是以合成法构成的,可根据其词义构成模式分析出其词义。例如:

Overwork rollerhockey lightyear lightweek

lightmonth pickpocket

2.英语中有极多的词是以词缀法构成的。例如:

Legality superpower supermarket superstar superspeed

supersecret parabiospheric

(二)从涉指关系析出词义

所谓涉指关系是词在上下文中的照应关系。语言中有些词的本身并不

具有确定的词义,必须到上下文中寻找照应词。

(1)称代照应词:包括人称代词的各个格、代用词one、指示代词such、不定代词等。

(2)指示照应词:包括名词性指示词this/that/these/those和副词性指示词here/there/now/then等。

(3)比较照应词:即在上下文中有关涉词的比较形容词和副词。如:I hate red shirt; white suits me but blue is the most preferable.

句中the most preferable的关涉词是shirt,没有shirt的照应,the most preferable的词义就不能确立。

(三)从情景关系析出词义

1辨析英语词义最重要的依据是词在行文中的搭配、组合关系。

some/any/each/both;限定词much/many/few/little

比如:light

Light music(light=intended chiefly to entertain)轻音乐

Light loss(light=not heavy)轻微的损失

Light car(light=having little weight)轻便的汽车

Light heart(light=relaxed)轻松的心情

Light step(light=gentle)轻快的步伐

Light manners(light=frivolous)轻浮的举止

Light outfit(light=handy)轻巧的装备

Light work(light=requiring little effort) 轻松的工作

Light voice(light=soft)轻柔的声音

2充分注意词的上下文,统观全句或全段。

The functions of the federal government have expanded so

much that there are few aspects of national life outside the areas

of its interests, if not its regulation.

Regulation是一个多义词,有“规则、规定、管理、控制、调整、调节”等。只有统观全句才能确定其涵义。“联邦政府的职能已大大扩大了。如果不说它控制了国民生计的各个方面,至少可以说一切都在它的关注之中。”

3根据上下文得出的词义判断还必须经过词典的证实或校正。

望文生义是翻译中最危险的错误。

1)He is in a class by himself.(误译:他独自分在一个班。)

正译:(class=distinction/excellence)他才华出众。

2)The President deliberately shunned all social functions at

the White House. (误译:总统有意对白宫的社会职能不表示意见。)

正译:(functions=gatherings)总统有意避免白宫的各种社交活动。3)From life to death is man’s reach.( 误译:人能控制的范围是从生到死。)

正译:(reach=An individual part of a progression or journey.)人生历程就是从生到死。

事实上,一个词在上下文中的实际词义往往在词典中是找不到字

面对应词的。我们要学会既恪守词典,又能融会贯通。求义于词典又不拘泥于词典。

三、词义的演变和发展

英语的一词多义是词义演变的结果。因此,我们在翻译时不能忽视词义的演变和原文的历史背景。如:Nice从古法语进入英语已有几百年的历史:foolish傻头傻脑的→wanton变化无常的→strange陌生的→lazy懒惰的→coy害羞的→modest谦虚的→fastidious爱挑剔的→refined精致的→precise精确的→subtle精巧的→slender苗条的→critical苛求的→attentive注意的→minutely accurate极精确的→dainty 精美的→appetizing促进食欲的→agreeable宜人的→pleasant令人愉快的。试析:nice discriminations of thoughts

Nice little five o’clock teas

A nice shot

Too nice about form

翻译时,我们必须识别一个词在特定历史条件和时代背景下的含义。这一点在译古典作品是需特别注意。

Industry源于拉丁语和中古法语,最初的词义是“勤奋的劳作”,后来,随着人类社会的发展,劳作进入了新的历史发展水平,industry的词义从“有组织的生产劳动”到“工业”到“行业”。如:farming industry 农业, tourist industry旅游业, hotel industry旅馆业, insurance industry

保险业, show industry表演业, entertainment industry娱乐业,

book industry书籍印刷发行业, a public industry公共汽车交通。

四、英语与美语的差异

英语与美语有很大的差异,所以翻译时必须注意原文的来源以及作者

所使用的语言的地域性。在不明作者生平,不明材料来源的情况下,

判断英国英语或美国英语的方法是注意单词的拼写。如:

B·E A.E

万亿 billion trillion

支票cheque c heck

秋天 autumn fall

人行道 pavement sidewalk

电影 film movie

电梯 lift elevator

铁路 railway railroad

出租车 cab cab/taxi

地铁 tube/underground subway

罐头 tin can

节目 programme program

荣誉 honour honor

轮胎 tyre tire

分析 analyse analyze

旅行者 traveller traveler

执照 license licence

英语和美语在词义上的差异牵涉到理解问题。如:

