英文介绍中医2

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2024年6月21日发(作者：)

QI, BLOOD AND BODY FLUID OF MUTUAL CAUSALITY

气、血、津液的相互关系

尽管气、血、津液

Despite their differences in nature, form and

的性状及其功能各不相

function, qi, blood and body fluid have something

同，但它们却有许多共同

in common with each other. They are the basic

之处。三者均为构成人体

materials that constitute the human body and

和维持人体生命活动的基

maintain life activities; they all derive from

本物质。它们均来自水谷

cereal essence; they, physiologically, depend on

精气。在生理上，它们相

each other for existence and restrain and utilize

互依存、相互制约、相互

each other; they, pathologically, act upon each

为用；在病理上，它们相

other and have causality between them.

互影响，互为因果。

Qi and blood are closely related. Qi is the 气血紧密相关。气

"commander" of blood, and blood is the "mother" 为血之帅，血为气之母。

of qi. As the commander of blood, for one thing, 气为血帅，一方面因为气

qi is the motive power for blood formation, or 是血液形成的原动力；另

rather, it produces blood. Blood is formed from 一方面是由于气可生血。

mutritive qi and body fluid, both of which come 血由营气和津液形成，后

from food and water. All these cannot be separated 两者都源于水谷。而以上

from the functions of qi. Blood circulation 这些都离不开气的作用。

depends on the propelling function of heart-qi. 血液循行依赖气的推动功

For another, qi controls blood and keep it 能，另一方面，气摄血，

flowiing in the blood vessels without 维持血行于脉中不致外

extravasation. This function of qi is performed 溢。气的此项功能由脾气

by spleen-qi. When qi is deficient, it fails to 来执行。气虚不能摄血可

control blood, thus leading to hemorrhage. Blood 导致出血。所谓“血为气

is referred to as the mother of qi because, on the 之母”，是因为，一则，

one hand, blood is a carrier of qi; and on the 血以载气；二则，血为气

other, blood provides adequate nutrients for qi. 提供充足的营养。因此，

Therefore, it is impossible for qi to exist 如无气之母－血，则气也

without its"mother", blood. 不可能存在。

The relationship between qi and body fluid 气和津液的关系

is rather similar to that between qi and blood. 与气和血的关系非常相

This is shown in the following four aspects. 似。这可以从以下四方面

First, qi produces body fluid. The formation, 表明。第一，气生津。津

distribution and excretion of body fluid depend 液的形成、分布和排泄依

upon all the movements of qi and its warming, 赖气的运动和温煦、推动

promoting and controlling functions. The 和固摄功能。人体气的存

existence of qi in the body not only depends upon 在不仅依赖血，也依赖脾

blood, but on body fluid which is formed from food 运化的水谷精微所形成的

essence by the functions of the stomach and 津液。因此，津液的充足

spleen. So, whether body fluid is adequate or 与否依赖脾胃之气的状

inadequate depends upon the conditions of 态。第二，气推动津液的

spleen-qi and stomach-qi. Second, qi promotes the 运行。气的运动是津液运

transportation of body fluid. The movements of qi 行分布和汗尿液排泄的原

are the motivity for the transportation, and 动力。因此，气虚或气的

distribution of body fluid, and the excretion of 功能失常，就会发生津液

sweat and urine. Therefore, In case of deficiency 运行、分布和排泄的紊乱，

of qi or dysfunction of qi, disturbance of body 使津液停滞。第三，气固

fluid in transportation, distribution and 摄津液。气可以控制津液

excretion will occur. Thereby leading to the 的排泄，维持体液代谢平

stagnation of body fluid. Third, qi controls body 衡。如气无法控制津液的

fluid. Qi may control the excretion of body fluid 排泄，便会导致津液的横

and maintain the balance of the metabolism of body 溢。第四，津液是气的载

fluid, In case qi fails to control the excretion 体。这就是津能载气。如

of body fluid some of body fluid will run off. 果没有津液，气就无法存

Fourth, body fluid is a carrier of qi.（Qi resides 在。这就是为什么伤津就

in body fluid, Body fluid serves as a carrier of 会耗气。如气无法依托于

qi） That is, body fluid carries qi. Qi cannot 津液，则气虚甚则气陷就

exist without body fluid. This is the reason why 会随之发生。这就是《千

the loss of body fluid often damages qi. If qi 金翼方》所说的：“汗吐

fails to attach to body fluid, qi-deficiency and 之后无完气。”过汗、大

even qi prostration will ensue. So the medical 汗、大泻使津液丢失从而

book Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet says:"No 导致气脱就是一个例子。

one has perfect qi after hidrosis, vomiting etc."

Examples in point are:hidrosis, polyuria,

enormous vomiting and diarrhea cause great loss

of body fluid, which, in turn, gives rise to qi

colapse.

Blood and body fluid are liquids and, 血和津液都是液

what's more, they both perform the nourishing and 体，而且它们都有滋养功

moistening functions. Body fluid will become and 能。津液进入脉中就会成

important component of blood when infiltrating 为血液的重要组成部分。

into the blood vessels. As blood and body fluid 因为血和津液都源于水谷

originate from the essence of food and water, they 津液，因此被称为“津血

are known as "body fluid and blood are derived 同源”。周期或严重出血

from a common source." Recurrent or severe 会损伤津液导致口渴、尿

bleeding may do damage to body fluid, resulting 少和皮肤干燥。严重的津

in thirst, scanty urine and dry skin. And severe 液耗损和丢失会影响血

consumption or loss of body fluid will affect the 源，导致津液和血液的枯

source of blood, leading to the exhaustion of both 竭。因此，对于出血的患

blood and body fluid. For this reason, it is not 者不宜用汗法，破血或活

advisable to use diaphoretics for haemorrhagic 血法不宜用于津液不足或

patients, and the methods of breaking blood or 汗证的患者。《灵枢》指

pricking blood should be avoided in treating 出：“夺血者无汗，夺汗

patients with the inadequate of body fluid and 者无血。”并说：“形肉

hidrosis. Miraculous Pivot states:" The patients 已夺，是一夺也；大夺血

lost bolld should avoid perspiring; while the 之后，是二夺也；大出汗

patients lost perspiration should avoid Losing 之后，是三夺也；大泄之

blood." And "the first contraindication refers to 后，是四夺也；新产及大

emaciated patients; the second to patients lost 血之后，是五夺也。此皆

blood; the third to patients after severe 不可泻。”

perspirationl;the fourth to patients after

severe diarrheal and the fifth to patients of

postpartum hemorrhage. Purgation is

contraindicated in all these cases."

To sum up, the close and complicated 总之，三者的关系

relationships between the three are often shown 是紧密复杂的，这常在生

in physiology and pathology, and are of great 理和病理上体现，对于辨

importance in TDS. 证论治非常重要。

Unit Eleven

Text

MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LINK THE WHOLE BODY(1)

经络—人体联络的通道(1)

The meridian-collateral theory is

concerned with the physiological functions

and the pathological changes of the 经络理论是有关经络

meridian-collateral system, and their 系统的生理功能和病理变化以

relationships with zang-fu organs. It is an 及和脏腑之间关系的理论。它

important component of the theoretical 是中医理论系统的重要组成部

system of TCM. And it is considered as a 分，被认为是所有中医临床学

theoretical basis of all clinical subjects of 科特别是针灸、推拿和气功的

TCM, especially that of acupuncture, 理论基础。另外，它还指导其

moxibustion, tuina and qigong. Besides, it 它分支学科的临床实践。

guides the clinical practice of other

branches of TCM.

The meridians and collaterals are

pathways along which qi and blood circulate

through the whole body. The meridians are the 经络是气血循行全身

major trunks of the meridian-collateral 的通道。经是经络系统的主干，

system and run longitudinally within the 纵行于人体，而络是经的分支，

body, while the collaterals are the branches 呈网状分布于全身。因此，经

of the meridians and are reticularly 络沟通人体脏腑肢节，上下内

distributed over the whole body. Hence, the 外，使人体的脏腑组织成为一

meridians and collaterals, connecting the 个有机整体。

zang-fu organs with extremities, the upper

with the lower and the internal with ihe

external portions of the body, make all the

body's organs and tissues an organic whole.

The Composition of the Meridian-Collateral

经络系统的组成

System

The meridian-collateral system consists

of meridians and collaterals as well as their 经络系统由经和络互

subsidiary parts. This system, internally, 补而成。这个系统在内联络脏

links the zang-fu organs and, externally, 腑组织，在外沟通筋骨肌肤。

joins the tendons, museles and skin.

The meridians are classified into three

categories: the regular meridians and the

extra meridians and the divergent meridians.

There are twelve regular meridians, namely

the three yin meridians as well as the three

yang meridians of the hands and feet. They are

经可以分为三类：正

known collectively as "the twelve regular

经、奇经和经别。有十二正经

meridians", which are the main passages for

即手足三阴三阳经。它们被总

qi and blood circulation and start and

称为“十二正经”，是气血循

terminate at given seats, run along fixed

行的主要通道，有固定的起止

routes and meet indefinite orders. They are

点，按照一定的路径循行并按

directly connected with the relevant zang-fu

一定顺序交接。它们与相对应

organs. The eight extra meridians are

的脏腑直接相连。奇经八脉由

composed of Du,Ren, Chong, Dai, Yinqiao,

督、任、冲、带、阴蹻、阳蹻、

Yangqiao, Yinwei and Yangwei meridians. They

阴维和阳维脉组成 。它们与十

are interlated with the twelve regular

二正经相互联系，并行使控制、

meridians and perform the functions of

联系和调节十二正经的功能。

dominating, connecting and adjusting the

另外，它们不与脏腑直接相关。

twelve regular meridians. And they are not

十二经别是十二正经的延续。

directly related to the internal organs in

它们起于四肢，深入脏腑，浅

addition, the twelve divergent meridians are

出于项部。它们的作用是加强

the extensions of the twelve meridians. They

十二正经表里两经的联系，并

originate from the limbs, run deeper into the

补充十二正经所不能到达的脏

zang-fu organs and emerge from the shallow

腑和身体区域。

neck. Their action is to enhance the

Links between every pair of meridians

exteriorly-interiorly related in the twelve

meridians and complement the organs and

bodily areas to which the regular meridians

can not get.

The collaterals are the branches of the

meridians. They are divided into three

groups: the divergent collaterals,

superficial collaterals and tertiary

络是经的分支，可分为

三类：别络、浮络和孙络。起

源于十二正经和任督二脉的别

络和脾之大络统称为“十五别

collaterals. The divergent collaterals are 络”。它们的作用是加强表里

the larger and main collaterals. The 两经在体表上的联系。浮络循

divergent collaterals originate from the 行于人体的表层并常出于体

twelve meridians as well as Du and Ren 表。孙络是整个人体中最细小

meridians respectively. Together with a 的络脉。

large splenic collateral, they are

altogether "fifteen divergent collaterals".

