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2024年5月24日发(作者:)

一些源自欧洲寓言名著的英文成语和谚语

1.a dog in the manger占着茅坑不拉屎的人

出自《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables),有一篇狗站马槽的故事,说的是一头狗躺在堆满

稻草的马槽里,狗是不吃草的动物,而当马或牛一走进稻草时,这头狗却朝着马,牛狂哮,

不准食草动物享用。因此,“狗站马槽”就成了一个家喻户晓的成语而进入英语中,常用

来比喻a person who prevents others from enjoying sth that is useless to himself; a

churlish fellow who will neither use a thing himself nor let others use it,讽刺那些

占据说职位或某些物质却不做事的人。

a dog in the manger是个名词性短语,常与系动词连用,充当表语(主语补足语)。

e.g. He borrowed a lot of books from the library, but he didn't read a book.

He was really a dog in the manger. There are some officials who are only the

dogs in the manger.

the cat自告奋勇去冒险;老虎头上拍苍蝇

bell the cat系成语to hang the bell about the cat's neck的简略,愿意是“给猫的

脖子上挂铃”。它来自《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables)中的《老鼠会议》(The Mice in Council)。

这篇寓言讲的是:一群老鼠在鼠洞里举行会议,讨论如何对付凶狠的猫。白胡须老鼠

提出:“我有个方法,在猫的脖子上挂一个铃。这样,猫一走动铃就响,我们就可以闻铃

声而逃避了”,群鼠一致同意这个建议,欢呼:“That's a capital idea. We will bell the

cat! No more fear of the cat!”但是,谁去给猫挂铃铛呢?没有一只老鼠敢去,一个个都

溜掉了。老鼠会议豪无结果,它们不安全的境况当然也无法改善。寓言所寄托的意思很明

白:遇到困难的问题时候,既需要有出谋献策的人,更需要有挺身而出的实干家。

bell the cat常用来比喻to do sth dangerous in order to save others; to step

forward bravely to face the danger; to take a risk for the good of others.

e.g. Everybody made suggestion, but no one actually offered to bell the cat.

We didn't know who would put him this delicate question when my friend

offered to bell the cat.

wolf虚发警报;慌报险情;危言耸听

cry wolf来自《伊索寓言》:《牧童和狼》(The Shepherdboy and the wolf)。

有个牧童在离村子不远的山坡上放羊,有一次,他为了开心作乐,突然大喊:“Help!

Help! The wolf!”全村的人都闻声跑来援助他时,才知道这只是开玩笑。如此恶作剧搞了

两三次。后来,狼真的来了,那个牧童再呼号求救时,谁也不理会他了。于是,狼把他的

羊吃了。

这篇寓言的意义很清楚:爱说谎话的人,即或在他说真话时,也没人相信他。由此,

人们用to cry wolf 来概括这篇寓言的基本情节及其教诫意义,用以比喻to give false

alarms; to warn of danger where there is none之意。按其比喻意义,这个成语相当与

汉语中出自《东周列国志》的典故:烽火戏诸侯。周幽王为博得宠妃褒泥一笑,竟然把军

国大事当儿戏,烽火报警戏诸侯,使各路诸侯仓促发兵,驰援京师,结果收到嘲笑。后来

犬戎进犯,幽王再举烽火调兵,谁也不来了,结果周幽王遭到杀身亡国之祸。这2个典故

的情节虽不同,寓意却完全不一致,都是表示“一朝说假话,一世无人信”。

e.g. Nobody will believe he is in trouble because he has cried wolf so many

times.

The newspaper placards that had cried "wolf" so often, cried "wolf" now in

vain.

in Troubled Waters浑水摸鱼;趁火打劫;陷于混乱

Fish in Troubled Waters直译是:“浑水里捕鱼”,出自《伊索寓言·渔夫》。

这篇寓言江的是:有个渔夫在河里张网捕鱼,他把鱼网横栏在河道里,然后拿了一条

缚着石块的绳子,不停的拍击河水,使泥沙泛起,河水浑浊,鱼儿在慌乱中纷纷自投罗网,

渔夫用这个方法捕得了好多鱼。但住在附近的人指责渔夫说:“我们饮水全靠这条河,你

把水搞得这么浑,叫我们到哪里去找清水饮用呢?”渔夫回答说:“可是,我若不把水搞

浑,那就非饿死不可了”

因此,人们常用to fish in trouble waters 比喻to try to win advantages for

oneself from a disturbed state of affairs; to make use of somebody's misfortune to

serve one's own ends.并因此产生了谚语it’s good fishing in troubled waters(混水

好摸鱼)。

在英语中,to fish in troubled waters 也可写成to fish in the muddy waters,而

且water必须做waters。

e.g. The man who interferes in South American politics is fishing in troubled

waters

I refused to let them come here because I knew they only wanted to fish in

troubled waters

's paw被他人利用的人;受人愚弄者

cat's paw 也坐cat's-paw或cat’s paw,字面意思“猫爪子”,出典17世纪法国

著名的寓言作家拉·封丹的《猴子与猫》。讲的是狡猾的猴子哄骗头脑简单的猫儿,替它从

炉火中取出烤熟的栗子来。猫儿应命去做,结果猫爪子被火烧伤了,而取出的栗子却被猴

子吃光了。远在公元前3世纪的《伊索寓言》中就有这个故事,不过没有题目。

cat's paw常用来比喻a person used as a tool by another; one who is used

merely for the convenience of a cleverer or stronger person之意。按其内涵,这个

成语与汉语成语“为虎作伥”所比喻的意义相似,仅是动物的形象不同

cat's paw除了单独做复合名词使用外,还构成to make a cat's paw of sb(利用某

人作为工具或爪牙)

e.g. It is easy for him to be used as a cat's paw of evil-doing.

