ACADEMIC WRITING

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What?

An objective, concise, critical summary of published research literature relevant to a topic being researched in an article.

A good literature review will…

• order articles and books to focus on unresolved debates, inconsistencies, tensions, and questions in a research field
• summarize the most relevant important aspects of scientific literature related to your area of research
• Synthesize past and current research on the topic and show how your research fits in

Building a bookshelf

provide an understanding of the background of the field - identifying which studies are important and which are not - to put together your “bookshelf” of a study

What is included?

• Historical background for research
• Current research context - questions, issues, debates, etc.
• Relevant theories and concepts
• Definition of relevant terminology
• Research your work expands on and/or gaps that your work fills
• Supporting evidence for a practical problem/issue

Types

How to write a literature review in thirty minutes

1. two lists
2. reorder paragraphs
3. combine paragraphs if necessary
4. add topic sentences and transitions
5. add introduction and conclusions
6. titles and subtitles

Conceptual framework

Theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated theories which guides your research work.

What is a conceptual framework?

• A conceptual framework is used to explain the key concepts.
• Explanation is the most common method employed.

A conceptual framework defines the relevant variables for your study and maps out how they relate to each other. It is the literal meaning of the concept of the study using dictionary meaning and empirical findings from other literatures. A conceptual framework is constructed before collecting data and often represented in a visual format.
A conceptual framework is used in a research paper to explain the key concepts or variables and the relationships between them that need to be studied. Simply put, conceptual framework is the way ideas are organized to achieve a research project’s purpose and explanation is the most common method employed.

The conceptual framework in the dissertation is a road map that provides information about the way the researcher will perform an investigation. It represents the action that needs to be taken to achieve the desired objective of the study.

How to create a conceptual framework?

• Choose your topic
• Do a literature review
• Earmark(确定) the important variables (dependent and independent variables) in your study then use it to generate your conceptual framework
• Expand your conceptual framework by identifying other variables (mediator, moderator, control variables) that might influence the relationship between your independent and dependent variables.

Types of conceptual framework

• Taxonomy
• Visual representation
• Mathematical description
  Taxonomy is a verbal description which categorizes phenomena into classes.
  Visual representation provides a picture of the phenomena; it shows that relationships between classes exist without showing the extent of the relationship. Relationships are shown between classes, whereas in the taxonomy no such relationships are usually made.

Components of a conceptual framework

• Definition of the topic
• Qualitative characteristics and useful information on the topic
• The elements of the topic
• Components of the topic
• Presentation and closure

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