Their chief task is to strengthen the links

between every pair of meridians

exteriorly-interiorly related on the body

surface. The superficial collaterals are

ones that run through the surface layer of the

human body, and often emerge on the surface.

And the tertiary collaterals refer to the

smallest and the thinnest ones of the whole

body.

In addition, there are the subsidiary

parts of the meridian system, including the

twelve skin zones and twelve musculature

此外，尚有经络系统的

zones. Therefore, they are the parts that

附属部分包括十二皮部和十二

connect the twelve meridians with

经筋。因此，它们是分别连接

the superficial portions and the muscular

人体浅表和肌肉的部分。考虑

portions of the body respectively.

到十二正经和奇经八脉是经络

Considering the important place of the twelve

系统的重要组成部分，我们将

meridians and the eight extra meridians in

以其为主题进行讨论。

the meridian-collateral system. we are going

to take them as the main subject for

discussion.

Tab. 2 The Nomenclature and Classification of

表2.十二正经的命名和归类

the Twelve Meridians

Tab.2 shows that every meridian consists of 表2说明了每条经都由三部分

three parts. 组成。

1 ) Hand or foot: （1）手或足

The meridians starting or terminating

at the hand are named "Hand", while those 经脉起于或止于手者

starting or terminating at the foot are named 命名为“手”，起于或止于足

"Foot". So the twelve meridians are divided 者命名为“足”。所以，十二

into four groups: three yin meridians of 正经可分为四组：手三阴经，

hand, three yang meridians of hand, three yin 手三阳经，足三阴经，足三阳

meridians of foot, and three yang-meridians 经。每条经都是根据其所在手

of foot. Each of the meridian is named 足的内外面的位置、脏腑归属

according to the medial or the lateral aspect 和阴阳性质命名的。

of hand or foot, the names to which zang and

fu pertain, and the nature of yin or yang.

2 ) Yin or yang: （2）阴或阳

The meridians going in the medial aspect

of the limbs are named "yin", whereas those

in the lateral aspects are named "yang". The 循行于四肢内侧的经

medial aspect of the limbs is subdivided into 脉命名为“阴”，而循行于外

the anterior border, midline and the 侧者为“阳”。四肢内侧又可

posterior border. And the yin meridians 分为前、中、后三部，阴经循

running through these parts are named 行于该部分的分别称为太阴、

Taiyin,Jueyin and Shaoyin respectively. The 厥阴和少阴。四肢外侧同样可

lateral surface of the limbs is also 以分为前、中、后三部。阳经

subdivided into the anterior border, the 循于此者分别为阳明、少阳和

midline and the posterior border. And yang 太阳。

meridians are termed "Yangming","Shaoyang",

and "Taiyang".

3) Zang or fu: （3）脏或腑

The nomenclature of zang or fu is

determined in the light of the nature to which 脏或腑的命名是根据

zang or fu pertains. For example, the 脏或腑的归属决定的。例如，

meridian pertaining to the kidney is named 属于肾的经脉命名为肾经，其

the kidney meridian, and the rest may be 余由此类推。

deduced by analogy.

To sum up, it is quite evident that there

总之，很显然十二正经

is no name that does not involve hand or foot,

中没有不以手足、阴阳、脏腑

yin or yang, zang-organ or fu-organ in the

命名的。

twelve meridian.(To Be Continued)

MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LINK THE WHOLE BODY

经络—人体联络的通道

Courses, Connections, Distributions, 十二正经的起源、交接、

Exterior-lnterior Relations and Flowing Order of 分布、表里关系和走行规

the Twelve Meridians 律

1. The Coursing and Connecting Law of the Twelve 1.十二正经的起源和交

Meridians 接规律

The coursing and connecting law of the twelve 十二正经的起源

meridians is: the three yin meridians of the hand 和交接规律是：手三阴经

travel from the chest to the end of the fingers 起于胸部行至手指端，在

where they connect with the three yang meridians 此与手三阳经交接；手三

of the hand; the three yang meridians of the hand 阳经由手指端上行至头，

go up from the end of the fingers to the head on 在此与足三阳经相交接；

which they connect with the three yang meridians 足三阳经由头向下行至

of the foot; the three yang meridians of the foot 脚趾头处，在此与足三阴

descend from the head to the the end of toes where 经相交接；足三阴经由脚

they join the three yin meridians of the foot; the 趾头处上行至胸腹部，在

three yin meridians of the foot ascend from the 此与手三阴经相交接。这

toes to the abdomen and chest in which they meet 样，十二正经彼此联系，

the three yin meridians of the hand. Thus, the 形成了一个阴阳畅通循

twelve meridians are connected with each other, 行的通道，如环无端。见

forming a circle like pathway along which yin and 下表。

yang smoothly circulate without terminus. See the

following diagram.

Fig. 5 Flowing direction and Connecting Law of the 表5.十二正经循行方向

Twelve Meridians 及交接规律

It is clearly seen from fig. 5 that the 从表5可以清楚

three yang meridians of the hand terminate at the 的知道手三阳经止于头

head from which the three yang meridians of the 而足三阳经起于头，手足

foot start. The three yang meridians of the hand 三阳经在头部相会。因

and the foot meet at the head So, TCM says:"The 此，中医云：“头乃诸阳

head is the junction of all yang meridians" 之会”。

2. Distributions and Exterior-Interior Relations 2.十二正经的分布和表

of the Twelve Regular Meridians1) Distributions 里关系

十二正经对称的

The twelve meridians are distributed

分布于人体的左右两边，

symmetrically on the left and right sides of the

并按一定的路径循行。在

body and run along their fixed courses.

四肢的分布是：阴经分布

Distribution in the limbs: The medial aspect of

于四肢的内侧面，阳经分

the limbs attributes to yin, the lateral to yang.

布于四肢的外侧面。太阴

Each limb is distributed by Taiyin and Yangming

和阳明分布于肢体的前

meridians are on the anterior border, Shaoyin and

部，少阴和太阳分布于后

Taiyang meridians are on the posterior border, and

部，厥阴和少阳分布于中

Jueyin and Shaoyang meridians are on the midline.

部。

Distribution on the head and face: Yangming

头面的分布：阳

meridians run through the face and forehead,

明经行于面额部，太阳经

Taiyang meridians run through the cheek, vertex

行于颊部、头顶及枕部，

and occiput of the head and Shaoyang meridians run

少阳行于头的两侧。

through both sides of the head.

Distribution in the body trunk: The three 在躯干部的分

yang meridians of hand run through the scapular 布：手三阳经行于肩胛

part. Among the three yang meridians of foot, 部。足三阳经当中，阳明

Yangming meridians run in the front of the trunk 经行于前腹部，太阳经沿

(thoracico-abdominal aspect), Taiyang meridians 背部循行，少阳行于两

along the back (the dorsal aspect) , and Shaoyang 侧。所有的手三阴经无一

meridians along the sides. All the three yin 例外的起于腋窝部，所有

meridians of the hand come out of the axillae 的足三阳经沿腹部循行。

without exception, all the three yin meridians of 沿腹部循行的经脉由内

foot run along the ventral aspect. The meridians 至外的顺序是：足少阴

running through the ventral aspect from the medial 经、足阳明经、足太阴经

to the lateral are, in turn, termed Foot-Shaoyin, 和足厥阴经。（注释：在

Foot-yangming, Foot-Taiyin and Foot-Jueyin(note: 双下肢，踝上8寸（24

as regards the medial sides of the two lower limbs, 厘米）以下为厥阴在前，

at 8cun (24cm) above the medial malleoli, Jueyin 太阴在中，少阴在后。）

is located in theanterior, Taiyin in the middle

and Shaoyin in the posterior part.)

The Exterion-Interior Relations between the

Twelve Meridians

十二正经的表里关系

The twelve regular meridians, connected with

each other by the divergent meridians and

divergent collaterals, form six pairs of

exterior-interior relationships. Their

十二正经通过经

exterior-interior relationships are as follows:

别和别络彼此联系，形成

the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-yangming and

了六对表里关系。它们的

the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin; the

表里关系如下：手阳明大

Tri-energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang and the

肠经和手太阴肺经；手少

Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin; the Small

阳三焦经和手厥阴心包

intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang and the Heart

经；手太阳小肠经和手少

Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin; the Stomach Meridian of

阴心经；足阳明胃经和足

Foot-yangming and the spleen Meridian of

太阴脾经；足少阳胆经和

Foot-Taiyin; the Gallbladder Meridian of

足厥阴肝经；足太阳膀胱

foot-Shaoyang and the Liver Meridian of

经和足少阴肾经。足太阳

Foot-Jueyin; and the Urinary Bladder Meridian of

和足少阴经相表里，足少

Foot-Taiyang and the Kidney meridian of

阳和足厥阴经相表里，足

Foot-Shaoyin. The Taiyang meridianand Shaoyin

阳明经和足太阴经相表

meridian of foot are exteriorly-interiorly

里。这些称为“足阴阳

related, and so are the Shaoyang meridian and the

经”。而手太阳经和手少

Jueyin meridian of foot,and the Yangming meridian

阴经相表里，手少阳和手

and Taiyin meridian of foot. These are called

厥阴经相表里，手阳明经

the"yin and yang of foot"; while the Taiyang

和手太阴经相表里。这些

meridian and the Shaoyin meridian of hand are

称为“手阴阳经”。

exteriorly-interiorly related, and so are the

Shaoyang and the Jueyin meridians, and the

Yangming and the Taiyin meridians of hand. These

are called the"yin and yang of hand".

The exterior-interior relationship of the 十二正经的表里

twelve meridians not only strengthen the 关系不仅加强了表里两

connection between each specific pair of 经的联系，而且加强了每

meridians with exterion-interior relationship, 对相表里脏腑之间的联

but also promote each pair of zang-fu with the 系使它们在生理上相互

exterior-interior relationship to coordinate 协调，在病理上相互影

each other physiologically and influence each 响。在治疗上，表里两经

other pathologically. In treatment, acupoints of 的穴位可以相辅为用。

the two meridians with the exterior-interior

relationship may be alternatively used.

3) The Flowing Order of the Twelve Meridians 十二正经的走行规律

The circulation of qi and blood inside the

Twelve meridians is like the circular movement 十二正经中气血

endlessly. Their circulation starts from the lung 的循行如环无端。它们起

meridian of Hand-Taiyin, runs to the liver 于肺经通往肝经。

meridian.