I am afraid that he is making a cat's paw of you.

the chestnuts out of the fire火中取栗;替别人冒险

Pull the chestnuts out of the fire来自法国著名的寓言作家拉·封丹的《猴子与猫》。

cat's paw与Pull the chestnuts out of the fire是同源成语,但两个成语无论在结构

上或意义上都不相同,前者比喻充当别人的工具或爪牙,后者常用来表示to do sth

dangerous for others的意思。这个成语也作to pull somebody's chestnuts,或者to put

the chestnuts for sb.

e.g. I had pulled the chestnuts out of the fire for him on several occasions and

was unwilling to do it again.

You can't make me your cat’s paw to pull your chestnuts out of the fire.

like a cheshire cat咧嘴傻笑;露齿嬉笑

Grin like a cheshire cat字面意思是“象柴郡猫那样咧开嘴笑”,这个成语也可写成

to wear/have a grin like a Cheshire cat,或to smile like a Cheshire cat。

关于这个成语有2种说法。一种说法是:Cheshire是英格兰西部的一郡,当地出产一

种颇有特色的干酪,叫“柴郡干酪”(Cheshire cheese),曾经一度作成象笑脸猫的形状。另

一种说法是:柴郡有位画家,他给当地旅馆绘画的招牌上,都画了一只咧着嘴笑的狮子。

艾里克·帕特里奇先生(Mr. Eric Partridge)认为,这个成语大约从1770年开始就作为贬义

词使用。英国《朗曼英国成语词典》等辞书,认为这个成语源自维多利亚女王时代

(1835--1901),英国数学家和童话作家刘易斯·卡洛尔(Lewis Carroll,1832--1898)在他

所写的童话《阿丽思漫游奇境记》(Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)中详细的描述了

公爵夫人家中的一只柴郡猫。根据书中的描述,这个成语常用来表示to grin broadly,

showing great amusement; to laugh at nothing that is amusing; to smile widely, in

such a way that on shows all one's teeth.

e.g. Poor little Hans only grinned like a Cheshire cat when he was scolded.

It is no good smiling at me like a Cheshire cat, Mr. Lubin.

8.A storm in a Teacup杯水风波;小题大做;大惊小怪

A storm in a Teacup字面意思“茶杯里的风暴”;美国英语为“a tempest in a

teapot/barrel”,也作tea-pot tempest.

A storm in a Teacup出自法国著名作家巴尔扎克(Honore de Balzac,1799-1850)记

述,这句话出自18世纪法国哲学家和思想家孟德斯鸠的名言。有一次,他听说圣马力诺

发生了政治动乱,就用“茶杯里的风暴”来评论。因为圣马力诺是欧洲最小的共和国,只

有一万人口,孟德斯鸠认为那里的动乱对整个欧洲局势无足轻重。

远在公元前古希腊了罗马的名人著作中就有过类似的形象比喻。如古罗马著名作家和

演说家西塞罗(Cicero)在其著作《论法律》中就有这样的话:excitare fluctus in simpulo,

意即to stir up waves in a ladle。此外,还有a storm in a cream-bowl; a storm in a

wash-hand basin等说法。尽管它们比喻的形象不同,但都是用来表示much excitement

about something trivial; a lot of fuss about a trifle之意。按其比喻意义,相当与“小

题大做”大惊小怪。

e.g. The people next door are continually quarreling ,but it is usually a storm in

a teacup.

What is it all about? Nothing serious, just a tempest in a teapot.

's pound of flesh残酷榨取;割肉还债

出自于莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》。one's pound of flesh比喻to insist cruelly on

repayment of what was borrowed,常用在have, demand, exact, want, ask for 等之

后。

eg: If you borrow from the scoundrel, you may be sure he'll demand his pound

of flesh.

Their boss pays the highest wages, but he wants his pound of flesh in return

and makes them work very hard.

10. attic salt优雅的俏皮话;妙语

attic salt的字面意思是“阿提卡的盐”。阿提卡洲(attica)是希腊东南部的一个州,其

首府是雅典。阿提卡州是个半岛,工商业发达,特别盛产海盐,相传,阿提卡州的盐比希

腊其他地方出产的盐精细有味,深受欢迎。阿提卡人机智风趣,善于说俏皮话,以幽雅的

诙谐著称于世。

这个成语出自古罗马著名的作家和演说家西塞罗(Marcus Tullius Cicero,公元前106-

前43)。他的论文和演讲词,都是文体和标准拉丁语的典范,在其作品中论述了古希腊人

精心研究的雄辩术理论,特别提到以口齿锋利著称的阿提卡人。公元前55年,西塞罗以

文艺对话形式写的主要著作《辩论》(De oratore),探讨了演讲艺术中的诙谐问题。他说,

妙语应当含有“盐味”,象“阿提卡的盐”那样有味。

在现在英语中,salt一词含有“风趣”,“兴味”等转义。成语attic salt常用来表示

poignant delicate wit; wit of a refined quality。因此也可写attic wit.

e.g. Yesterday Mrs. Williams gave a talk to the Women's Institute on her travels

in Asia. It was full of Attic Salt.

A talk full of attic salt is worth listening to.

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