B.E A.E

Orchestra chairs 乐池座位正厅前排座位

投资银行merchant bank investment bank

Backlog 因罢工、匮乏等种种紧急时可求助的事物

困难而积压的工作

足球football soccer

五、常见的译词法

(一)推演法——根据英语词典的原文解释推演出汉语词义。如:Equilateral (adj.): having all sides or faces equal;

detente(n.) : a relaxation of strained relations or tensions(as

between nations)

community: a social group or class having common interests.

business community legal community

academic community diplomatic community Turkish

community foreign community

the indigenous community Sarah community

Shia community

(二)移植法------ 即直译法。如:

microwave 微波right-wing 右翼

outparty 在野党petroldollar石油美元(三)引申法------- 为适应译文表意或行文的需要,对原文词义进行延续或扩展。

A类:词义从具体引向抽象,从特殊引向一般,从局部引向概括,从实引向虚。

(1)T here were times when emigration bottleneck was

extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out

of his

personal preference.

Bottleneck 的原义是“瓶颈、交通狭口”,引申为“限制”;

Preference的原义是“偏爱”,引申为“考虑”。

译为:过去有过这种情况:移民限制极为严格,不许任何人出

于个人考虑而迁居他国。

(2)B rain drain has been Egypt’s Number One concern,

as a matter of fact it has become an epidemic in that area of the

world.

Brain的原义是“头脑”,引申为“人才”;concern的原义是

“关心的事”,引申为“问题”。Epidemic的原义是“流行病”,引申为“很普遍的严重问题”。

译为:人才外流不仅是埃及的首要问题,而且是世界那一地区

很普遍的严重问题。

(3)T heir life style could seem Spartan to a city family with

their assets.

Spartan 指“古希腊斯巴达人的”,引申为“严朴”。

译为:他们的生活方式对城市里的殷实人家来说,似乎过于严

朴。

(4)N ow you can meet good Samaritans again, here, there

and everywhere.

Samaritans源出《圣经》,指乐善好施者,引申为“乐于助人

者”。译为:现在你又可以处处见到乐于助人的人了。

B类:词义从抽象引向具体,从一般引向特殊,从概括引向局部,从虚引向实。

(1)When we go on a Sunday outing, it is to do Musee du

Louvre.

Do 被引申为“逛”,从一般引向特殊。译文:如果星期天出门,我们就逛罗浮宫。

(2)The Democratic Party is the party of longest continuous

existence. Existence(存在)引申为“党史”。

译文:民主党则是党史最长、其间又从未中断过的一个政党。

(3)Saudi Arabia has had problems with Iraq and South

Yemen, but he tried hard to remain in touch with leaders of both

states. Problems(问题)引申为“纠葛”。译文:沙特阿拉伯与伊拉克和南也门之间早有纠葛,但他仍竭尽全力与两国领导人保持接触。(4)He is a valuable acquisition to the team.

Acquisition(获得、获得物)。译文:他是该球队不可多得的新队员。(5)There is more to their life than political and social and

economic problems; more than transient everydayness.

Everydayness(日常性),引申为“柴米油盐”。

译文:他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题,远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。

引申词义必须紧扣原文的词典意义,使引申词义与原文词义“若即若离”,即“形相离而神即”,不可随意发挥。

作业:

1. Every life has its roses and thorns(刺).

2. The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green.

was no provocation(激怒、刺激) for such an angry

letter,

’s Restaurant had become an institution(熟悉的事物)in his life

in the last seven years.

trunk was big and awkward and loaded with books. But

his case

was a different proposition(问题).

6The wedding, which Mike still remembered with pride, was

attended by

a Who’s Who of Boston Society.

invention of machinery had brought into the world a

new era------ The Industrial Age. Money had become King.

(四)替代法------ 即使用同义词、近义词来代替原词,以化除汉语行文上的阻滞,其效果是“一词之易,全句生辉”。替代法有三种形式。

1.为调整搭配或呼应而进行“替代”,如:

The carp originates in Africa and has been transplanted to

beds of waters of China’s inland provinces.

汉译:那种鲫鱼发源于非洲(最早在非洲繁殖),现在已在中国内地几省的水乡移植(接种成活)。

2.用成语替代

汉语中成语极其丰富,成语使用得当可使行文生辉,获得更好的修辞效果。

成语往往带有某种色彩(如褒贬、讥讽等)。

the building housing is tangible.