THE CAUSES TO INDUCE DISEASES——ETIOLOGY

疾病产生的原因— 病因学

Etiology is defined as various kinds of factors

that cause diseases. As TCM sees it, etiology mainly

includs the six exogenous pathogens, pestilence,

（epidemic pathogenc factors ） the seven emotions, 病因学的定义

emotional frustration, improper diet, overwork, 是造成疾病的各种原

maladjustment between work and rest, traumatic 因。在中医看来，病因

injuries, insect or animal bites, phlegm retention, 主要有六淫、疫气、七

blood stasis, etc. Zhang ZhongJing of the Eastern 情、饮食不节、劳逸失

Han Dynasty pointed out: "Despite numerous 度、外伤、痰饮、瘀血

diseases, they would not exceed three categories". 等。东汉时期的张仲景

Up to the Song Dynasty, Chen Wuze put forward the 指出：“千般灾难，不

theory of the three categories of etiologic factors 越三条”。到宋代，陈

i. e., exogenous pathogenic factors, 无择提出三因学说，即：

endogenouspathogenic factors and 外因、内因、不内外因。

non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. To be more 更具体的说，六淫自外

specific, six pathogenic factors invading the body 侵犯人体属于外因；七

from the outside pertain to exogenous pathogenic 情直接伤及内脏属于内

factors; the seven emotions directly involving the 因；其它如饮食不节、

internal organs are attributed to endogenous 过劳，外伤、虫害等属

pathogenic factors; other pathogenic factors, such 于不内外因。三因学说

as improper diet, overwork, traumatic injury, 在后世产生了强烈的反

insect and animal bites, etc. , are said to be 响并促进了病因学的研

non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. "The theory 究。

of the three categories of etiologic factors"

caused strong repercussions in later ages and

promoted the research into the etiology.

In discerning etiology, besides having a 辨别病因除了

sound knowledge of the objective conditions that 要对可能导致疾病的客

possibly lead to illness, TCM centers attention on 观环境有全面的认识

the clinical manifestations of diseases, and 外，还要注意疾病的临

inquires into the etiology through analyzing the 床表现，从分析症状中

symptoms and signs so that a basis for treatment and 寻求病因，从而为药物

medications may be is provided. This method is 治疗提供依据。这种方

called "seeking cause of disease through 法叫“辨证求因”。六

differentiation of syndromes."The six exogenous 淫是风、寒、暑、湿、

factors are a general term for wind, cold, 燥、火的总称。正常情

summer-heat, damp, dryness and fire. Under normal 况下，它们是六种气候

conditions, they are six climatic factors. TCM 因素，中医称为“六

calls them the "six qi." They are not harmful to 气”。它们对人体无害，

human beings but rather are the essential 而是自然界万物生长的

conditions of the growth of all living things in 必要环境。因此，正常

nature. Thus, the six qi will not cause diseases 情况下六气不导致疾

normally. However, when the six qi become too 病。然而，当六气太过

excessive or deficient, or when the body's 或不足、人体的抵抗拉

resistance is too weak to adapt itself to the 太弱不能适应异常变化

abnormal changes, the six qi will be changed into 时，六气就会变成病因

the pathogenic factors to attack the human body and 侵犯人体，导致疾病。

cause diseases. They, as such, are known as "six 在六淫中，有五种是由

exogenous pathogens" (liu yin). Of the six 于内脏功能失调所引

exogenous pathogens the five result from the 起，并非外邪自外侵犯

dysfunction of the zang-fu organs rather than the 人体，虽然它们也有类

exogernous factors invading the body from the 似风、寒、湿、燥、火

outside though they also have the symptoms similar 的证候。为了将它们与

to wind, cold, dampness, dryness and fire.（Of...六淫区别，把它们称为

是介词短语提前。前置同倒装等一样，是强化信息的重“内生五邪”即内风、

要手段之一。有如：a. Of the two the latter is far 内寒、内湿、内燥、内

better than the former. b. Of the 100 cases treated 火。

with this therapy, 60 are male and 40 female. ) In

order to distinguish them from the six exogenous

pathogens, they are termed the "five endogenous

pathogens", i.e., the endogenous wind,endogenous

cold, endogenous dampness, endogenous dryness and

endogenous fire.

The pathogenic features of the six exogenous

pathogens are as follows.

六淫的病理特征如下：

(l) The six exogenous pathogens have close （1）六淫与季节变化和

relationships with the seasonal changes and living 生活环境有密切关系。

environment. For example, diseases caused by 例如，风邪致病多在春

wind-pathogen mostly occur in spring; summer-heat 季；暑邪致病通常在夏

diseascs usually appear in summer; damp diseases 季；暑邪致病通常发生

often happen in later summer, dry diseases arise 在夏至后；燥邪致病多

most often in autumn and cold diseases are often 在秋季；寒邪致病见于

seen in winter. And the people who live in damp 冬季。生活在潮湿环境

circumstances are susceptible to damp diseases, 的人易感受湿邪，而生

while the people living under a high temperature are 活在高温环境下的人则

liable to contract fire or dryness diseases. 易感染火邪或燥邪。

(2) The six exogenous pathogens may singly invade

（2）六淫可以单独侵犯

the body by a single pathogen and simultaneously and

人体也可两种以上同时

invade the body by more than two pathogen. For

侵犯人体。例如，普通

example, common cold results frequently from

感冒通常由风寒之邪所

pathogenic wind and cold; diarrhea is caused by

致；泻泄由湿热之邪所

pathogenic dampnese and heat; bi-syndrome

致；风寒湿夹杂而致痹

(arthralgia) is causcd by pathogenic wind, cold and

症等。

dampness and so on.

(3) They may be transformed into each other.

（3）六淫之间可以互相

Examples are: pathogenic cold in the body may be

转化。例如，体内寒邪

transformed into heat and prolonged summer-heat

可化热，暑湿可以化火

dampness may bring about dryness and fire to impair

化燥伤阴。

yin.

(4) The last featurc of the six exogenous pathogens

（4）六淫的最后一个特

is that they invade the human body via the body

点是它们可以由体表或

surface or from the mouth and nose or through both

口鼻或同时侵犯人体。

concurrently. This is known as"affection resulting

这就是“外感六淫”。

from six exogenous pathogens."

七情指的是人

The seven emotions refer to the human mental

的精神活动。中医把它

activities. In TCM, they are classified into seven

们归为七类：喜、怒、

classes: joy, anger, melancholy, anxiety, grief,

哀、思、悲、惊、恐。

fear and are the different responses to

在正常情况下，它们是

the environmental stimuli in the human body in

人体对环境刺激的不同

general circumstances, they belong to the normal

反应，属于正常的生理

physiological activities and will not cause

活动，不会致病。当突

diseases. When sudden, strong,long or protracted

然、强烈、持久的精神

（prolonged）emotional stimuli go beyond the body's

刺激超出了人体的适应

adaptability and endurance, the emotional stimuli

力和忍受力，情感刺激

will become pathogenic factors, which cause

就会成为致病因素，引

dysfunction of qi, blood and the zang-fu organs and

起气、血和脏腑的功能

imbalance of yin and yang, hence leading to

失调和阴阳失衡，从而

diseases. This is known as "internal injury caused

导致疾病。这就是“内

by the seven".

伤七情”。

The seven emotions are different from the six 七情致病与六

exogenous pathogens in causing diseases. The six 淫不同。正如以上所提

exogenous pathogens, as mentioned ahove, usually 及的，六淫通常由肌肤

invade the body through the skin, mouth and nose, 口鼻侵犯人体，在早期

and it is mostly exterior syndromes at the early 多属于表证。而七情致

stage of the onset. The seven emotions, however, 病，则是直接影响相应

directly affect the corresponding zang-fu organs to 的脏腑而发病。因为某

bring on diseases because a certain zang-fu organ 一脏腑与某一情志活动

is closely related to a certain emotional activity. 有密切关系。所以中医

（不定式短语 to bring on ... 在句中作结果状语。又云：“怒伤肝；喜伤心；

如：a. Arthur returned home to be struck by another 忧伤肺；思伤脾；惊恐

blow. b. What have I done to deserve so much? c. He 伤肾”。异常情绪主要

made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the 影响内脏气的活动，导

subject. ）So TCM says, "Anger impairs the liver; 致气的升降失常。具体

excessive joy impairs the heart; grief or 的说“怒则气上；喜则

melancholy impairs the lung, anxiety impairs tbe 气缓；悲则气消；恐则

spleen, and fright or fear impairs the kidney", The 气下；惊则气乱；思则

abnormal emotions mainly influence qi activity of 气结”。至于其它病因

the internal organs, so as to cause the dysfunction 如虫害、饮食不节、劳

in ascending and descending of qi. Concretely 逸失度、寄生虫、外伤、

speaking, "Anger causes the qi (to the liver)to 痰凝、血瘀等，虽然同

ascend: joy makes the qi (of the heart) sluggish; 样重要，但鉴于篇幅所

sorrow makes the qi (of the lung) consumed; fear 限，恕不论之。

induces the qi (ofthe kidney) to dissipate; fright

causes the disorder of the qi (of the heart) ; and

anxiety brings about the depression of the qi (of

the spleen)." As concerns other pathogenic factors

such as pestilence, improper diet, maladjustment of

work and rest, parasites, surgical trauma, phlegm

retention, blood stasis, etc,we have to, though

they are of equal importance, give them upon account

of limited space.

Special phrases

enic factors; pathogens

ous pathogenic factors; (exogenous

pathogenic)

enic wind

nous wind

ous wind

特殊短语

1.邪气

2.外邪

al pathogenic factors (seasonal pathogens) 3.时邪

4.风邪

5.内风

6.外风

is the first and foremost factor to cause

7.风为百病之长

various diseases

spasm and rigidity of muscles result from

8.诸暴强直，皆属于风

wind.

ng with sour vomitus of spouting diarrhea 9. 诸病吐酸，暴注下

with tenesmus is caused by wind. 迫，皆属于热。

nal distension is mainly related to heat 10.诸胀腹大，皆属于热

e phlegm

ble phlegm

11.有形之痰

12.无形之痰

of sexual intercourse 13.房劳过度

PATHOGENESIS

病机

What is meant by pathogenesis? By

pathogenesis is meant the mechanism of the

occurrence, development and outcome of

diseases. The occurrence, development and 何谓病机？病机指

outcome of diseases are closely related both to 的是疾病发生、发展和转归

the body's vital qi and to the nature of the 的机理。疾病的发生、发展

pathogenic factors. When the pathogens attack 和转归与人体的正气和病邪

the human body, the body's vital qi is bound to 特性密切相关。当病邪侵犯

rise against the pathogens, forming the 人体时，人体正气必会奋起

conflict between vital qi and pathogens. Their 抗邪，形成正邪相争。正邪

conflict is bound to destroy the relative 相争必会破坏阴阳的相对平

balance of yin and yang to cause the dysfunction 衡、脏腑经络功能失调或是

of the zang-fu organs and meridians, or the 气血紊乱，从而引起不同的

disturbance of qi and blood. Thus bringing 局部或是整体的病理改变。

about a variety of local or general 虽然疾病不同而且临床症状

pathological changes. Notwithstanding various 错综复杂，但是总的来说，

diseases and complicated clinical 它们的病理改变离不开正邪

manifestations, their changes of pathogenesis, 的虚实，阴阳失衡，或是气

in general, are inseparable from the excess or 血失常及脏腑经络的功能失

deficiency between the vital-qi and the 调。

pathogens, the imbalance of yin and yang, or the

abnormably of qi and blood and the dysfunction

of the zang-fu organs and meridians.

The conflict between the vital-qi and

pathogens is not only related to the occurrence

正邪相争不仅与疾

of a disease, but also directly affects its

病的发生有关，而且直接影

development and final outcome. Meanwhile, it

响到疾病的发展和转归。同

has a direct influence on deficient or

时，它在一定程度上也直接

excessive changes of the syndromes in a certain

影响了证候的虚实，许多疾

sense, the processes of many diseases are seen

病的过程都是正邪相争引起

as those of the changes of excess and deficiency

虚实改变的过程。因此，正

in the contest between the vital-qi and

邪的盛衰被认为是病机之

pathogens. Therefore, vicissitudes of vital qi

一。

and pathogens are considered to be one of the

pathogenesises.

Basic Questions says "the exuberance of 《素问》云：“邪盛

pathogens results in excess syndrome, while the 则实，正衰则虚。”实指的

depletion of essence-qi may bring on deficiency 是邪气实，或是邪实的病理

syndrome." Excess refers to excess of 反应作为矛盾的主要方面。

pathogens, or a pathogenic reaction with 这就是说，邪气实，正气也

excessive pathogens as the principal aspect of 强。临床上，实的病理反应

the contradiction. That is to say, the 通常是正邪之间剧烈抗争的

pathogens are excessive, the vital qi is also 结果，这称为实证，大多见

strong. Clinically, a sort of pathological 于由六淫、痰凝、饮食不化、

reactions of excess ensue with the fierce and 血瘀等引起的疾病的中早

obvious struggle between vital qi and 期，在临床上可见壮热，狂

pathogens, which is known as excess syndrome. 躁，声高气粗，腹痛拒按，

It is mostly found in the early or middle stage 二便不通，脉实有力等。

of diseases caused either by the six exogenous

pathogens or by the phlegm retention,

undigested food, blood stasis, etc. ,

characterized by high fever, mania, high voice

and coarse breathing, abdominal pain with

tenderness, obstructive urination and

defecation, and full and forceful pulse.

By deficiency syndrome is meant a syndrome

caused by inadequate of vital qi, or a

pathological reaction with the deficiency of 虚证指的是由正气

vital qi as the dominant factor of the 不足引起的证候，或是以正

contradiction. That is, the vital qi become too 气不足的病理反应为矛盾的

deficient to resist pathogens because of the 主要方面。这就是因为气、

dysfunctions of qi, blood, body fluid, zang-fu 血、津液、脏腑经络的功能

organ and meridians. Consequently, the 失调导致正气过虚无力抗

conflict of vital qi and pathogens may not 邪。因此，正邪相争并不会

produce intense pathological reaction and a 造成剧烈的病理反应，所以

series of insufficient manifestations arise, 会导致一系列虚的症状，这

so called deficiency syndrome. This types of 就是所谓的虚证。这一类型

syndrome is mostly seen in patients with weak 的证候大多出现于体弱的病

constitutions or in the later stage of a disease 人、疾病的晚期和各种慢性

and in different kinds of chronic cases, marked 病中，症见神疲体倦，面容

by lassitude, pallid complexion, palpitation, 憔悴，心悸气短，自汗，盗

short breath, spontaneous perspiration, night 汗，五心烦热，畏寒肢冷，

sweat feverish sensation in the chest, palms 脉虚无力等。

and soles or aversion to cold, cold

extremities, feeble pulse, etc.

The rise and fall of vital qi and pathogens 在长期复杂的疾病

can bring about mixed syndromes of excess and 中，正邪的盛衰会引起虚实

deficiency in protracted and complicated 混杂的证候。这种证候主要

diseases. Such syndromes have mainly two kinds 有两种病理变化：虚中夹实

of pathological changes: deficiency syndromes 和实中夹虚。然而，在特殊

mixed with excess ones and excess syndromes 情况下也会出现两种病理改

mixed with deficiency ones. However, under some 变：真实假虚和真虚假实。

particular circumstances, there will be two 前者谓之“至虚有盛候”，

types of pathological changes: true excess 而后者则为“大实有赢

syndrom with pseudo-deficiency symptoms and 状”。因此，分析病机的虚

true deficiency with pseudo-excess symptoms. 实，必须透过现象看本质，

The former is said to be "symptoms of 才能不被假象所迷惑，而真

pseudo-excess in extreme deficiency", while 正把握住疾病的虚实变化。

the latter is said to be "symptoms of

pseudo-deficiency in extreme excess". From the

above, to identify a deficiency or excess

syndrome of pathogenesis we must see through

the appearance to get at the essence and so

only can we not be misted by false phenomena and

accurately grasp the changes of excess or

deficiency syndrome .

In the course of a disease, the conflict

between vital qi and pathogens not only gives 在疾病过程中，正邪

rise to their deficiency or excess, but also 相争不仅会引起虚实改变，

causes the outcome of a disease. When vital qi 而且会导致疾病的转归。当

prevails over pathogens, the disease tends to 正气胜于邪气时，疾病就会

improvement or even complete recovery. 趋于好转或痊愈。反之，当

Otherwise, when pathogens prevail over vital 邪气胜过正气时，疾病就会

qi, the disease tends to deterioration or even 趋于恶化或是导致死亡。

life comes to end.

In the course of occurrence, development and

final outcome of a disease, disharmony of yin

在疾病的发生、发展

and yang will occur under the action of

和转归的过程中，在病邪的

pathogens, resulting in such pathological

作用下，阴阳失调就会产生，

manifestations as relative excess or

导致阴或阳的偏虚偏实和阴

deficiency of either yin or yang, mutual

阳的互损。

impairment, repellence and depletion of yin and

yang.

The Disturbance of qi and blood refers to a 气血紊乱指的是气

morbid state caused by deficiency and 血亏虚、功能失调和相互依

dysfunction of qi and blood, and the breakdown 赖关系崩溃导致的一种病理

of their interdependent relationship. Qi and 状态。人体气血是脏腑经络

blood in the body are the material basis for the 生理活动的物质基础。因此，

physiological activities of the zang-fu and 气血紊乱必会影响人体的功

meridians. Therefore, their disturbance will 能，导致疾病。《素问》指

inevitably affect the body's function to cause 出：“气血不和，百病乃变

diseases. Basic Questions states: "The 化而生。”然而，气血是脏

disharmony between qi and blood will result in 腑功能活动的产物。脏腑的

various diseases". However, qi and blood are 病理改变不仅会导致气血紊

the products of the functions of the zang-fu 乱，也会影响全身的气血。

organs. Pathological changes of the zang-fu 这样，气血紊乱的病理改变，

organs may not only lead to qi-blood 如正邪的盛衰、阴阳的失衡，

disturbance, but also affect qi and blood of the 不仅是脏腑经络病理改变的

whole body. Thus, the pathogenesis of qi-blood 根源，也是分析和研究不同

disturbance, like that of the rise and decline 疾病病机的基础。

of vital qi and pathogens and the imbalance of

yin and yang, is not only the root cause of

pathological changes of the zang-fu organs and

meridians, but also the basis for the analysis

and research of the pathogenesis of various

diseases.

The failure of qi activity refers to such

pathological changes as qi stagnation, adverse

flow of qi, qi sinking, qi blockage and qi 气机失调指的是由

exhaustion due to disturbance in its ascending, 于气的升降出入失常引起气

descending, exiting and entering. Ascending, 滞、气逆、气陷、气闭、气

descending, exiting and entering are the basic 脱的病理改变。升降出入是

form of qi movement, on which functional 气的基本运动形式。脏腑经

activities of the zang-fu organs and meridians 络的功能活动，脏腑和经络、

as well as the relation ships between the 气血、阴阳之间的关系都赖

zang-fu organs and meridians, qi and blood, and 此以维持相对平衡。由于这

yin and yang depend to maintain their relative 个原因，气机失调可以引起

balance. Fort his reason, the disorder of qi 涉及脏腑、气血、阴阳、表

activity may bring about various morbid 里、四肢、九窍的不同病理

conditions involving the zang-fu organs, qi and 改变。

blood, yin and yang, exterior and interior,

four limbs and nine orifices.

The disorder of blood includes

血液失常包括血的

deficient blood production, blood deficiency

生化不足，大量失血引起的

caused by massive hemorrhage, over consumption

血虚，长期疾病引起的过度

of blood caused by prolonged illness, or

血液损耗或是血液的营养功

dysfunction of blood nourishment; it also

能失调；也包括血热迫血妄

includes the accelerated blood circulation

行和血液循环缓慢引起的血

caused by blood heat and blood stasis caused by

瘀。

sluggish blood circulation.

The metabolism of body fluid is essentially 津液的代谢是津液

the processes of continuous production, 持续产生、分布和排泄的必

distribution and excretion of body fluid. The 要过程。代谢紊乱指的是分

disturbance of the metabolism means the 布异常和产生排泄失衡，从

disturbance of distribution and the imbalance 而产生津液产生不足，形成

between production and excretion, thus causing 体内水液停滞，因此，正常

deficiency production of body fluid to form 的津液代谢是维持正常的分

fluid retention in the body, So, normal 布、产生和排泄的基本条件。

metabolism of body fluid is the basic condition 正常的津液产生、分布和排

maintaining normal distribution, production 泄离不开气的升降出入和气

and excretion. Normal production, distribution 化功能，同时也离不开肺、

and excretion of body fluid are inseparable 脾、肝、肾和三焦的功能。

from ascending, descending, exiting and

entering movement of qi and its transforming

function. And also. they cannot be separated

from the functions of the lung, spleen, liver,

kidney and the triple energizer.

The five endogenous pathogens refer to the

pathological changes caused by the dysfunction 内生五邪指的是气

of qi, blood, body fluid and the zang-fu organs, 血津液和脏腑功能失调引起

namely endogenous wind, endogenous cold, 的病理改变，即内风、内寒、

endogenous dryness ， endogenous fire and 内燥、内火和内湿。它们不

endogenous dampness. They are not pathogenic 是病理因素，而是五种综合

factors; they are five comprehensive changes of 的病理改变。

pathogenesis.

Special phrases 特殊短语

disharmony of qi and blood may cause 1.气血不和，百病乃变化而

various diseases. 生

-transformation, fire-transformation,

2.化热、化火、化风、化燥、

wind-transformation, dryness-transformation,

化湿

dampness-transformation

iciency of vital qi is the intrinsic 3.正气不足是发病的内在根

factor of the occurrence of disease. 据

enic factors are the predominant

factor of disease.

4.邪气是疾病发生的重要条

件

THE FOUR DIAGNOSTIC METHODS-THE METHODS TO OBSERVE AND DIAGNOSE DISEASES

四诊—诊察疾病的方法

The four diagnostic methods, namelv

inspection, auscultation and olfaction, 四诊即

inquiry, and pulse-taking and palpation, refer 望、闻、问、切，指的是

to the four basic procedures used in diagnosing 用于诊断疾病的四个基本

a disease, They are the presuppositions of 步骤，它们是中医正确辨

correct differentiation and effective treatment 证和有效治疗的前提。

in TCM.