尽管那栋房子看得见摸得着,这个机构是干什么的,现在仍然讳莫如深。

3.以反替正和以正替反

即将含有否定词义的词译成肯定式,将具有肯定词义的词译成否定式。如:

肯定(正说词)否定(反说词)

hyperactive 过于活跃的不安职守

confused 混乱的不甚了然

loathe 厌恶不乐意(干某事)

extraordinary 特别的非同小可的

dumb-bell 笨蛋不开窍的(人)

fail 失败没做成(某事)complain 发牢骚不满意

The function of the agency is still something mystical, though

否定(反说词)肯定(正说词)

illiterate 不识字的人文盲

incomplete 不完全的残缺的

infrequent 不经常的偶尔为之的

unasked 未经邀请的自告奋勇的

disaffection 不忠贰心

infelicitous 无缘分的阴差阳错的

nonreader 不能阅读的人睁眼瞎

在大多数情况下,正反、反正之易并非必需,但在有些句子中是必需的。

1. Please withhold the handout for the time being.请暂时不要发这些材料。

2. The same is not true of a mortal illness. 如果是得了不治之症,情况就不一样了。

3. That thermometer must be lying. 这个温度计一定不准。

4. He was indeed a good riddance. 他还是不在的好。

5. The ancient battlefield has become something holy. It was

almost untouched. 古战场成了圣地,它几乎保持着当年的风貌。

6. I am not insincere about it. 我是真心诚意的。

7. That is only a marginal agreement. 那只不过是一个无关宏旨的协议。

(五)释义法:适应于找不到汉语对应词又无法将原词加以引申、替代或直译移植时。以释义法析出的词义不是推演的结论,而是对原词义的阐释,即灵活变通地译出英语词典的原义。

A.释义法可以解决无汉语对应词的矛盾。

1. Nancy Seaver was a fixture at Mets games in her school

days. Fixture: one long established in a place, position, or

function.

译:南西?斯弗尔在学生时代就是麦兹队比赛时场场必到的球迷之一。

2. Pommier refused to take on so many dilutees at one time.

庞米尔拒绝一次雇佣这么多非熟练工人来顶替熟练工人的建议。

3. Teachers are always complaining that monitors are not as

helpful as they used to be as a result of peer pressure.

教师们一直在抱怨说,那些品学兼优可以帮老师维持班级秩序、辅导低年级同学的学生也不如以前那么得力了。这是由于他们受到同伙的压力。

B. 释义法可以使抽象名词具体化。

mindlessness思想上的混沌状态nostalgia怀旧情绪togetherness不分彼此的集体感precaution预防措施

oneness 融为一体的状态magnetization磁化现象rudeness 粗鲁态度mercurality易变的特性

C. 释义法还可以对某些英语词的背景或特殊涵义加以必要的阐释。(1)只译出涵义,不译出专有名词本身,如:Waterloo惨败(滑铁卢),The Superst ar’s Waterloo超级明星的惨败

(2)既将专有名词音译,又将涵义注释于后,如:Malthusianism马尔萨斯人口论

Sapphic(古希腊抒情女诗人)萨福诗体的

hamburger汉堡包

(3)音译全名,对涵义加以最简略的注释,如:

Byzantine拜占庭式,a Byzantine building拜占庭式的建筑Rococo洛可可式,a rococo piece of art洛可可式的艺术品

六.准确掌握词义的褒贬涵义

1.英语有些词的词义有褒贬色彩,如:

average 一般的(中)antique古色古香的(褒)mediocre平庸的(贬)old-fashioned过时的(贬)

antiquated已废弃的(贬) slender苗条的(褒)senior长者(褒)

thin瘦削的(贬)elder上年纪的人(中)skinny皮包骨的(贬)fossil老朽(贬)

2.汉语词义丰富、精确,非常讲究褒贬色彩,如:

鼓动------煽动果断------武断

成果------后果保护------- 庇护

团结-------勾结依靠------ 依赖

3.英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义,汉译时应表达出来,如:

1)He was a man of high renown(fame).

他是位有名望的人。(褒)

2) His notoriety a a rake did not come until his death.

他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的。(贬)

3) The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.

他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。(褒)

4) Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.

亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。(贬)

5) “He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she

recalled.

她回忆说,“他彬彬有礼,总是诲人不倦。”(褒)

6) We were shocked by his coarse manners.

我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。(贬)

4.英语中有些词本是中立的,但在一定的上下文中有褒贬涵义,汉译时应表现出来,如:

A需要用褒义的词来表达

1)Early in 2008, the diving champion was asked to express

his hopes

and ambitions. 2008年初,有人请这位跳水冠军谈了他的希望和抱负。

2)The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at

a

significant moment in their careers.两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟,这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。

B需要用贬义的词来表达

1)He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a

certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.

他是一个正直诚实的人,但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。

2)Then, just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my

journey, the Russians arrested me as a “spy” and sent me out

through

Poland. () 后来,就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国

朋友刚刚到达的时候,俄国人把我当作“间谍”而逮捕了我,并把我驱逐出境,取道波兰。

3)He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked

deeds.

他欺骗了我,使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。

4)As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and

dedication from his employees.

他是个苛刻的老板,要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿,鞠躬尽瘁。5)Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.

凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。

作业:

was mid-August and the subject for discussion was the

future of

Rommel and his Africa Corps(隆美尔和他的非洲军团).

predicted the youth would have a bright future.

was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.

pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power.

was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying

he was

the most courageous man he had ever seen.

. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the

invitation to

deliver a lecture.

本文标签: 词义引申为原文词典涵义