When a disease occurs, there must be its

abnormal outward manifestations from which the

pathological changes may be inferred, as is

疾病发生时必有

stated in Danxi's Experience on Medicine

相关的病理改变引起的异

( DanxiXin Fa) , "To want knowing the internal

常外在表现，正如《丹溪

conditions of the body, the external

心法》所指出的：“欲知

manifestations of the body should be observed ;

其内者，当以观乎外，诊

to diagnose the external parts of the body may

于外者，斯以知其内，盖

also know the internal conditions. That is

有诸内者形诸外。”四诊

because the internal conditions of the body are

可以从不同角度检查和了

always reflected on the exterior of the body".The

解病理状态，找出病因和

four diagnostic methods examine and learn about

病机，从而为辨证论治提

the pathological conditions from different angle

供基础。四诊相互联系、

and aspect and find out the etiology and

相互补充，不能相互分离，

pathogenesis, thereby providing the basis for

每一部分都有其特殊的功

TDS. The four methods are related to and

能，不可代替。在临床实

supplement one another. They cannot be separated

践中，只有将四诊有机联

from one another, each having its specific

系，才能全面了解疾病。

function that cannot be substituted for the

因此，才能做出正确的诊

others. In clinical practice, only when the four

断。

techniques are organically combined can a

disease be understood all-sidedly. Thus, a

correct diagnosis can be made.

1. Inspection 1.望

Inspection is the first diagnostic 望诊是诊断的首

procedure by which the physician may observe the 要程序，通过望诊，医生

patient's vitality, complexion, physical build, 可以有目的的观察病人的

head, neck, five sense organs, skin, tongue, 神、色、体质、头、颈、

external genitalia and anus on purpose so as to 五官、皮肤、舌头、前后

understand the condition of a disease. TCM holds 二阴，以了解疾病的状况。

that the human body is an organic whole. The 中医认为人体是一个有机

exterior of the body is closely related to the 整体，体表和内脏是紧密

internal organs. Take observation the vitality 联系的。以观察神色为例，

and complexion for examples, the vitality refers 神指的是人体生命活动的

to the general external manifestations of life 外在表现，包括精神和意

activity of the human body, including spirit, 识。它是气血、阴阳、脏

consciousness and thinking. And it is the outward 腑状态的外在征象。神体

sign of the conditions of qi and blood, yin and 现于多方面，如眼、面色、

yang, or the zang-fu organs. The vitality is 表情、体质、行为等，这

manifested in manifold aspects, such as 之中，眼神是最重要的。

eyesight, complexion, facial expressions, 这是由于“五脏之精上注

physical build, behavior and so on, among which 于目”。通过对神的观察，

the expression of the eyes is the most important. 医生可以了解正气的充足

This is because "all the vital essence from the 与否，分析疾病的严重程

five zang and six fu organs converges into the 度和预测疾病的预后。很

eyes." From the observation of vitality the 明显察神是诊断疾病的一

physician may infer the abundance or inadequacy 个重要指征。神有如下表

of the vital essence, analyze mildness or the 现：得神、假神和失神。

severeness of the disease and predict the

prognosis of disease. It is quite evident that

the observation of vitality is of an important

significance in diagnosing a disease. The

manifestations of vitality are as follows; being

of vitality, pseudo-vitality, and loss of

vitality.

The observation of complexion is a

diagnostic method for inspecting the colour and

lustre of the face. TCM divides the facial

colours into blue, yellow, red, pale and black, 察色是观察面部

also known as the "five colours", whose changes 的颜色和光泽的一种诊断

may indicates the nature and the location of a 方法。中医将面色分为青、

disease. Generally speaking, red complexion 黄、红、白、黑，也称为

indicates heat syndromes; white complexion “五色”，面色的改变可

indicates cold and deficiency syndrome; yellow 以提示疾病的性质和部

complexion deficiency and dampness syndromes; 位。总的来说，色红提示

blue complexion suggests pain and cold 热证；色白提示寒证和虚

syndrome,blood stasis and convulsion; and black 证；黄色提示虚证和湿证；

complexion hints deficiency of the kidney, blood 青色提示痛证、寒证、血

stasis and fluid retention. Inspection also 瘀和痉证；黑色提示肾虚、

includes observation of the physical build. By 血瘀和水液停滞。望还包

the observation of sturdiness, weakness, obesity 括对体质的观察。观察体

or emaciation as well as the posture of the 质的强弱、肥瘦和动静姿

movement and stillness, different kinds of 势可以发现不同的疾病。

diseases may he found out. And, in particular, 望舌是中医独特的诊断步

the observation of the tongue is a unique 骤。通常用观察舌质和舌

procedure in TCM diagnosis. It is used to observe 苔的改变来确定正气的盛

the changes of the tongue proper and the tongue 衰和疾病的部位，区分病

coating so as to determine the abundance or 邪的性质，推断疾病的严

decline of vital qi, tell the location of a 重程度。

disease, distinguish the nature of pathogenic

factors and infer the degree of seriousness of

a disease.

2. Auscultation and Olfaction 2.闻

Another diagnostic method is

另外一种诊断方

auscultation and olfaction. Auscultation means

法是听和嗅。听意味着听

listening to the patient's voice, speaking,

病人的声音、言语、呼吸、

respiration, coughing and moaning. By

咳嗽和呻吟。通过听，医

auscultation, the doctor can not only learn about

生不仅可以了解发音器官

the changes of the phonatory organ, but also

的变化，还可以推断内脏

infer the pathological changes of the internal

器官的病理改变。嗅指的

organs. While olfaction means smelling the

湿闻病人分泌物和排泄物

patient's odor of the secretion and excretion.

的气味。扩展来说，臭气

By and large, stench odor usually indicates heat

通常提示实热证；恶臭提

syndromes of excess; stinking（烂醉） odor

示虚寒证；腐味和酸味暗

suggests cold syndromes of deficiency; and foul

示食滞。

and sour odor implies retention of food.

3. Inquiry 3.问

This is a diagnostic method in which the

patient or his companion are inquired to collect 这是一种向病人

the information concerning a disease. The 及其同伴询问和收集有关

content of inquiry includes the chief 疾病信息的一种诊断方

complaints, present case history past history, 法。问的的内容包括主诉、

life history, family history, as well as age, 过去史、生活史、家庭史，

sex, native place, occupation, address and so 以及年龄、性别、出生地、

forth inquiry, though covering a wide range of 职业、家庭住址等。虽然

topics, should be conducted step by step in a 问的主题范围很广，但必

planned way, with questions focused on the chief 须围绕主诉和现病史有计

complaint and the history of present disease. 划的一步步进行。因此，

Therefore, when asking a patient. the physician 医生在询问病人时应注意

should focus his attention on the chief complaint 病人的主诉以了解疾病的

to understand both the main reasons for the 主要原因和病人最难受的

disease and clearest, the most suffered symptoms 症状。除此之外，医生还

of the patient. Besides, the physician should 应通过询问了解疾病的发

understand the occurrence, progress, diagnosis 生、过程、诊断和治疗。

and treatment of a disease through asking. Here 以下是现病史的询问列

is an outline of inquiring about the present 表：

illness:

A. Asking about Chills and Fever

(a) . aversion to cold and heat

A.问寒热

（a）恶寒发热

It means that the patient feels cold with 它提示病人高热

a high temperature. 时恶寒的感觉。

(b) . Alternate spell of chills and fever （b）寒热交替

They are the manifestations of half exterior 它是半表半里证

and half interior seen in shaoyang disease or 的表现，见于少阳病和疟

malaria. 疾。

(c). Chills without fever （c）寒战无热

It implies that the patient only has an

它提示了病人只

aversion to cold but no heat sensation or fever,

有恶寒没有热感或发热，

which is a sign of the deficiency and cold

这是虚寒证的征象。

syndrome.

(d) Fever without chills （d）发热无战

This suggests that the patient with fever has 这提示了病人发

a aversion to heat but not to cold, which pertains 热恶热而不恶寒，属于里

to interior heat syndrome. 热证。

B. Asking about Perspiration B.问汗

This is a procedure for the physician to

differentiate the conditions of interior and

这是医生区分疾

exterior, heat and cold, deficiency and excess

病表里、寒热、虚实的一

of a disease. Asking about perspiration includes

个步骤。问汗包括出汗的

the presence of sweating, the location of

部位、时间和数量。

sweating, the time of sweating and the amount of

sweating.

C. Asking about Diet and Appetite

Asking diet and appetite may know the

conditions of the spleen and stomach. It

includes: thirst and drinking appetite and

amount of food taste.

D. Asking about Defecation and Urination

C.问饮食

问饮食可以了解

脾胃的状况，包括：渴、

饮、胃口和饭量。

D.问二便

This is also a procedure in which the 这也是医生了解

physician may learn whether the digestion and 消化吸收和水液代谢是否

absorption as well as fluid metabolism are normal 正常的一个程序，可以了

or not, and also learn about frequency, time, 解粪便和尿液的次数、时

amount, quality, color, odor of defecation and 间、数量、质地、颜色、

urination and accompanied syndromes. 气味和伴随症状。

E. Questioning about Pain E.问痛

(a) Asking about nature of the pain helps tell （a）问疼痛的性质可以帮

the cause and pathogenesis; 助了解病因和病机

(b) Asking about locality of the pain helps

understand pathological changes of internal

organs and meridians;

F. Questioning ahout Sleep

It refers to inquiring about insomnia,

dreaminess and lethargy to know excess and

deficiency of yin and yang.

（b）问疼痛的部位可以帮

助了解脏腑经络的病理改

变。

F.问睡眠

指的是询问失眠、

多梦和昏睡以了解阴阳的

虚实。

Besides, chest and abdomen, ears and eyes, 除此之外，还可以

women's diseases， pediatric diseases may be 询问胸腹、眼耳、妇科和

asked.

4. Pulse-taking and Palpation

儿科疾病。

4.切

It is the fourth diagnostic methnd, including 这是第四种诊断

pulse-taking and, on the other, palpation of 方法，包括切脉和按压身

different parts of the body. The former is a 体的其它部位。前者是通

diagnostic procedure by which the physician may 过医生的指尖感觉患者桡

feel the patient's radial arteries with the 侧腕部动脉以判断脉的状

finger-tips to judge pulse condition, thus 况的一个诊断步骤，从而

learning and inferring the condition of illness. 了解和推断疾病的状况。

The latter is also a procedure by which the 后者也是医生通过触摸、

physician may touch, feel, push and press certain 感觉、推和按身体的一定

parts of the body to detect local abnormal 部位，检查局部异常改变

changes, thereby determining the location and 的一个步骤，因此，可以

nature of the disease. 确定疾病的部位和性质。

The location for feeling the pulse at

present time is the patient's "cunkou", also

named "qikou", or "maikou". Cunkou refers to

obvious pulsative place of the radial artery on 现今按脉的部位

both sides of the wrist, and is divided into three 是病人的“寸口”，也叫

regions: cun, guan and chi (inch, bar and cubit), “气口”或“脉口”。寸

which, on the left hand, reflect respectively the 口指的是双侧腕部桡动脉

conditions of the heart, liver and kidney and, 明显搏动的位置，可以分

on the right hand, the conditions of the lung, 为三个区域：寸、关、尺，

the spleen, the stomach and the kidney. TCM holds 左手单独反应的是心、肝、

that each of the six regions for pulse-feeling 肾的状况，右手反应的是

corresponds to one of the internal organs and 肺、脾胃和肾的状况。中

reveals the pathologic changes of the relevant 医认为切脉的每一个部位

organ. For this reason, cunkou pulse-taking is 都与内脏之一相对应，可

commonly accepted by practitioners through the 以揭示相关器官的病理变

ages and still used today. The pulse is 化。因此，寸口取脉历时

differentiated in terms of depth (superficial or 沿用至今，受到临床医师

deep), speed ( rapid or slow), strength (forceful 的普遍承认。脉应区分其

or weak), shape ( thick or thready, soft or hard) 的沉浮、快慢、强弱、形

and rhythm. Different pulse condition indicate 状和节律。不同的脉象提

different syndromes. For example, superficial 示不同的证候。例如，浮

pulse (fu mai), which is easily felt with gentle 脉轻按则得，提示表证和

touch, indicates exterior syndromes and is 表证早期得表现；而沉脉

present at the early stage of exogenous diseases; 重按则得，提示里证，等。

while deep pulse( chen mai), which is felt only

by heavy pressure, indicates interior syndromes,

and so on.

Palpation may be conducted in three 按诊可以通过三

procedures: touching, stroking and pressing. 个步骤进行：触、扣、按。

Touching is used to feel a certain part of the 触用于感觉身体得某一部

body, like the forehead or limbs with the fingers 位，如通过触摸额、四肢

of palms, thereby detecting the body 的指掌，观测体温、燥湿；

temperature, dampness or dryness; stroking 扣是指用手检查病人身体

refers to examining the patient's some parts of 的一些部位，如扣膨出的

the body with the hands, e.g., a swelling, to 部位可以感觉膨出的形状

learn the shape, size and sensation of the 和大小；按指的是用手推

swelling； pressing means pushing and pressing 和按压身体的一些部位，

over some parts of the body with the hands, e. 例如，按压胸腹可以确定

g. , the chest or abdomen, to make sure if they 它们是否紧张，有无结块。

are tenderness, or have any cakings when pressed.

Inspection, auscultation and olfaction,

望、闻、问、切是

inquiry and pulse-taking and palpation are the

了解病理状况的四种诊断

four diagnostic methods to understand the

方法。它们不能相互分离，

pathological conditions. They can not be

而是相互联系、相互补充

separated, but are related to and complement one

的。临床实践中，只有把

another. In clinical practice only by combining

四诊结合起来，才能综合

the four can a comprehensive and systematic

的、系统的了解疾病的状

understanding of the condition of a disease be

况，从而做出正确的诊断。

gained, thereby, making a correct diagnosis.

DIFFERENTIATlON OF SYNDROMES——THE PRECONDITION FOR TREATMENT

辨证—治疗的前提

Differentiation of syndromes (bian

中医的辨证是

zheng) in TCM is a method to analyse and

一种分析和认识疾病证候

recognize the syndrome of disease. In

的方法。换言之，它也是根

otherwords, it is also a process in which the

据四诊收集的临床资料确

location, nature, occurrence and development of

定疾病的位置、性质、发生

a disease as well as the condition of vital qi

和发展以及邪正状况的一

and pathogenic factors are identified according

个过程。从以上可以明显的

to the clinical data obtained from the four

知道辨证是治疗的前提和

diagnostic methods. From the above it becomes

基础。正确的辨证和适当的

obvious that differentiation of syndromes is the

治疗是取得好的治疗效果

premise and foundation of treatment. Correct

的先决条件。中医有许多辨

differentiation and appropriate treatment are

证的方法，如根据八纲辨

the prerequisite for achieving the hoped-for

证；气血津液辨证；脏腑辨

results. There are a number of methods to

证；六经辨证；卫气营血辨

differentiate syndromes in TCM, such as

证和三焦辨证。每种方法都

differentiation of syndromes according to the

有自己的特点和侧重点，必

eight principles; differentiation of syndromes

须准确灵活的应用才能综

according to the theory of qi, blood and body

合的了解疾病，从而为治疗

fluid; differentiation of syndromes according

提供基础。

to tbe zang-fu theory; differentiation of

syndromes according to the theory of six

meridians; differentiation of syndromes

according to the theory of wei, qi, ying and xue,

and differentiation of syndromes according to

the theory of triple energizer. Each method,

while having its own features and laying stress

They should be applied flexibly and accurately

so as to understand a disease comprehensively,

thereby providing the basis for treatment.

The eight principal syndromes, also

known as "eight principles" (ba gang), refer to

yin, yang, exterior, interior, cold, heat,

deficiency and excess. The differentiation of

syndromes according to the eight principles is 八个证候总纲

the general guideline of TDS and important 也称“八纲”指的是阴、

components of TCM diagnostics. Complicated as 阳、表、里、寒、热、虚和

the clinical manifestations of diseases may be, 实。八纲辨证是中医的总的

they are classified under the eight principles. 指导，是中医诊断的重要组

For example, the classification of 成部分。虽然疾病的临床表

syndromes-yin or yang; the location of 现很复杂，但都可以根据八

disease-exterior or interior; the nature of 纲归类。例如，阴证和阳证

disease-cold or heat; and the preponderance or 的归类；表病和里病的定

discomfiture of vital qi and 位；疾病的寒热性质；正邪

pathogens-deficiency of vital qi or excess of 的盛衰和虚实。八纲辨证将

pathogen. Differentiation of syndromes 复杂易变的证候归为四对：

according to the eight principles generalizes 表里、寒热、虚实和阴阳。

the intricate and volatile syndromes into four 因此，在诊断过程中，八纲

pairs: exterior and interior, cold and heat, 辨证是必须的。

deficiency and excess, and yin and yang.

Therefore, in the diagnostic process, the eight

principles can play a role in bring out the

essentials.

Although this differentiating method 虽然这种辨证方法

classifies various syndromes into eight 将不同的证候分成八类，但

categories, they are interrelated and 是它们之间是相互联系、不

inseparable from each other. For instance, the 可分离的。例如，表里证和

exterior syndrome and interior syndrome are 寒热、虚实证相关；寒热证

related to the cold, heat, deficiency and excess 和表里、虚实证相关；虚实

syndromes; the cold syndrome and heat syndrome 证和寒热表里证相关。这些

are related to the exterior, interior deficiency 病理并不是单独发生，而是

and excess syndromes; the deficiency syndrome 表里、寒热、虚实证通常同

and excess syndrome are related to cold, heat, 时出现。例如，表里证混杂

exterior and interior syndromes. These 的疾病；虚实夹杂的疾病；

pathologic changes do not occur singly, the 寒热夹杂的疾病。在一定条

exterior and interior, cold and heat, deficiency 件下，这些证候常相互转

and excess syndromes are usually found 化。例如，表邪可以入里，

simultaneously. For instance, the disease with 反之亦然；寒证可以化热，

both the exterior and interior syndromes; the 反之亦然；虚证可以转实，

deficiency syndrome mingling with excess 反之亦然。疾病过程中，一

syndromes; intertwinement of the cold and heat 些与疾病性质相反的假象

syndromes. Under certain conditions these 会出现。因此，医生根据八

syndromes are often transformed into one 纲辨证时，不仅必须精确的

another. For example, the exogenous pathogens 掌握每一种证候的特点，也

may invade the interior and vice versa the cold 要注意它们之间的共存、交

syndrome may be transformed into heat syndrome 错、转化和真假状况，因此

and vice versa; the deficiency syndrome may be 才能对疾病有全面的了解，

transformed into the excess syndrome and vice 从而为治疗提供可靠的依

versa. With the progress of disease, some false 据。

appearances contrary to its nature may appear.

e. g. ,cold syndrome with pseudo-heat symptoms

and vice versa, deficiency syndrome with

pseudo-excess symptoms and vice versa. Thus,

when applying differentiation of syndrome

according to the eight principles, physicians

are required not only to have a masterly command

of the characteristics of each syndrome, but

also to pay attention to their coexisting,

interlacing, transforming, and true or false

conditions, so and so only can the disease be

understood in an all-round way. Thereby,

providing reliable basis for treatment.

Yin and yang are a pair of principles used to

summarize the other three pairs of principles

and are also the key principles in the eight 阴阳是一对可以总

principles. So the other three pairs of 结其它三对原则的原则，也

principles are classified under either yin or 是八纲中最重要的原则。所

yang. Exterior, heat and excess syndromes are 以其它三对原则可被归纳

classified into the category of yang, while 为阴或阳。表、热和实证归

interior, cold and deficiency syndromes fall 为阳，而里、寒、虚证则归

into the category of yin. Yin syndrome is 为阴。阴证以体内阳虚阴盛

characterized by deficiency of yang-qi and 为特点。阳证以由体内阳热

excess of yin in the body. Yang syndrome in 过盛引起阳亢和脏腑功能

characterized by the hyperactivity of yang-qi 亢进为特点。阴阳也通常用

and hyperfunctions of the zang fu-organs, 于解释脏腑器官的病理变

resulting from excess of yang-heat in the body. 化，例如，阴阳俱虚、阴虚

Yin and yang are also used to explain the 和阳虚等。

pathological changes of the zang-fu organ, eg.

yin depletion, yang depletion, yin deficiency

and yang deficiency, etc.

Differentiation of syndromes according to the

theory of qi, blood and body fluid is a

differentiating method to analyse and identify

the pathological changes of qi, blood and body

fluid according to the theory of qi, blood and 气血津液辨证是一

body fluid. Qi, blood, and body fluid, are the 种根据气血津液理论分析

material basis for the functional activities of 和确定气血津液病理变化

the zang-fu organs, their formation and 的辨证方法。气血津液是脏

circulation depend upon the normal functions of 腑功能活动的物质基础，它

the zang fu organs. Therefore the pathological 们的形成和循行依赖于脏

changes of qi, blood and body fluid may bring 腑功能的正常。因此，气血

about the dysfunction of the zang-fu organs, and 津液的病理改变可以引起

the dysfunction of the zang-fu organs will be 脏腑功能的异常，同时，脏

bound to cause the pathological changes of qi, 腑功能的异常也必然会导

blood and body fluid. Hence, both of them should 致气血津液的病理改变。因

closely coordinate and complement each other. Qi 此，它们两者应紧密协调相

has many syndromes, which are usually classified 互补充。气有许多证候，通

into four classes: qi deficiency, qi sinking, qi 常被分为四种类型：气虚、

stagnation and reversed flow of qi. As concerns 气陷、气滞和气逆。就血证

blood syndromes, TCM tends to group them under 而言，中医试图将其归为四

four heads: blood deficiency, blood stasis, heat 类：血虚、血瘀、血热和血

in blood and cold in blood. " Physiologically, 寒。在生理上，它们相互补

they complement each other and, pathologically, 充；在病理上，它们相互影

affect each other. Thereby, forming 响。因此形成了同一疾病的

differentiation of syndromes of the same disease 气血辨证。临床上，有气滞

of qi and blood. Clinically, there is qi 血瘀、气不摄血、气血亏虚、

stagnation and blood stasis, qi deficiency and 气虚血瘀和气随血脱。津液

blood loss, deficiency of both qi and blood, qi 的证候可以归为两类：津液

deficiency and blood stasis, and qi prostration 亏虚和水液储留。津液亏虚

resulting from hemorrhage. Syndromes of body 可以导致以下的临床表现：

fluid may be classified into two categories: 口干、咽干、唇舌干燥、眼

insufficiency of body fluid and water retention. 眶凹陷，皮肤干燥、尿少、

Insufficiency of body fluid may cause the 便秘、舌红少苔和脉细数。

clinical manifestations: dryness of the mouth 而水液储留可以由如停滞

and throat, dry lips and tongue, subsidence of 的水湿痰饮的病理物质引

eyes, dry skin, scanty urine, constipation, a 起。通常见于水肿、鼓胀和

red tongue with scanty saliva and thready, rapid 痰凝。

pulse. Whereas, retention of water may form such

pathological substances as water, dampness and

phlegm retention. Usually seen in edema,

tympanites and phlegm-retention.

Differentiation of syndromes according to 卫气营血辨证是适

the theory of wei (defensive), qi (vital-qi), 用于分析和辨证外感热病

ying (nutrient) and xue (blood) is a 的一种辨证方法。它是清代

differentiating method applied to analysing 叶天士创建和发展起来的。

and differentiating exogenous febrile diseases. 它补充了六经辨证理论，丰

It was developed and created by YeTianshi in the 富了中医对外感热病的辨

Qing Dynasty. It supplements the 证论治。这个理论是区分证

differentiation of syndromes by the theory of 候、确定变化和决定治疗的

the six meridians and enriches the 基础。卫气营血理论有极高

differentiation of syndromes and treatment for 的实践价值，因为，一方面，

exogenous febrile diseases in TCM. This theory 它将外感病的病理变化归

is the basis used to classify syndromes, to 为四种证候：卫分、气分、

identify transformation and determine 营分和血分。另一方面，它

treatment. The theory of wei, qi, ying and xue 代表了四个不同的阶段：外

is of great practical value because, for one 感热病发展中的浅深和轻

thing, it generalizes the pathological changes 重阶段。它也被认为是外感

of febrile dis-eases as the four kinds of 热病发展变化的规则。卫气

syndromes: weifen, qifen, yingfen and xuefen, 阶段的疾病轻浅，而营血阶

for another, it represents the four different 段的疾病则深重。

stages: superficial or deep and mild or serious

in the development of exogenous febrile

diseases. It is also believed as a law of the

development and changes of exogenous febrile

diseases. Diseases of the wei and qi stages are

mild and superficial, whereas those of the ying

and xue stages are deep and serious.

Differentiation of syndromes according to

the zang-fu theories a differential method by

which symptoms and signs are analysed to clarity

the cause, the location and nature of disease as 脏腑辨证是一种根

well as the conditions between vital qi and 据脏象、阴阳和五行理论通

pathogens in light of the theories viscera 过症状和征象对疾病的根

figure (manifestation) , yin yang and five 源、位置和性质以及正邪状

elements. It is the basis of various hinds of 态进行分析和归类的辨证

differentiation of syndromes and the basic 方法。它是其它辨证的基

diagnostic method of all clinical branches of 础，也是所有中医临床分支

TCM, and an important component part of all 学科的疾病诊断方法，是中

differential system in TCM. Differentiation of 医辨证系统的重要组成部

syndromes according to the theory of the zang-fu 分。脏腑辨证包括脏病辨

organs includes differentiating syndromes of 证，腑病辨证和脏腑辨证。

zang-organs diseases, fu-organ diseases and

complicated diseases of both zang-organs with

fu-organs.

Differentiation of syndromes acording to the 六经辨证是中医辨

theory of six meridians is a method of 证外感病的一种辨证方法。

differentiating exogenous diseases in TCM. It 它是东汉时期一位杰出的

was put forward in Treatise on Febrile Diseases 医生—张仲景在《伤寒杂病

by Zhang Zhonjing-a distinguished physician in 论》中提出的。根据阴阳理

the Eastern Han Dynasty. In Light of the yin-yang 论，六经证候可以分为三阳

theory, the syndromes of the six meridians may 证—太阳、阳明和少阳以及

be divided into three yang syndromes-taiyang, 三阴证—太阴，少阴和厥

yangming and shaoyang and three yin 阴，从而为辨证论治提供基

syndromes-taiyin, shaoyin and Jueyin. Thereby 础。六经证是脏腑经络病理

providing a basis for differential diagnosis and 变化的反应，三阳证以六腑

treatment. Six meridians syndromes are the 的病理变化为基础，而三阴

reflections of pathological changes in the 证以五脏的病理变化为基

zang-fu organs and meridians, among which three 础。

yang syndromes take the pathological changes of

the six fu organs as their basis, while three yin

syndromes take the pathological changes of the

five zang organs as the their basis.

Besides differentiating syndrome in light of

the theory of triple energizer is one of methods

of differential diagnosis for febrile diseases,

put forward by Wu Jutong, a distinguished

physician of the Qing Dynasty. Wu Shi takes 三焦辨证是辨证热

triple energizer as the guiding principle of 病的一种方法，由清代的一

differentiation of syndromes of seasonal 位杰出的医生—吴鞠通提

febrile disease in conjunction with 出的。吴氏以三焦结合卫气

differentiation of syndromes according to the 营血辨证为辨证温病的指

theory of wei, qi, ying and xue, to emphasizes 导原则，强调温病中与三焦

the pathological changes of the zang-fu organs 相关脏腑的病理变化、证候

related to triple energizer during the course of 特点和转化规律。温病是由

seasonal febrile diseases，the characteristics 四季中不同的温热之邪引

of syndromes and the law of transmission and 起的所有急性热病的总称。

transformation. Seasonal febrile disease is a 三焦辨证也是治疗的前提

general term for all acute febrile diseases 和基础。

resulting from various warm-heat pathogens in

the four seasons. Differentiation of syndromes

by the theory of triple energizer is also the

premise and foundation of treatment.

As a whole, conditions of differentiating

总的来说，辨证是

syndromes are complex, what has been discussed

复杂的，该单元讨论的只是

in this unit is only those common, typical

一些普通、典型的辨证，它

differentiating syndromes, they should be

们应被灵活的运用，从而在

applied flexibly so as to decide the therapeutic

正确的辨证基础上确定治

principle on the basis of correct

疗原则。

differentiating syndromes.

PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

防治原则

Prevention and treatment of disease are 疾病的防和治是

two principles that must be followed in TCM work. 中医必须遵循的两个原

Both of them are important components of the 则，都是中医理论系统的

theoretical system of TCM. 重要组成部分。

I. Prevention I.预防

By prevention is meant taking certain

measures to avoid the occurrence and progress of

diseases. TCM has always attached great 预防指的是采取

importance to prevention. As early as in Huangdi's 一定的措施避免疾病的发

Classic on Medicine, the preventive thought of 生和发展。中医总是非常

"preventive treatment of diseases" was advanced. 重视预防。早在《黄帝内

This theory involves two aspects: preventive 经》就提出了“治未病”

treatment before the occurrence of diseases and 的预防思想。该理论涉及

preventing deterioration after the occurrence of 两个方面：未病先防和既

diseases. Basic Questions states:" Wise men 病防变。《素问》指出：

always give the preventive treatment before a “是故圣人不治已病治未

disease occurs and prevent a disturbance before 病，不治已乱治未

it starts…. Not taking medicine until a disease 乱......。夫病已成而后

comes on or not preventing a disturbance until it 药之，乱已成而后治之，

starts is no different from not digging a well 譬犹渴而穿井，战而铸锥，

until one is thirsty or not making weapons until 不亦晚乎？”解放后，我

a battle starts. Isn't that be too late?" After 国政府提出了“预防第

liberation, our government put forward "put 一”，是中国医疗卫生工

prevention first". It is one of the four great 作的四大原则之一。它也

policies of the medical and health work of China. 是中医防止疾病发生和发

And it is also a principle of preventing the 展的原则。

occurrence and the progression of a disease in

TCM.

1. Preventive Treatment of Disease 1.未病先防

It refers to taking various measures to 未病先防指的是

prevent diseases from occurring. The occurrence 采取各种措施防止疾病的

of a disease is related to both pathogenic factors 发生。疾病的发生和邪气

and vital qi. The former is the important 及正气都相关。前者是疾

condition for the occurrence of a disease, which 病发生的重要条件，后者

the deficiency of the latter is the intrinsic 的亏虚则是疾病发生的必

factor for the occurrence of a disease. Therefore, 要条件。因此，未病先防

preventive treatment of a disease must start with 必须从加强人体的抵抗力

both strengthening the resistance inside the body 和防止病邪的侵犯开始。

and preventing pathogens from invading the human 《素问》指出：“正气存

body. Basic Questions States:" The body with vital 内，邪不可干。”预防疾

qi is never attacked by pathogenic factors." To 病的发生必须采取以下预

prevent the disease from occurring the following 防措施。

preventive measures mucs be taken.

(1)Streagthening Vital Qi's Capacity to Resist

（1）扶正御邪

Pathogens

a. Regulating Mental Activities to Maintain the a.调养精神活动以保持健

Health 康

b. Keeping regular hours

c. Doing regular physical exercises

d. Using drug prophylaxis and providing

artificial immunization

(2) Defending the body against pathogens

b.作息规律

c.适当的体育锻炼

d.药物预防和提供人工免

疫

（2）抗御邪气

a. Keeping away from six exogenous pathogens and

a.远离六淫疫气

pestilence

b. Avoiding various infectious diseases and

trauma

b.避免感染性疾病和外伤

c. Developing hygienic habits and preventing c.养成卫生习惯，防止环

environmental pollution, as well as water and food 境污染及水源和食物污

contamination 染。

2. Preventing the deterioration of

disease

2.既病防变

Though prevention prior to the occurrence of a

虽然未病先防是

disease is the best policy, timely diagnosis and

最好的措施，但及时诊断

effective treatment to control the deterioration

和有效的治疗对控制疾病

of disease is also important. Therefore, once a

恶化同样重要。因此，一

disease occurs, it should be early treated so as

旦疾病发生了，就应该及

to cure it in its initial stage. Ye Tianshi, a

早治疗以争取在疾病早期

famous practitioner of the Qing Dynasty,

治愈。叶天士，清代的著

advised:" Be sure to treat the parts which the

名医家建议：“治邪之未

pathogens have not involved yet." This is also an

至。”这也是防止疾病进

important method of preventing the disease from

一步恶化的重要方法。

further deteriorating.

II. Principles of Treatment II.治疗原则

To study TCM treatment, attention should be 研究中医治疗，必

paid to the therapeutic principles which must be 须注意随疾病治疗而定的

followed in the treatment of disease. They are 治疗原则。它们是在整体

formed under the guidance of holistic concept and 观念和辨证论治的指导下

TDS, and they have the guiding significance for 形成的，对治疗原则的确

establishment of the therapeutic principles and 立和处方的确定有指导意

prescriptions of a recipe. Therapeutic principles 义。治疗原则和治疗方法

differ from therapeutic methods. The former refer 不同。前者指的是指导治

to the general principles for guiding therapeutic 疗方法的总原则，而后者

methods, while the latter are the concrete methods 是在治疗原则指导下的具

of treatment under the guide of the therapeutic 体治疗方法。中医有各种

principles. There are different kinds of 不同的治疗原则。例如，

therapeutic principles in TCM. For example, 治病求本，扶正驱邪，调

treatment aiming at the primary cause of a 理阴阳，调理脏腑，调理

disease, strengthening vital qi and eliminating 气血和三因制宜（因时，

pathogenic factors, readjusting yin and yang, 因地，因人）。

regulating the zangfu's functions, regulating

qi-blood and treatment in accordance with the

three factors( Climate, locality and individual).

1. Treatment Aiming at the Root Cause of a

Disease

1.治病求本

By treatment aiming at the root cause of

a disease is meant treating a disease on the basis

治病求本意味着

of its root cause. It is not until the fundamental

根据疾病的根源基础治疗

cause of a disease is found out that it is possible

基础。只有发现疾病的基

to get to the essence of the problem and to make

本原因，才能抓住问题的

a proper treatment. Basic Questions points out,

本质和制定适当的治疗。

" In treating search for the its root cause of a

《素问》指出：“治病必

disease of a disease in treatment. " When

求于本。”将治病求本运

treatment aiming at the root cause of a disease

用于临床时，正治或反治

is used clinically, routine treatment or contrary

和治本和治标必须正确运

treatment and treating the primary (ben) and or

用。

treating the secondary (biao ) must be dealt with

correctly.

Routine treatment includes the following

methods: treating cold syndrome with hot natured

正治包括以下方

drug, treating heat syndrome with cold natured

法：寒者热之，热者寒之，

drug, treating deficiency syndrome by

虚者实之，实者泻之，等。

replenishment, treating excess syndrome by

purgation, etc.

Contrary treatment has the following methods:

treating pseudo-heat syndrome with hot-natured

反治有以下方法：

drugs, treating pseudo-cold syndrome with

热因热用，寒因寒用，塞

cold-natured drugs, treating

因塞用和通因通用。

obstruction-syndrome with tonification and

treating diarrhea with purgation.

Treatment of the primary and the secondary

includes the following methods: treating the 治标和治本包括

secondary for emergency, treating the primary for 以下方法：急则治标，缓

chronic cases and treating both the primary and 则治本和标本兼治。

the secondary aspects.

2. Strengthening Vital Qi and Eliminating 2.扶正驱邪

Pathogens.

Strengthening vital qi is to increase body

扶正可以增强人体抵

resistance. Since victory or failure in the

抗力。由于正邪之争的胜

struggle between vital qi and pathogens

负决定了疾病的加重或减

determines the aggravation or alleviation of a

轻，所以临床上一个重要

disease, one of the important principles in

的原则就是改变邪正之间

clinical treatment is to change the relative

的相对强盛，这样疾病才

strength of vital qi and pathogens. In so doing,

会好转。

the disease will take a turn for the better.

Eliminating pathogens means getting rid of

驱邪意味着驱除病邪

pathogenic factors to facilitate and recover the

以恢复正气的强盛。因此，

strength of vial qi. Therefore, eliminating

驱邪和扶正一样是临床上

pathogens, like strengthening vital qi, is also

重要的原则之一。

one of the important principles clinically.

They have the following methods: driving out

pathogens first and then strengthening vital qi, 它们有以下方法：先驱

strengthening vital qi first and then eliminating 邪后扶正、先扶正后驱邪

pathogens and strengthening vital qi and 和扶正兼驱邪。

eliminating pathogens simultaneously.

Strengthening vital qi and eliminating pathogens

扶正与驱邪相互补充：

supplement each other: the former helps the

扶正有助于驱邪，而驱邪

elimination of pathogenic factors and the latter

有助于扶正。所以，临床

helps strengthening vital qi. So, clinically,

上必须根据疾病的不同适

they should be applied in the light of the

当选用。

variations of the cases.

3. Readjusting Yin and Yang. 3.调理阴阳

The imbalance of yin and yang is the basic

pathogenesis of many a disease, therefore, 阴阳失调是许多疾病

regulating relative excess or insufficiency of 的疾病病理改变，因此，

yin and yang, remedying defects to rectify abuses 调整阴阳的偏盛偏虚，补

and restoring relative balance of yin and yang are 虚泻实，重建阴阳的相对

one of the basic principles in clinical treatment. 平衡是临床治疗疾病的原

To restore their balance yin and yang are usually 则之一。重建阴阳的平衡

regulated by means of removing the relative excess 通常由泻实和补虚的调理

or invigorating the relative deficiency. Since 而实现。因此，阴阳变化

Yin and Yang are the changes may be summarized as 可归纳为阴阳失衡。

the imbalance of yin and yang.

Besides, regulating zang-fu's functions and 除此之外，调理脏腑功

qi-blood relationship are also two important 能和气血关系也是两种重

therapeutic principles. Space lacks for a 要的治疗原则。篇幅所限，

detailed description of it. 恕不叙述。

4. Treatment in Accordance with Three Factors 4.三因制宜（因时，因地，

(climate, locality and individual). 因人）

This is the therapeutic principle that TCM 这是中医适用于治疗

adopts in treating diseases. The occurrence, 疾病的治疗原则。疾病的

development and changes of a disease are involved 发生、发展和变化与许多

by various factors, including the climate, 因素有关，包括天气、地

geographical environment, the patient's 理环境、病人的体质、性

constitution, sex and age etc. Therefore, when 别和年龄等。因此，医生

treating a disease, the doctor must take the three 治疗疾病时，必须考虑这

conditions into account, and make a concrete 三个条件，对具体条件做

analysis of concrete conditions and deal with them 具体分析并区别对待，从

in different ways, thereby working out an 而制定出适当的治疗方

appropriate therapeutic method. 法。

Beside the above contents, we want to talk 除此之外，我们还想谈谈

about therapeutic methods of TCM. Traditional 中医的治疗方法。传统的

methods fall into eight categories. 方法可以归为八种。

a. Diaphoresis a.汗法

One of the eight therapeutic methods, which is

expelling superficial pathogens by opening the 为八法之一，可以驱除

pores of the skin, and regulating the function f 表邪，开发腠理和调和营

ying and wei. It possesses the actions of 卫。它有解热发表，减轻

antipyretics, promoting eruption, reducing edema 水肿和风湿等作用。

and rheumatism, etc.

b. Emesis b.吐法

Emesis is a treatment to use emetics or

吐法是用催吐剂或人

physical stimulation to induce vomiting for the

工诱导促进呕吐以驱除

removal of retained toxic substances in the

喉、胸或胃部残留的有害

throat, chest or stomach. But emesis is prohibited

物质。但是吐法禁用于妊

for pregnant women and must be applied cautiously

娠妇女，慎用于体弱者。

to the weak.

c. Purgation c.泻法

This is the therapeutic method for eliminating

这是用有效的或轻的

the undigested food, potent excessive heat and

泻法清除未消化食物、实

fluid by the application of potent or mild

热和液体的治疗方法，总

purgatives, generally classified into purgation

的可以分为寒药泻法、热

with cold natured drugs, that with warm natured

药泻法、滑性药泻法和水

drugs, that with lubricant natured drugs and

剂泻法。

hydropathic therapy.

d. Mediation d.和法

It is a treatment to dispel the pathogenic 这是一种用具有发散

factors of shaoyang ( half-exterior and 和调和作用的药物驱除少

half-interior ) and regulate qi and blood of 阳之邪、调理脏腑气血的

zang-fu organs by the application of drugs with 治疗方法，包括和解少阳，

actions of dispersion and regulation, including 疏肝理气，调理肝脾和调

relieving shaoyang disorder, dispersing 理肝胃等。

stagnated liver-qi, regulating the function of

the liver and spleen or of the liver and stomach,

etc.

e. Warming e.温法

Warming, as the term suggests, is a therapeutic

温法，正如名字所提示

method using drugs of warm and hot nature to treat

的，是一种用温热性药治

cold-syndrome, dispelling cold by warming middle

疗寒证的治疗方法，可以

energizer expelling and helps recover yang,

温中祛寒，宣发阳气，温

removes cold by warming and meridians, restoring

经祛寒，回阳救逆，温通

yang from collapse and regulating the blood

血脉等。

vessels, etc.

f. Heat-Clearing f.清热

It is an effective method to clear away 它是一种用寒凉药物

pathogenic heat and fire with drugs of cold and 清除火热之邪的一种有效

cool nature, applicable to excess-heat syndromes. 方法，适用于实热证。

g. Resolution g.消法

A therapeutic method for dispelling pathogenic

sthenia by removing retained food and masses due 它是一种以祛除气滞、

to stagnation of qi, blood stasis, phlegm, 血瘀、痰饮、饮食不化引

undigested food, including regulating the flow of 起的饮食停滞而达到泻实

qi, promoting blood circulation, removing 的治疗方法，包括行气，

dampness through diuresis, dispelling phlegm, 活血，利尿化湿，祛痰等。

etc.

h. Tonification h.补法

It's a therapeutic method for various kinds of 它是一种适用于由阴

deficiency syndromes due to insufficiency of yin 阳气血亏虚引起的各种虚

and yang, qi and blood, generally classified into 证的治疗方法，总的可以

invigorating qi, enriching blood, invigorating 分为补气，养血，温阳，

yang, nourishing yin. 滋阴。

在临床实践中，以上提

In clinical practice, any of the therapeutic 及的任何一种治疗方法都

methods mentioned above is unlikely to satisfy the 不可能完全适用于特别是

treatment of, especially, complicated cases, so, 复杂的疾病的治疗，因此，

to keep all the aspects in view, two or more are 应该统观全局，同时结合

usually employed in coordination. 运用两种或两种以上的治

疗方法。

本文标签： 疾病脏腑人体治疗病理